Learning and Memory

1. SCIENCE OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
- SATISH B PUROHIT
S K I T M

2. Science of Learning and Memory
Welcome
Everyone!

3. What is psychology of learning and memory?
• Learning is the acquisition of skill or knowledge, while memory is the
expression of what you've acquired.
• Another difference is the speed with which the two things happen.
Which part of the brain is
responsible for learning and
memory?
Hippocampus. A curved
seahorse-shaped organ on the
underside of each temporal lobe,
the hippocampus is part of a
larger structure called the
hippocampal formation. It
supports memory, learning,
navigation and perception of
space
There are two basic categories of learning science: cognitive
neuroscience and cognitive psychology
Memories are formed as a result of connections between neurons in the
brain. New connections (synapses) are formed each time a new activity is
learned. The more a person participates in a particular activity, the stronger
the synapses and associated memories tied to the activity become.
Learning and Memory

4. THE SCIENCE OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
ILLUSION
&
HOW ONE PERCEIVES
THE DATA & INFORMATION

5. PERCEIVERANCE / ILLUSION
.
The Necker cube and Rubin vase can be perceived in more than one way

6. LAW OF CLOSURE
.
The human brain tends to perceive complete shapes even if those forms are incomplete.

7. .
.
An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind
normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation.
Although illusions distort our perception of reality, they are generally
shared by most people.

8. optical illusions to humans, perceiving stationary images as in motion.
.

9. .
.
The Circles in This Illusion Actually Aren't Changing Shape or Moving at All

10. .
.
A colour saturation optical illusion is where the object appears to
change colour as it moves through different backgrounds but it in fact
just remains the same colour throughout.
This occurs due to our brain perceiving the colour of the object to
change when it changes environment. As the moving image shows,
the circle appears a lighter blue at the start when up against a darker
blue background and the opposite at the end when it looks a darker
blue against a light blue background.
The way we view colours and brightness is due to the cells we have in
our retina at the back of our eye. The cones are the judge of colour,
and the rods judge the brightness of the image we are seeing. These
two cells send information to our brain through the optic nerve and the
brain from that signal tries to interpret what we see. When judging
colour, the brain perceives it differently when it is compared to what is
surrounding that object, suggesting why we think the blue circle
changes colour in this illusion.
Optical illusions through a combination of colours, patterns and lighting can create images
that can be deceptive to our brains.

11. .
One hemisphere of the brain is dominant over other half. It leads to different ways of thinking and
led to different personality traits in different individuals.
Which face looks happier? This optical illusion can reveal your personality.
Are you brainy or creative?

12. BRAIN
.
Do you know what the difference between data and information is? Data are raw
facts, like how many apples you have. Information is more complex; it’s data put into
context, interpreted to give you a better understanding… like knowing you have
enough apples to make a pie.
A colour contrast optical
illusion makes it look like
the balls are different
colours. In reality they are
all the same colour and
shading.
The image was
created
by David
Novick, a
computer and
information
science

13. REALITY AND MEMORY
.
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision,
breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Together, the brain and
spinal cord that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.
Weighing about 3 pounds in the average adult, the brain is
about 60% fat. The remaining 40% is a combination of
water, protein, carbohydrates and salts. The brain itself is
a not a muscle. It contains blood vessels and nerves,
including neurons and glial cells.
The brain sends and receives chemical and electrical
signals throughout the body. Different signals control
different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some
make you feel tired, for example, while others make you
feel pain.
Some messages are kept within the brain, while others
are relayed through the spine and across the body’s vast
network of nerves to distant extremities. To do this, the
central nervous system relies on billions of neurons (nerve
cells).

14. Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and
retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of
influencing future action. past events could not be remembered, it would be impossible for
language, relationships, or personal identity to develop. Memory loss is usually described
as forgetfulness or amnesia.
.

15. MEMORY
.
Memory is often understood as an informational processing system ,made up of
a sensory processor ( short-term (or working) memory, and long-term
memory.) This can be related to the neuron. The sensory processor allows
information from the outside world.
Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later
retrieving information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding,
storage, and retrieval.
Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information.
However, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes people forget or misremember
things. Other times, information is not properly encoded in memory in the first place.

16. HUMAN MEMORY
.
The capacity of human memory is impressive. participants can recognize
several thousands of visual objects in great details even with a single viewing
of a few seconds per image [event-relate potential (ERP)]
it is possible to remember 80% of masked pictures when presented for 120
ms but only 50% if presented for only 50 ms.
The repetition of briefly presented pictures improves memory performance.
The number of items recalled after 4 s of a continuous presentation was the same
as the number of items recalled after 4 trials of 1 s

17. Photographic memory has been found in 2 to 10 percent of children aged
6 to 12.
.
A person who seems to recall, Just as a photograph freezes a moment in
time. They can take mental snapshots and then recall these snapshots
without error.

18. Remembrance
or
Recalling memory
A person remembers a cinema
with pleasure due to
simultaneous activities of
mind, eyes, ears, interest and
readiness.

19. FRAMES PER SECOND
.
1.1. 24fps is the standard frame rate for movies. In the era of streaming media when the line between
movies and television is more blurred than ever, many television shows also use 24fps to achieve a
more cinematic look.
2.2. 25fps is the standard frame rate for television shows broadcast in the Phase Alternating Line (PAL)
format. PAL is the official color-encoding system for TV broadcasts in most countries outside of North
America.
3.3. 30fps is the standard frame rate for television shows broadcast in the National Television System
Committee (NTSC) format. NTSC is the official color-encoding system for TV broadcasts in the United
States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and some parts of Central and South America.
With the advancement of technology in the videography sector, triple-digit frame rates are
becoming popular (120, 144, 240,480 fps, and more).
Most movies are now produced at 60 frames per second, giving more smoothness over 30 frames per
second. Generally, computers have adopted 60 fps as the bare minimum output frame rate. 30 fps is
slowly becoming a thing of the past in modern gaming and display.
240 – 480 FPS – Motions that happen too quickly for eyes to
see (fast sports, water splashing, skiing, golf swings)
960 FPS – Great for balloons popping, breaking things,
explosion scenes.

20. LEARNING
.

21. LEARNING
.
Learning is the
process of
acquiring new
understanding,
knowledge,
behaviours, skills,
values, attitudes,
and preferences.
The ability to learn is
possessed by
humans, animals,
and some machines;
there is also
evidence for some
kind of learning in
certain plants.

22. LEARNING
PYRAMID
.

23. CONE OF LEARNING
.

24. LEARNING
&
FORGETTING
.

25. .

26. PATTERN MATCHING FOR MENTAL
CALCULATIONS
. mental calculations are mostly related to
memorization and pattern matching, and putting
various significant constraints on the problems being
asked.

27. MACHINE LEARNING TO SUPPORT HUMAN LEARNING
.

28. LEARNING
APPLICATIONS.
.

29. Tools to Develop Essential
Cognitive Functions
• Personal Zen – Take time to relax – Sleep
• Brain Trainer – Split the Memory into several
categories such as focus, spatial memory, working
memory, and concentration.
• Peak – Gradually increase the level of difficulty for
you to think harder and conclude better
• Happify – Reward yourself on each level
completion to reduce anxiety and stress
• Mind Map – Try to identify the main problem and
brainstorm on possible support / solution possible
.