Disaster Risk Management

1. Disaster Risk
Management Programme
URBAN EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY REDUCTION PROJECT
(A sub-component of DRMP)

2. Sustainable disaster risk
reduction in some of the most
multi-hazard prone districts in
selected states

3. Urban Earthquake Vulnerability
reduction..
Sub-Programme- Disaster Risk Management Programme

6. Districts affected by
EARTHQUAKE
Very high damage risk zone V – major
part of Cooch Behar and some part of
Jalpaiguri,
High damage risk zone IV – remaining
part of Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri, entire
Darjeeling, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur,
major part of Malda,North 24 Parganas
and South 24 Parganas
Moderate damage risk zone III –
remaining part of Malda, North and South
24 Parganas, Nadia, Murshidabad,
Howrah, Hooghly, Burdwan, Bankura,
Birbhum, Paschim and Purba Medinipur
and slice of Purulia,
Low damage risk zone II – remaining
part of Purulia

7. Seismic
Zones
State
Capital
District Seismic Zone of
towns
Earthquake
Intensity
MSK
V,IV,III,I
I
Kolkata III VII
Bankura III VII
Bardhaman III VII
Birbhum III VII
Dakshin Dinajpur IV VIII
Darjiling IV VIII
Haora III VII
Hugl III VII
Jalpaigur III VII
Koch Bihar V ≥IX
Ingrajpur (Maldah III VII
West Bengal Earthquake Map

8. Seismic
Zones
State
Capi
tal
District Seismic Zone of
towns
Earthquake
Intensity
MSK
Behrampur
(Murshidabad)
III VII
Krishnanagar
(Nadia)
III VII
Barasat
(North 24 Pgs)
III VII
Puruliya II VI
Alipur
(South 24 Pgs)
III VII
Uttar Dinajpur IV VIII
West Midnapore III VII
Mednipur III VII

9. The Great Indian Earthquakes
• 1897 Assam Earthquake: M8.7
• 1905 Kangra Earthquake: M8.6
• 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: M8.4
• 1950 Assam Earthquake: M8.7

10. Recent Earthquakes
• Koyna (1967): M6.5
• Bihar-Nepal (1988): M6.6
• Imphal (1988) : M7.2
• Uttarkashi (1991): M6.6
• Killari, Latur (1993): M6.4
• Jabalpur (1997): M6.0
• Chamoli (1999): M6.5
• Bhuj (2001): M 6.9

11. Seismic Zone Map
• Four zones in India: II to V
– V is most severe with probability of intensity
more than XI
– Total No. of Zones reduced from five (I to V) to
four II to V) neglecting effects of very low risk
of Zone-I
• Based on best available information at
the time
• Revised from time to time especially
after earthquakes in zones considered
aseismic.( Lattur, Jabalpur )

12. GoI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management
Programme
38 cities Urban Earthquake
Vulnerability Reduction Sub-programme
.Chennai

13. Strategies for Urban Earthquake
Vulnerability Reduction
1. Awareness generation
• Communicating the risks/codal provisions/technologies among
various stakeholders
2. Development of Earthquake preparedness plans
3. Development of a techno-legal framework
In new constructions-stop increasing the risk
• Review and amendment of codes , bye-laws
• Review of enforcement mechanisms.
In existing constructions-decrease unacceptable risk
Mandatory retrofitting
4. Training and Capacity building
5. Networking knowledge of best practices

14. Awareness Generation
•Development of city-specific Awareness generation
plans
•Identifying resource institutions
•Developing Information Education Communication
(IEC) materials including manuals, guidelines for safe
housing options in the local language.
•Sensitization of ULBs, NGOs, Resident welfare
associations, Students etc.
•Among practicing* Architects, Builders, Contractors,
Designers, Engineers etc.
•Use of mass media

15. Awareness generation..( Contd.)
• Awareness required for the community at large
on
– Seismic hazard in their region
– The codal provisions-in simplified vernacular language
– Cost effective disaster resistant technologies
– Earthquake resistant features
– Simple retrofitting measures
– Costs and benefits of seismic strengthening
– Possible damage scenario in their environment.

