3. UNFCCC
REFERENCE: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
• LEGALITY : Legally non-binding; no enforcement mechanism
But the framework is used for negotiating SPECIFIC INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES (PROTOCOL), that may set binding limits on GHGs
Main objective : to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.
5. “Article 2….stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level
should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that
food production is not threatened and to enable economic
development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”
IMPORTANT ARTICLES IN UNFCCC
https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
6. Article 3.Sec 1. The Parties should protect the climate system for
the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on
the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the
lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects
thereof.
REFERENCE: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
“
”
7. Article 4. all Parties make general commitments to address
climate change through, for example, climate change mitigation
and adapting to the eventual impacts of climate change.
REFERENCE: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
“
”
10. KYOTO PROTOCOL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol
• 1st commitment period 2008-2012: for developed countries to reduce
their greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2008–2012, GHGs
reduction 5% of the 1990 level.
• 2nd commitment period 2013-2020 (Doha Agreement) – GHGs reduction
18% of 1990 level.
13. FIRST COMMITMENT PERIOD
• Carbon dioxide CO2;
• Methane (CH4);
• Nitrous oxide (N2O);
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
TARGETS
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
14. Non-ratification by the US
Withdrawal of Canada
Annex I Partiesa
Emission limitation or reduction
(expressed in relation to total GHG
emissions in the base year or period
inscribed in Annex B to the Kyoto
Protocol)b
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, European Community, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
-8%
United States of Americac -7%
Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland -6%
Croatia -5%
New Zealand, Russian Federation, Ukraine 0
Norway +1
Australia +8
Iceland +10
15. FLEXIBILITY MECHANISMS OF KYOTO PROTOCOL
1. LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
2. MARKET MECHANISM
2.1 International Emissions Trading
2.2 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
2.3 Joint Implementation (JI)
16. 1. LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
Figure2.
Calculation of the
accounting
quantity for
afforestation and
reforestation
(KYOTO Manual)
17. 2.1 International Emissions Trading
Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare -
emissions permitted them but not "used" - to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets.
https://climatechange.lta.org/carbon-markets-natl-policies/
18. 2.2 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),
defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a
country with an emission-reduction or emission-
limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol
(Annex B Party) to implement an emission-
reduction project in developing countries.
19. 2.3 Joint Implementation (JI)
The mechanism known as "joint implementation", defined in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows a
country with an emission reduction or limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B
Party) to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction or emission removal
project in another Annex B Party, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted
towards meeting its Kyoto target.
21. COMPLIANCE OF PARTIES
• the 36 countries that fully participated in the Protocol were committed to
reducing their aggregate emissions by 4% from the 1990 base year.
• Their average annual emissions in 2008–2012 were 24.2% below the 1990
level.
• The large reductions were mainly thanks to the dissolution of the Soviet
Union, which reduced the emissions of the Eastern Bloc by tens of percents in
the early 1990s. In addition, the financial crisis of 2007–08 significantly
reduced emissions during the first Kyoto commitment period.
22. ISSUES AND CRITICISMS OF KYOTO PROCOL
1. NON RATIFICATION OF U.S
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ot2DMZaHb_4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ibl63YlTtI4
2. WITHDRAWAL OF CANADA
23. The Philippine government has long pursued an activist international climate agenda.
Since 1994, the Philippines have ratified the
UNFCCC treaty
UNFCCC: IN THE PHILIPPINES CONTEXT
https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/on-alert-the-philippines-
and-climate-change#
Climate Change Act of 2009
Philippine Green Jobs Act of 2016
24. UNFCCC: IN THE PHILIPPINES CONTEXT
https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/on-alert-the-philippines-
and-climate-change#
Philippine Development Plan for 2017-2022
Transport
Water Resources
Energy
Social Infrastructure
Forest and Watershed
Mineral Resources
Coastal and Marine
25. Transport
Enhance efficiency of the transport sector through providing adequate, accessible, reliable, and
safe access for people and goods.(14)
Encourage shift from private to public transport, especially on mass transport.(14)
26. Water Resources
Pursue institutional reforms such as streamlining processes in involved agencies to encourage and guide
investments in water supply, sewerage, and sanitation.(13)
Formulate an irrigation master plan to set the direction for irrigation development and a framework for
capital and operations and maintenance financing of irrigation projects.(13)
27. Energy
Pursue development of the natural gas industry, as well as renewable energy such as wind and solar.(13)
28. Social Infrastructure
Provide secure tenure in affordable, safe, and disaster-resilient housing to underprivileged and
homeless families.(13)
Provide assistance to LGUs in complying with the requirements under the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act. Promote proper waste management through public awareness programs and invest
in relevant technologies to improve solid waste management throughout the country. (13)
Enhance capacities of relevant agencies for monitoring and management of health care and hazardous
wastes.
29. In 2015, the Phils pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
by a massive 70 per cent by 2030 in its submission to the UN.
“
”
https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/on-alert-the-philippines-and-climate-change#
30. POWER SOURCE
MEGAWATTAS INSTALLED
LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO
On Grid
Coal Fired 6,263.70 1,229.50 2,345
Diesel 650.3 866.0
Oil-based 2,207.70
Gas Turbine - 55.0 -
Natural Gas 3,451.50 1 -
Geothermal 805.3 964.60 108.5
Hydro 2,497.2 17.7 1,133.7
Biomass 105.5 102.1 50.9
Solar 220.2 475.8 58.8
Wind 282.90 90 -
TOTAL 15,834 3,586 4,562.9
Table 1. Data from DOE via the FOI Website as of June 2019.
31. There is no doubt that the Philippines’ food security and
production system is highly vulnerable to climate change.
However, the energy sector, particularly electricity generation,
fails to reflect the country’s highly ambitious national climate
change laws and climate diplomacy.
(1) https://www.gov.ph/web/green-climate-fund/climate-laws-and-policies#
Retrieved 18 October 2020
