The document summarizes the historical development of science and technology in the Philippines from pre-colonial times through the post-war period. Early Filipinos had basic technological developments for practical needs but saw greater advances during the Spanish period with the establishment of schools and the University of Santo Tomas. The American period brought further advancements through support for education in science and engineering fields and the establishment of research agencies and universities. Challenges remained in the post-war period due to lack of funding and support for scientific research, though organizations were created to help coordinate and develop the fields of science.

1. Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines Group 3 Dayan, Herschel Delos Reyes, Kristine Dizon, Justin Enriquez, Renz Estrada, Gemee Garcia, Clarissa Genuino, Jill

2. through TIME MACHINE

5. Pre-colonial Simple technological development for early Filipinos’ practical needs Lavishly surrounded by natural resources= they were not pressured in inventing Accdg. To Spaniards(1565): disseminated and autonomous communities had uneven technological development Paleolithic Era Metal Age 500 A.D.: Double bellows technology (300,000-10,000 years ago) (around 3095 B.C.-500 B.C)10th century A.D stone tools building boats Neolithic Erafor coastal trade- polished stone tools, highly developed technology practiced pottery, and developed science of agriculture improvements in farming, hunting, fishing, house and boat building and production of food new industries: tinsmithing, jewelry and ceramic making

7. Spanish Regime

8. Spanish Regime No schools yet that can offer engineering =few people go to Europe to study. January 1, 1820-1st nautical School established (for the profession pilot of merchant marine) 1887-1st school of Agriculture -provide theoretical and practical education of skilled farmers and oversees and to promote agricultural development in the Philippines

9. Spanish Regime University of Santo Tomas -highest institution of learning -run by the Dominicans -1611, established by Fray Miguel de Benavides -offered courses: theology, philosophy and humanities -but 18th century the jurisprudence and canon law established

10. Spanish Regime 1871-1886: UST granted the degree of Licenciado en Medicina to 82 graduates for the doctorate degree in medicine at least and additional year of study was required at Universidad Cental de Madrid in Spain. There were also 164 pharmacy graduates when the University first offered the bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy, among them was Leon Ma. Guerrero referred to as the “Father of Philippine Pharmacy.

11. Spanish Regime Higher education feared by colonial authorities -might encourage conspiracy and rebellion =only the more daring and persevering students -able to study

13. First Republic Universidad Literaria de Filipinas(secular and state supported institution of higher learning)-established by Emilio Aguinaldo because of education deprivation during Spanish colonialism Out of the eight-million Philippine population, only less than half a million knew how to speak, read or write. “Importance of education in nation building”revolutionary leaders yearned to uphold an education system (Civil and Criminal Law, Administrative Law, Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacy and studies pertaining to the Notarial Profession)

15. American period advanced rapidly Americans support us in financial aspects -gave scholarships for higher education in science and engineering -established science based public services and research agencies January 21, 1901:Philippine Commission promulgated Act No. 74 -establishment of schools that will give free education to all the Filipinos Introduced science subjects and industrial and vocational education Establishment of Philippine Normal School to train Filipino teachers. Most of the early instructors and professors-Americans and other foreigners. Some Filipinos(qualified)-sent abroad to enhance their knowledge and for advanced training. Later on, foreign faculty-gradually replaced by Filipinos 1903:they sent 135 boys and girls of high school age to United States to be educated as teachers, engineers, physicians and lawyers PENSIONADOS, they were to serve in the public service for 5 years after their studies 1905: Philippine Medical School- established, followed by other professional and technical schools 1905:Bureau of Science, a valuable training ground for Filipino scientists-created June 18, 1908: University of the Philippines was created and the 1st colleges to be opened were: the College of Agriculture in Los Baños, Laguna in 1909 - the Colleges of Liberal Arts, Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in 1910 - the College of Law in 1911. In Field of Medicine- Philippine Commission provided as many scholarships for Filipinos to be engaged in this profession Recipients of scholarships-required to return to their provinces and serve there for as many years as his education was paid by the government

17. Commonwealth 1935-Philippine Commonwealth Constitution acknowledged importance of promoting scientific development for the economic development of the country incorporated a provision (Article XIII, Section 4):"The State shall promote scientific research and invention, Arts and Letters shall be under its patronage..."

18. Commonwealth Occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during War educational and scientific activities stopped because citizens joined the resistance movement. Manila, the center of all educational and scientific activities,razed to the ground Philippines became an independent state Government had to contend with economic reconstruction, normalization of operations as well as the task of planning the direction of economic development

19. Commonwealth Government worked towards the development of our economy to be independent Several government corporations were created and reorganized Namely: National Power Corporation National Development Company National Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation Bureau of Mines

20. Commonwealth Government encouraged and provided assistance to private Filipino businessmen in the establishment of industries and manufacturing enterprises. increased appropriations for the Bureaus of Science, Plant and Animal Industry, and thus encouraged more scientific research for industrial purposes. In spite of all these efforts, Commonwealth government -unable to achieve its goal of economic self-reliance primarily because foreign trade and tariff policies remained under the control of American government.

22. Post-war period 1946:number of state universities and college has been increasing Even if the number of Graduates increased, the proportion of those in agriculture, medical and natural sciences remained LOW. Eventually, rise of organizations of scientists followed closely the higher education in the Philippines The earliest organization were MEDICINE and PHARMACY.

23. Curriculum Innovation! Medicine/Science PMA (Philippine Medical Association) Limiting enrollment in medical colleges Adding courses required for the medical degree More exposure to students to community medicine Experimental curriculum to produce doctors of rural areas

24. Curriculum InnovationTechnology The Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineering Initiation of series of conferences for the improvement of the curriculum. DEC (Department of Education and Culture) convened meetings for educators to update and adopt uniform core curricula for all universities and colleges to follow. These developments took place in 1973-1974

25. Hindrances! Government’s lack of support The neglect of experimental work and meager appropriation in the national budget for scientific researches low salaries of government scientists. Low morale of scientists Lack of public awareness of science

27. Agencies CREATED! Philippine Inventors Commission Philippine Coconut Research Institute Philippine Textile Research Institute Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission Metals Industry Research and Development Center Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research

28. References Garcia, C. D.(n.d.). Philippine History and Government. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Viloria, E. M., Dela Cruz, N. R., and Legaspi, R. V.(Eds.).(n.d.).Philippines: History and Government. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Caoili, O. C. (1986). A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines.