5. Introduction
• One of the most remarkable tissues of the
human body
• Far from inert and lifeless, bones are living,
dynamic structures
• Bones serve a wide variety of very diverse
functions within us
• Noted for their strength and resiliency
during life, bones will remain after we are
long gone
10. Skeletal Cartilages
• Initially our skeleton is made up of
cartilages and fibrous membranes
• Gradually our skeletal cartilages are
replaced by bone
• Upon reaching adulthood the skeleton
becomes almost fully ossified
• Only a few cartilages remain in the adult
skeleton
11. Basic structure, type & location
• A skeletal cartilage is made of some variety
of cartilage tissue
• Each type contains a high proportion of
water which makes them resilient
• Cartilage has no nerves or blood supply
• It is surrounded by a dense tissue
membrane called a perichondrium
12. Basic structure, type & location
• There are three types of cartilage tissue:
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
• Each contains a matrix of jellylike ground
substance and fibers
15. Function of Bones
• Support • Bones provide a hard
framework that
supports the body
• Bones provide support
for internal organs
16. Function of Bone
• Protection • Fused bones provide a
brain case that protects
this vital tissue
• Spinal cord is
surrounded by
vertebrae
• Rib cage protects vital
organs
17. Function of Bone
• Movement • Skeletal muscle
attached to bones use
the bones as levers to
move the body
• Arrangement of bones
and joints determine
the movements
possible
18. Function of Bones
• Mineral Storage • Bone serves as a
mineral reservoir
• Phosphate and calcium
ions can be released
into the blood steam for
distribution
• Deposition and removal
are ongoing
19. Function of Bones
• Blood cell formation • Hematopoiesis occurs
within the marrow
cavities of the long
bones
• The majority of
hematopoiesis occurs in
bones
21. Classification of Bone:
• Bones vary in shape and size
• The unique shape of each bone fulfills a
particular need
• Bones are classified by their shape as long,
short, flat, or irregular bone
• Bones differ in the distribution of compact
and spongy osseous tissues
30. Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head,
neck and trunk
Axial skeleton:
skull (cranium and facial bones)
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing)
vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)
bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and
bones that anchor them to the axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton:
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.
31. 22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all
48. Joints
• Fibrous-Fibrous joints connect bones without
allowing any movement. The bones of your
skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous
joints.
• Cartilaginous-Cartilaginous joints are joints
in which the bones are attached by cartilage.
These joints allow for only a little movement,
such as in the spine or ribs.
• Synovial-Synovial joints allow for much more
movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities
between bones in synovial joints are filled
with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate
and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain
the synovial fluid. within fixed limits
49. • A joint, or articulation, is the place
where two bones come together.
• There are three types of joints
classified by the amount of
movement they allow:
Immovable
slightly movable
freely movable
50. Types of Joints
Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension and
retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
51. Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint
allows for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found in the hips
and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
52. Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones
slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-
tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)
53. Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the
touching surfaces of two bones have both
concave and convex regions with the shapes
of the two bones complementing one other
and allowing a wide range of movement.
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