Futuristic Smart Seat Design for Mining Trucks(VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS) Masters thesis: Analyzed the vibration on the seat of an underground loader trucks which were operational at the mining site of Mandalay Resources, a company based in Victoria and recommended seat and cabin design to mitigate the harmful vibrations experienced by the operators.

1. Master’s Research
Project(OENG1088)
GSP-Mandalay-06: Futuristic Smart Seat Design
for Mining Trucks(VIBRATIONALANALYSIS)
Submitted by: Jithin Das Jayakumar
(S3673745)
Supervisors:
1. Dr. Mohammad Fard
2. Dr. Toh Yen Pang

2. PROJECT BACKGROUND
• The study was conducted with Mandalay Resources, which operates a
fully owned Gold-Antimony mine which is located in Costerfield, Central
Victoria.
• The final produce of the mine is a concentrate of 50% antimony and 80
grams per ton of gold.
• The mine received complaints concerning the discomfort and injuries from
the drivers while operating the mining equipment, due to the exposure of
whole body vibrations.

3. PROJECT OBJECTIVES
• To conduct a vibrational analysis of the whole-body vibrations experienced by the personnel
driving the heavy-duty mining trucks and the exposure levels during the daily operation cycle.
• To identify the methods and equipment's for measuring the whole body vibration data on the seat
of the mine bogger.
• Conduct risk assessments by comparing the measured values with published standards.
• Identify a relation between the measured vibrational data with the user experience.

4. MEASURMENT STANDARDS
Mainly three international standards to assess the affect of whole body vibration on the human
body,
• IS0 2631-1 Published in 1974
• British Standard BS 6841 Published in 1987
• Australian Standard AS 2670.1 Published in 1990

5. MEASURING VIBRATION
The frequency weighted RMS value can be calculated by,
𝑎𝑤 =
1
𝑇 0
𝑇
𝑎𝑤
2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
2
• Where 𝑎𝑤 is the RMS acceleration of the frequency weighted vibration (𝑚/𝑠2)
• 𝑎𝑤 𝑡 is the acceleration at time t (𝑚/𝑠2
)
• T is the period of exposure (s)
Total vibration magnitude,
𝑎𝑣= (1.4𝑎𝑤𝑥)2+(1.4𝑎𝑤𝑦)2+(𝑎𝑤𝑥)2
• X axis, k = 1.4
• Y axis, k = 1.4
• Z axis, k = 1.0
Fig: Basicentric axes of
the human body

6. MEASURING VIBRATION
Vibration dose value (VDV) , exposure to mechanical intermittent shocks and jolts are measured
using this.
𝑉𝐷𝑉 =
0
𝑇
𝑎𝑤
4
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
4
Exposure to 8hours,
𝐴 8 = 𝑎ℎ𝑣
𝑇
8
(𝑚/𝑠2
)
T, time of exposure(data collected)
𝑎ℎ𝑣, dominant axis RMS value

7. HEALTH GUIDANCE CAUTION ZONE
• The area between the two parallel lines indicates the
health guidance caution zone.
• Shows the health risks to a standard exposure of 8
hours.
• The upper limit of the HGCV for an eight-hour
exposure is 0.47 𝑚/𝑠2
and 0.93 𝑚/𝑠2
RMS
respectively.

8. METHODOLOGY 1
• Arduino Uno board
• ADXL335 accelerometer
• SD card data logger
• 4 AA batteries
• Mega prototype shield

9. CHALLENGES

10. METHODOLOGY 2
• Svantek SV100A seat pad
accelerometer.
• Placed under the Ischial
Tuberosities of the operator.
(Griffin,2014)
• Data processed using the
Svantek Supervisor software.
• Measurement duration of
8hrs.

11. Literature Review

12. BIODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO VIBRATION
• Most sensitive in the range from 1Hz-20Hz. (Mansfield, 2005)
• Effect of vibration depends on the frequency and direction. (Paddan & Griffin, 1988)
• Frequency of the body parts coincides with the frequency of vibration exposed, resulting in
resonance. (Sezgin & Arslan, 2012)
• Studied using various biodynamic models.
• A human body can be considered to be a simple linear mass-spring-damper model. (Zhou &
Griffin, 2014)
• Resonance occurs in the human body 1-15Hz. (Amirouche, 1987)
• Inertial characteristics of the body affects the biomechanical response of the human body. (Alfaro
Degan, Coltrinari, Lippiello & Pinzari, 2018)

13. (Amirouche,1987)
(Sezgin & Arslan, 2012)
(Kamalakar, 2017)

14. SEAT DYNAMICS
• The seat receives vibration from various sources such as the powertrain and Road surface.
• Compliant seat has a resonance that amplifies the lower frequency of vibration. (Griffin, 2014)
• To characterize the seat under vibration, different mode shapes are identified. (Lo, Fard, Subic
& Jazar, 2013)
• Three fundamental mode shapes.
I. Twisting
II. Lateral
III. Fore-aft
• High vibrations are transmitted to the seated body when their frequencies are close to the
fundamental modes of the body of the vehicle.
• The relationship between the seat cushion and magnitude of vibration is non—linear.
(Ittianuwat, Fard & Kato, 2014)
• No additional mode structures were found up to 60Hz when there was an occupant on the seat.

