exposition

1. CHAPTER #10
Paradigms
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
Facultad Ciencias Humanas y la educación.
Carrera de Inglés
Phonology II
 Johanna Cando
 Christopher Torres
 Andres Ortíz

2. PARADIGMS
 What is a paradigm?
 Is an example of a conjugation or declension, showing a word in all its
different forms of inflection. In grammar, for example;
 is a paradigm because it displays the pattern to be used in conjugating
a large number of other Latin words, eg., in prodicing ‘laudo, laudas,
laudat’.

4.  sometimes we were forced to posit underlying forms that were
modified by fusion.
 Çocuğum my child
 each small form recurred in other large forms that are partly similar
in meaning. E.g.
 sail- sailing, sailed
 -um köyüm

5. Turkish Possessive Adjective Reference
Suffixed to Consonants Meaning Suffixed to Vowels
-ım -im -um -üm my -m
-ın -in -un -ün your -n
-ı -i -u -ü his/her/its -sı -si -su- -sü
-ımız -imiz -umuz -ümüz our -mız- miz -muz -müz
-ınız -iniz -unuz -ünüz your -nız -niz -nuz -nüz
-ları -leri their -ları -leri

6. A grammarian the had ideally, two
tasks.
 For example: flos – floris “flower”. Formally -s is replaced by -ris; on
the plane of meaning. Nominative changes to Genitive.
 Another examples:
Custos – custodis “guardian” –”guardian”
Dos – Dotis “dowry” - “dote”

7. The most familiar way of bringing out such patterns is
by the use of what we may call exemplary
paradigms.
 One can then take inflections od dominous “master” as a pattern
for those servus to form the Genitive Singular, so servus – servi
 Examples:
Nom. Sing. Gen. Sg.
Master dominus domini
Slave servus _______
Place locus _______
Pyre rogus _______

8. Morphological transformations
Masculine in
-os
Nominative Singular
X+s
Genetive
X+ris

9. Priscian gives rules for other Noun
inflections, among them the Nominative
Plural.
 Third Declension
3rd Declension
Genitive Singular
X + is
Nominative Plural
X + es

10. Present
Infinitive
Active
X
First Singular
Imperfect
Subjunctive
X + m

11.  We can borrow insights from the classical tradition. However, their attractions are different.
 The most general insight is that one inflection tends to predict another.
NOUNS IN LATIN
The Genitive Singular of the noun
DOMINUS “ Lord, master ”
Ends in long –[ i : ] ( dominī )
The Dative Singular
Has a long –[ o : ] ( dominō )
The Genitive Singular of the noun
FLOS “ flower ”
Ends in –[ i s ] ( flōris )
The Dative Singular
Has a long –[ i : ] ( flōrī )

12. There is a rule:
Everywhere
there is an
alteration:
Genetive Singular
- [ i : ]
Alternates with
- [ i s ]
Genetive Plural
- [ rum ]
Alternates with
- [ um ]
- [ ium ]

13.  The verb COMPRAR – “ to buy “
Indicative Subjunctive
I Compro Compre
Thou Compras Compres
He Compra Compre
We Compramos Compremos
You Compráis Compréis
They Compran Compren
The regular patterns we can find in Spanish, Italian,
Portuguese and Southern Romance in general.

14. This is a process of vowel reversal
If the infinitive is an open vowel like ( comprar ) the
stem of the subjunctive has the vowel - e
If it is itself a front vowel ( e or i ) the stem of the
subjunctive has the open vowel

17.  The ancient account the word is an unanalysed
whole, and parts of words like in the Spanish
Subjunctive are referred to one word is
derived as a whole, from another.
 In the moment we start talking in terms of stems and
formatives, when we split