2. Definition
⚫Shared pattern of characteristics such as
cultural heritage, nationality, race,
religion,and language.
⚫Full of bias and discrimination all over the
world.
3. Ethnicity ≠ Race
⚫ Race refers to the classification of people or other
living things according to specific physiological
characteristics.
⚫ It is no longer recognized as an authentic scientific
concept because of the diversity of people.
⚫ Social Psychologist James Jones points out that
thinking in racial terms has become embedded in
most cultures.
◦ People often stereotype others because of their
supposed race and inappropriately classify them
as being more or less intelligent,competent,
responsible, or socially acceptable on the basis.
4. Ethnicity and Schools
⚫Educational segregation is still a reality for
children of color in the United States.
⚫School experiences of students of
different ethnic groups differ in other
ways.
⚫Schools of students from ethnic minority
backgrounds have fewer resources.
5. ⚫ J
onathan Kozol, in his book The Shame of the
Nation (2005), described his visits to 60 U.S.
schools in low-income areas of cities in 11 states.
◦ Many schools were consisted of 80 to 90
percent minority population.
◦ Untidy classrooms,restrooms and hallways
◦ Inadequate textbooks and supplies
◦ Lack of resources
◦ Teachers would ask students to merely
memorize for tests rather than engage in higher
learning.
◦ Teachers using threatening disciplinary tactics
to control the classroom.
6. Prejudice, Discrimination and Bias
⚫Prejudice
◦ Unjustified negative attitude toward an individual
because of his/
her membership in a group
(defined by:ethnicity,sex,age,or any other
detectable difference).
⚫American anthropologist J
ohn Ogbu (1989;
Ogbu & Stern, 2001)
◦ Ethnic minority students are placed in a position
of subordination and exploitation in the
American educational system.
◦ Students of color are treated badly.
7. ⚫Educational psychologist Margaret Beale
Spencer (Spencer,2006;Spencer &
Dornbusch, 1990)
◦ Well-meaning teachers fail to challenge
children of color to achieve.
◦ They prematurely accept a low level of
performance from these children.
8. Diversity and Differences
⚫Recognizing and respecting the
differences among other cultures is an
important aspect of getting along in a
diverse, multicultural world.
⚫W hen differences are emphasized
between ethnic minority groups and the
W hite majority,it’
s the ethnic minority
groups who take the damage.
9. Bilingual education
⚫Teaches academic subjects to immigrant
children in their native language while
slowly teaching English.
⚫Helps children from ethnic minority
groups learn to properly speak English.
⚫Immigrant children vary in their ability to
learn English.
◦ Children from lower socioeconomic
backgrounds have more difficulty than those
from higher socioeconomic backgrounds.
10. Multicultural Education
⚫Values diversity and includes the
perspectives of a variety of cultural
groups on a regular basis.
⚫Goal:equal educational opportunities for
all students.
⚫Includes issues related to socioeconomic
status ,ethnicity and gender.
⚫Prejudice reduction and equity pedagogy
are core components.
11. ⚫Prejudice reduction
◦ Activities teachers can implement in the
classroom to eliminate negative and
stereotypical views of others.
⚫Equity pedagogy
◦ Modification of the teaching process to
incorporate materials and learning strategies
appropriate to both boys and girls and to
various ethnic groups.
12. Empowering students
⚫Providing students with the intellectual
and coping skills to succeed and make
this a more just world.
⚫Important theme in multicultural
education.
⚫Schools should give students
opportunities to learn about the
experiences, struggles,and visions of
many different ethnic and cultural groups.
13. Culturally relevant teaching
⚫Seeks to make connections with the
learners personal background.
⚫Good teachers are aware of and integrate
culturally relevant teaching into the
curriculum.
⚫Funds of knowledge approach
⚫Teachers need to have high achievement
expectations for students from ethnic
minority and low-income backgrounds and
engage them in rigorous academic programs.
14. Issues-centered education
⚫Students are taught to systematically
examine issues that involve equity and
social justice.
⚫To clarify values
⚫Learn to examine alternatives and
consequences if they take a particular
stance on an issue.
15. Strategies of improving relations
among children from different ethnic
groups
⚫J
igsaw classroom
◦ Developed by social psychologist Eliot
Aronson (1986)
◦ Involves having students from different
cultural backgrounds cooperate by doing
different parts of a project to reach a
common goal.
16. ⚫Positive personal contact with others from
different cultural backgrounds
◦ Relations improve when students talk with each
other about their personal life.
◦ Helps break down group/
out-group and we/
they
barriers.
⚫Perspective taking
◦ Exercises and activities that help students see
other people’s perspectives can improve
interethnic relations.
◦ “putting oneselfin the other’s shoes”
◦ Help students understand the culture shock that
comes from being in a cultural setting different
from their own.
17. ⚫Critical thinking and emotional
intelligence
◦ Thinking critically and deeply about
interethnic relations can decrease prejudice
and stereotyping of others.
◦ Learn to ask questions,think first before
responding,and delay judgment until
information is complete.
◦ Emotional intelligence skills can help students’
interethnic relations.
18. ⚫Reducing bias
◦ Louise Derman-Sparks and the Anti-Bias
Curriculum Task Force (1989) recommended
anti-bias strategies for teachers:
🞄Display images of children from a variety of ethnic
and cultural groups.
🞄Choose play materials and activities that encourage
ethnic and cultural understanding.
🞄Talk with students about stereotyping and
discriminating against others.
🞄Engage parents in discussions of how children
develop prejudice and inform them to help reduce
it.
19. ⚫Increasing Tolerance
◦ “Teaching Tolerance Project”
🞄Resources and materials to improve intercultural
understanding and relations between White
children and children of color.
◦ Teaching Tolerance is abiannual magazine
which is distributed to every public and
private school in the U.S.
🞄Share views on and provide resources for teaching
tolerance.
