Ex4 Respiratory Urinary Acid-Base Balance

1. • Necessary to supply body
with oxygen(O2) & rid
carbon dioxide(CO2)
– Pulmonary ventilation
– Internal respiration
– External respiration
• Boyle’s Law
– Boyle’s Law is the
relationship between the
pressure & volume of a gas
• Dalton’s Law
– Dalton’s law states with a
mixture of gases, each gas
exerts the same pressure as
if it alone occupied the
entire volume
• Respiratory bronchioles
– 23rd Bronchiole
– What is not part of the
respiratory zone?
• 22nd Bronchiole – last of
the conducting zone’s
terminal bronchioles
• Bronchopulmonary
segments
– Bronchopulmonary
segments are the
functional unit of the lung
– Bronchopulmonary
segments have their own
artery & vein

2. • Tidal volume is the
amount of air inhaled or
exhaled with each breath
under resting conditions
• Gas partial pressures in
atmosphere & alveoli
– N2 -597
– O2 – 159
– CO2 – 0.3
– H2O – 3.7
– 760 total
• Alveolar surface area is
the greatest
• Bohr Effect
– ↓ blood pH; ↑ partial
pressure of carbon
dioxide(PCO2) weakens
oxyborinic acid(Hb-O2)
bond
• Haldene Effect
– The lower the partial
pressure of oxygren(PO2);
the lower the
hemoglobin(Hb) is
saturated with oxygen;
the more carbon
dioxide(CO2) can be
carried in the blood

3. • Chemical factors that
control respiration(in order
from most to least)
– 1. PCO2
– 2. pH
– 3. PO2
• Neural factors with
exercise
– Psychological stimuli –
anticipation of exercise
– Simultaneous cortical motor
activation of skeletal
muscles & respiratory
centers
– Excitatory impulses to
respiratory centers from
proprioceptors in moving
muscles, tendons, & joints
• Hemoglobin(Hb) has
greater affinity for
oxygren(O2) in alkalosis
or ↑ pH
• Acidosis
– Slow, shallow breaths →
↑ PCO2 → ↓ pH
• Alkalosis
– Rapid, deep breaths → ↓
PCO2 → ↑ pH
• If PCO2 is low
oxygenation will increase

4. • Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
– The Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus regulates rate of
filtrate formed & blood
pressure
– The Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus has Macula
Densa cells that respond to
change in solute
content(NaCl, Na+, K+) of
filtrate.
• Filtration Membrane
– Size of capillary pores,
negative charge of
basement membranes, &
size of filtration slits prevent
proteins to pass through &
into the Glomerular Capsule.
• Route of a drop of urine
– Nephron → Collecting
Duct → Minor Calyx →
Major Calyx → Ureter
→Bladder → Urethra
• Sequence of blood
vessels off of the Renal
Artery
– Renal Artery → Segmental
Artery → Interlobar
Artery → Arcuate Artery
→ Cortical Radiate Artery
• If capsular hydrostatic
pressure is above normal
filtration would decrease

5. • Collecting Ducts
– In collecting ducts
increased ADH causes
increased permeability of
cells to water
• Secretion of Hydrogen
ions are needed to
maintain acid-base
balance
• In tubular secretion
more Hydrogen is
secreted if pH is
decreased
• Transport Maximum
– Transport Maximum(Tm)
reflects the number of
carriers in the renal
tubules available
– Excess secreted in urine
• Tm = 120mg → excess
secreted in urine
• Most electrolytes are
reabsorbed at the
proximal convoluted
tubule(PCT)
– Creatinine is not
reabsorbed by the PCT

6. • Medullary Osmotic
Gradient all depends on
permeability of the Loop
of Henle
• Renal Clearance –
volume of plasma
cleared of a particular
substance in a given time
– Renal clearance for
glucose = 0 then all
glucose would be
reabsorbed