15. a) Lateral mode shape
(Ittianuwat, Fard & Kato,
2014)
b) Foreaft mode shape
(Ittianuwat, Fard & Kato, 2014)
c) Twisting mode shape(Ittianuwat, Fard &
Kato, 2014)

16. SEAT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Various factors to be considered in designing,
I. duration of work
II. Anthropometry of occupant
III. Geometry of the seating
• The seat should aid in taking the weight off the operator and to provide a steady
platform for the operator to work from (Branton,1969)
• Design should encourage good posture.
• Width of the seat cushion should be adequate for the 95th percentile operator to
be seated comfortably . (Donati & Bonthoux, 1983)
• The foam material of the backrest is advised not to be thicker than the seat base
cushion. (Mehta & Tewari, 2010)
• The contact between the seat and the ischial tuberosities should be reduced for
minimizing vibration amplitude. (Makhsous et al., 2007)

17. RESULT AND CONCLUSION

18. MaxVDV Awv
Current
exposur
e
Daily
exposure
Current
dose
Daily dose
47.261
m/s^1.75
1.311
m/s^2
1.001
m/s^2
1.001
m/s^2
47.261
m/s^1.75
47.261
m/s^1.75
Standard Action value or caution
zone
Limiting value or Health
exposure zone
ISO 2631
AS 2670.1
R.M.S 0.43 𝑚/𝑠2
VDV 8.5𝑚/𝑠1.75
R.M.S 0.86𝑚/𝑠2
VDV 17𝑚/𝑠1.75
EU R.M.S 0.5𝑚/𝑠2
1.75
R.M.S 1.15𝑚/𝑠2
1.75

19. 3/26/2019 4/5/2019 4/15/2019 4/25/2019 5/5/2019 5/15/2019 5/25/2019 6/4/2019
Mine Vist
Project Proposal
Literature review
creating arduino module
testing and calibertaion
Data collection at the mine
Data processing and analysis
GANTT CHART

20. GAP IN KNOWLEDGE
• Knowledge of the magnitude of vibration transmitted.
• Knowledge of the dominant direction of the vibration.
• Knowledge of data logging on the Sandvik 151 underground bogger.

21. REFERENCES
1. Mechanical vibration and shock – Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration,
Part 1:General requirements, ISO 2631-1, 2nd ed. The International Organisation for
Standardisation, 15 July; 1997
2. British Standard Guide to measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole body
mechanical vibration and repeated shock, BS 6841. British Standards Institution; 1987
3. Alfaro Degan, G., Coltrinari, G., Lippiello, D., & Pinzari, M. (2018). A comparison between
methods for assessment of whole-body vibration exposure: A case study in a limestone
quarry. International Journal Of Safety And Security Engineering, 8(1), 90-97. doi:
10.2495/safe-v8-n1-90-97
4. Amirouche, F. (1987). Biodynamic Analysis of the Human Body Subjected to Vibration. IEEE
Engineering In Medicine And Biology Magazine, 6(3), 22-26. doi:
10.1109/memb.1987.5006433
5. BRANTON, P. (1969). Behaviour, Body Mechanics and Discomfort. Ergonomics, 12(2), 316-
327. doi: 10.1080/00140136908931055

22. 6. Donati, P., & Bonthoux, C. (1983). Biodynamic response of the human body in the sitting
position when subjected to vertical vibration. Journal Of Sound And Vibration, 90(3), 423-
442. doi: 10.1016/0022-460x(83)90723-x
7. Griffin, M. (2014). Handbook of Human Vibration. St. Louis: Elsevier Science.
8. Ittianuwat, R., Fard, M., & Kato, K. (2014). The transmission of VIbration at various locations
on vehicle seat to seated occupant body. Inter Noise.
9. Kamalakar, G. (2017). Development and Analysis of Human Biodynamic Model Seated on a
Driver Seat Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration. IOSR Journal Of Mechanical And Civil
Engineering, 17(01), 12-17. doi: 10.9790/1684-17010011217
10. Lo, L., Fard, M., Subic, A., & Jazar, R. (2013). Structural dynamic characterization of a vehicle
seat coupled with human occupant. Journal Of Sound And Vibration, 332(4), 1141-1152. doi:
10.1016/j.jsv.2012.10.010
11. Makhsous, M., Rowles, D., Rymer, W., Bankard, J., Nam, E., Chen, D., & Lin, F. (2007).
Periodically Relieving Ischial Sitting Load to Decrease the Risk of Pressure Ulcers. Archives Of
Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation, 88(7), 862-870. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.03.017

23. 12. Mansfield, N. (2005). Human response to vibration. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.
13. Mehta, C., & Tewari, V. (2010). Damping characteristics of seat cushion materials for tractor
ride comfort. Journal Of Terramechanics, 47(6), 401-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jterra.2009.11.001
14. Paddan, G., & Griffin, M. (1988). The transmission of translational seat vibration to the
head—I. Vertical seat vibration. Journal Of Biomechanics, 21(3), 191-197. doi:
10.1016/0021-9290(88)90169-8
15. Sezgin, A., & Arslan, Y. (2012). Analysis of the vertical vibration effects on the ride comfort
of vehicle driver. Journal Of Vibroengineering.
16. Zhou, Z., & Griffin, M. (2014). Response of the seated human body to whole-body vertical
vibration: biodynamic responses to sinusoidal and random vibration. Ergonomics, 57(5),
693-713. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2014.898798