16. Awareness generation …for policy makers
• Capacity building of local authorities to acquire knowledge
and resources
• Decentralizing authority for disaster preparedness and
management
• Shifting focus from Response to Pro-active mitigation.
CENTRAL
Responsibility Resources
STATE
LOCAL

17. Development of Earthquake
preparedness plans
• Identification of nodal agencies
• Sensitisation of Nagarik Samitis/ RW associations
• Meeting with line departments
• Nagarik Committee Meeting
• General Meeting with public of each ward/Mohalla
• Selection of two volunteers from the ward
• Orientation and training of volunteers
• Mapping by community with assistance of volunteers
– Social Mapping,Resource Mapping,Hazard Mapping,Need
Assessment
• Development of preparedness plan –ward, city level
• Formation of Task forces
• Development of an Incident Command System .

18. Techno-legal regime-
For new constructions
• Review of building byelaws, zonal codal provisions by empowered
committees at the national and state level.
• Certification course for Architects, Engineers.
• Capacity building of regulatory authorities and staff.
• Institutional framework for a National/State ombudsman for
overview of regulatory authorities.
• Orientation to policy makers for registration and regulation of
builders, promoters and real estate developers.

19. • Retrofit to decrease unacceptable risk
• Millions of unsafe buildings in high risk zones
• Many collapse in monsoons.
• Retrofitting for individual houses-
– By creating awareness among community
– Demonstrating retrofitting in various construction systems
– Creating capacities
• Financial institutions to fund retrofitting
• Legislation for mandatory retrofitting
Techno-legal regime-
For existing constructions

20. Capacity building
Of Government engineers,practicing Architects,engineers,
resource institutions
o On codal provisions,safe construction practices,
retrofitting measures etc.
Of Development authorities, ULBs, Resource institutions,
Resident’s associations
oOn awareness generation techniques,development of
Earthquake Preparedness and response plans
Of policy makers –on regional vulnerability, development of
the techno-legal regime etc

21. Networking
•Developing a web-based portal for knowledge-sharing,
inter-city cooperation on risk reduction measures
•Forum for city representatives,national experts/advisors to
share experiences and learning
•Development of cities disaster resources database- and
linkages to the IDRN
•Documentation and dissemination of best practices for
wider circulation
•Learning from other’s experiences..

22. Lesson learned for KMC & AMC
• The first City DM Plan of Kolkata has been prepared and the updation of the
Web page of UEVRP is completed.
• Some of the officials are aware of a Disaster Management Program and are
eager to implement the program at different levels.
• The importance and urgency of a Disaster Management Plan is not understood
by most of the implementing authorities in Kolkata.
• The planning for the DM Plan is a top-down approach, the community level is
still not aware of the urgency of the program.
• The DM activities have been initiated at the KMC at the highest level, which is
very eager to replicate it down at the Borough & ward levels.
• The Engineers & the Building department, which have been given priority in
UEVRP, are yet to actively implement the updated techniques in the city to
reduce the risks.

23. Constraints
• Political Will
• Prioritization of the DM activities at all level.
• Community based approach of the DM Plan &
activities.
• Little scope for involvement of Community based
organisations.
• The coordination of different departments.

24. Future Plan
• Sensitization of the Schools and colleges in the city.
• Training of the Staff & selected members from the traders of the
market on Fire fighting, Search & Rescue, and First Aid.
• Sensitization of the Ward Councilors.
• 2 Mock drills at important places can be conducted.
• Training of the Ward DMT members can be conducted.
• Preparation of the Ward DM plan in Wards and in all the 15
Boroughs of KMC.
• Updation of the Kolkata City DM Plan in accordance with the
review of the Present Plan.

25. Normal Long Term Human Response to
Earthquakes (Key, 1988)
The learning from past experiences….what we do

26. The Himalayas…
among the most seismic regions on earth..
•Can we learn from others experiences?
•And our own?
•Can we let it happen again?
•1833 Bihar 8.7
•1897 Assam 8.7
•1905 Kangra HP
•1934 Bihar – Nepal 8.3
•1950 Assam 8.6
•1991 Uttarkashi 6.6
•1988 Bihar-Nepal 6.8
•1999 Chamoli 6.8

27. A scene from Ahmedabad (Zone III)-same as your city…
“Five moderate earthquakes of around 6.5 magnitude have occurred in India
since 1988; this leaves the country with no choice but to develop strong
initiatives in earthquake disaster preparedness, mitigation and management.”

28. It is better to be five years early than a minute too late…