2. 2
OBJECTIVES
• Get familiar with some hydrological terminology.
• Learn the special collocations for places and
also expressions of cardinal directions.
• Be able to form simple phrases and sentences
with the passive voice.
• Learn the ending sounds for passive form
verbs.
SECOND CLASS
3. 3
Among the celestial bodies, it is above all the sun which serves as
a conceptual source for cardinal directions. The Morning Stars as
well as the firmament also have this function.
Brown (1983) claims that identification of EAST through reference to
the rising of the sun and of WEST to the setting of the sun
constitutes the most conventional manner of developing terms for
cardinal directions.
INTRODUCTION
4. 4
Sunrise: when the sun rises
Sunset: when the sun sinks over the horizon
Dawn: the brief period of time when the sun is beginning to lighten the sky
Twilight:
Definition 1: After the sun has set but there's still diffuse light enough to see.
The light is soft and kind of purply grey.
Definition 2: it’s the name given to the period between dawn and sunrise,
or between sunset and dusk
Dusk: towards the end of twilight, before it gets totally dark
DAWN, DUSK, SUNRISE, SUNSET AND TWILIGHT
12. 12
METEREOLOGICAL SEASONS
Northern Meteorological Seasons
• Spring runs from March 1 to May 31;
• Summer runs from June 1 to August 31;
• Fall (autumn) runs from September 1 to November 30; and
• Winter runs from December 1 to February 28 (February 29 in
a leap year)
16. 16
Cardinal Directions Poetry
Geese on the Go
Where do geese fly
in the spring?
The geese fly north
when Little birds sing.
Why don’t the geese fly
to the west?
I’m not sure.
What’s your guess?
Do the geese fly east
in the fall?
No, the geese don’t do
that at all.
Where do the geese fly
when it snows?
The geese head south
when the cold wind blows
19. 19
• at around 10-15°N, at the equator, and at 15°S, and an inshore
longitudinal partition at around 95°-
100°W. The latitudinal partition around 15°N is also consistent…
• of provenance and the geographical position defined by latitude
and longitude or the latitudinal and longitudinal range
• climates compared to concentrations near sources, on
altitudinal and latitudinal scales described by Wania and
Mackay (1996).
SOME SENTENCE TO PRACTICE LONGITUDE AND
LATITUDE LOCATION
20. 20
It extends from the Larense Depression to the west to the
peninsulas of Paria and Araya to the east.
It extends from Lebanese territory north-east in to the Syrian Arab
Republic proper.
It extends from your pelvis to your knee.
It extends from just below the rib cage to the pelvis.
This is the reserve's largest zone (234,146 hectares) and it extends
from the central region north and south to...
It extends from the South Atlantic Ocean to the west along
the entire border of Namibia.
It extends from the north of Peru down to the centre of Chile, with
cold waters with a temperature of 18-19ºC.
LET’S DESCRIBE EXTENSION
21. 21
THE MOST COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERBS OF
PLACE
Some important prepositions to remember when getting or giving
directions are:
• Between
• Left and Right
• Next to
• Straight Ahead
And the adverbs near, nearer, nearest and close, closer, closest will be
very useful when you need to find something fast.
22. 22
USE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES WHEN GIVING INSTRUCTIONS
And expect people to use them when explaining to you where to go.
Examples:
Go down this street!
Go straight and up the stairs!
Go down the escalators!
DON’T BE AFRAID OF USING LANDMARKS
Every city in the world has its own landmarks. You can cut down on search
time if you know what the important landmarks are in the city or place you are
visiting. For example, in London, England, the main landmark is Big Ben.
Some landmarks in Toronto are the Eaton Centre, the CN Tower, and the
Rogers Centre.
Examples:
The Aquarium is next to the CN Tower!
Go past the hospital and then turn left.
After the supermarket, you will see the bus stop.
23. 23
We usually use north, south, east, west, not northern, southern,
eastern and western, to refer to specific places or to direction of
movement. We can use north, south, east and west as adjectives or
adverbs and occasionally as nouns:
• More and more people are buying second homes on the south
coast of Ireland. (adjective)
• After Bangkok, we drove north for about six hours (adverb)
• Strong Atlantic winds are forecast in the west of Portugal (noun)
We normally use CAPITAL LETTERS in place names with north, south,
east and west:
• The conference is taking place in North Dakota.
• Bargain flights to South America from London Gatwick from £350.
LOCATION
24. 24
Northern, southern, eastern and western: larger areas
We commonly use northern, southern, eastern and western (without capital
letters) to refer to larger areas or territory. We can only use them as
adjectives:
The northern parts of India have suffered severe flooding.
Houses are more expensive in most western parts of the country.
Some names of specific places have capital letters for northern, southern,
eastern and western:
• We are holidaying in Northern Ireland next year. (name of a region)
• Perth is the capital of Western Australia. (name of a state)
• San Diego is my favorite place in southern California. (a part or region of
a state but NOT the name of a state)
25. 25
PASSIVE VOICE INTRODUCTION
ADVICE ON RESEARCHES
Global experience seems to show that it is more functional to start from
a prior CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK that the group considers
aceptable
The adopted methodology is based on the combination of
quantitative and qualitative data
27. 27
BASIS FOR
COMPARISON
INTENSIVE FARMING EXTENSIVE FARMING
Meaning Intensive Farming refers
to an agricultural
system, wherein there
is high level use of labor
and capital, in
comparison to the land
area.
Extensive Farming is a
farming technique, in
which large farms are
being cultivated, with
relatively lower inputs,
i.e. capital and labor.
Population It is practiced in
densely populated
region.
It is practiced in
moderately populated
region.
Land holding Small and expensive Large and inexpensive
Farmland Near to the market Remotely located
Per hectare output Large Small
Difference Between Intensive and Extensive Farming
Comparison Chart
28. 28
The legal framework and the mechanism to protect the
natural environment
there is a political framework for peace
the public sector must establish an appropriate
legal framework for contract procurement and private
sector investment.
Adresses a sufficient but not excessive level of variables
This framework is then adapted, modified and simplified.
CONSTRUCT SENTENCES USING PASSIVE VOICE with the noun
framework
31. 31
Selected quantitative variables with the greatest impact on the water
balance within watersheds
Source: Urban planning based on watersheds: from theoretical debate
to municipal management
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1414-
753X2015000300009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
32. 32
Open ocean: The largest marine
ecosystem
SALTWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Wetlands
Coral Reefs Estuaries: Where saltwater and freshwater
meet to make a brackish mix
Source: https://sciencing.com/types-saltwater-ecosystems-6385556.html#
40. 40
REFERENCES
Expressions of Cardinal Directions in Nilotic and in Ubangian Languages
http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL10/pdf_doc/2.pdf
10 Tips on how to ask for directions in english
https://www.ilac.com/10-tips-on-how-to-ask-for-directions-in-english/
Cardinal Directions and Map
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/cardinal-directions-and-maps/
Difference Between Intensive and Extensive Farming
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-intensive-and-extensive-
farming.html
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html
