Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Basic bone biology
1. Om Shree Ganapati namah
Basics of bone biology / Role of
inflammation / Relevance to orthodontics
Dr. Sangamesh B. M.D.S., MOrth RCS(Edinburgh)
Assistant Professor
4. The bones in the
skeleton are not all solid
Strength to act as levers
for muscles
Give form to soft tissues
Provide protective
cavities for the vital
organs
5. Outer cortical or compact bone
Inner trabecular or spongy bone
Periosteum
Endosteum
Structure of the bone
6. Types of bone
Primary bone or the
woven bone
Secondary bone or the
lamellar bone
Trabecular /
cancellous / spongy
Cortical / compact /
dense
9. Endochondral ossification
formation of long bones from cartilage model
Alberts et al Molecular – Molecular Biology of the Cell
Growing knee joint (cat)
growth plate
Endochondral bone formation
is by the replacement
o f t h e h y a l i n e
cartilage model with
bone tissue.
10. Intramambranous bone formation
is the replacement of
the connective tissue
membrane sheets
and results in the
f o r m a t i o n o f fl a t
bones.
Intramembranous ossification
Calvarium
Periosteum
11. Outer Cortical bone is
solid with few small
canals
Inner trabecular bone is
like scaffolding or a
honey-comb
Spaces between the
bone are filled with fluid
bone marrow cells and
some fat cells
Alveolar Bone
17. Alveolar bone proper /
Bundle bone
Because alveolar process is
regularly penetrated by collagen
fiber bundles, it is also called
bundle bone
It appears more radiodense
than surrounding supporting
bone in X-rays called lamina
dura
18. Alveolar bone proper /
Bundle bone
Because alveolar process is
regularly penetrated by collagen
fiber bundles, it is also called
bundle bone
It appears more radiodense
than surrounding supporting
bone in X-rays called lamina
dura
19. Low-power scanning electron microscope image of normal bone
architecture in the 3rd lumbar vertebra of a 30 year old woman
marrow and other cells removed to reveal thick, interconnected plates of bone
Trabecular
bone
22. Trabcular bone element
perforated by osteoclast action
Low-power scanning electron microscope image of osteoporotic
bone architecture in the 3rd lumbar vertebra of a 71 year old woman
marrow and other cells removed to reveal eroded, fragile rods of bone
Trabcular bone element eroded by osteoclasts
31. Composition of the bone
Inorganic bone - 67%
65-70% inorganic mineral
(hydroxyapatite)
Crystalline complex of
Calcium and phosphate
(hydroxyapatite)
Ca5(PO4)3(OH)2
Organic bone - 33%
Collagen - 28%
Cells - 5%
Osteocalcin
Sialoprotein
Phosphoprotein
Osteonectin
Bone specific protein
32. Water 45 - 50%
Ash 30 - 35%
Protein 10 - 15%
Fat 5 - 10%
Composition of Ash:
Calcium 36%
Phosphorus 17%
Magnesium 0.8%
33. Structural and Metabolic Bone
Fractions
• Cortical
– outer half provides strength
– Inner half provides metabolic Ca++
• Trabecular
– High turnover rate
– Major source of metabolic Ca++
34. Calcium
Electrical- carries current during an action potential across
membranes, and can result in changes in intracellular free Ca2+
Cofactor for extracellular enzymes and regulatory proteins -
stability or maximal activity
Intracellular regulator - as a result of change in [Ca2+] inside
cells
Structural (bones, tissues)
Vitamin D
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is thought to be the biologically active
form which upregulatores calcium binding proteins to enhance
calcium absorption
conserves calcium at the kidney and increases bone resorption
35. Phosphorus
Structural in bone, phospholipids
Buffer and regulator of acid-base balance
Energy currency of cells
Magnesium
Magnesium is thought to enhance bone quality by
influencing hydroxyapatite crystal growth.
44. GM-CSF
IFN!
IFN"
IL-18
IL-12
OCIL
TSA-1
Legumain
sFRP-1
IL-4
IL-13
IL-10
- direct
- direct
- direct (feedback loop?)
- indirect via T-cells
- indirect via T-cells
- direct
- direct
- direct
- ?
Th2 cytokines
} Dr. Jack Martin
Characteristics of Osteoclasts
! Multinucleated Cells-contain 4-20 nuclei in
vivo
! Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
positive
! Calcitonin receptor positive
! Vitronectin receptor positive
! Positive for cathepsin K
! Resorb bone
The Osteoclast
! Multinucleated giant cell found in bone
! Found in contact with calcified bone
surface
! Function is bone resorption
! Life span in vivo is up to 2 weeks with a
half-life around 6-10 days
Osteoclasts on Bone
Dr. Ott’s Web Site 2002
Osteoclast on Bone
In vitro Generated Murine
Osteoclast
45. 3
! Vitronectin receptor positive
! Positive for cathepsin K
! Resorb bone
Ultrastructural Characteristics of
the Osteoclast
BONE
Clear Zone
Resorption Lacuna/ Pit
Vitronectin
Receptors (VNR, !v"3)
Calcitonin
Receptors (CTR)
Ruffled Border
H+
H+
H+
Cl-
Cl-
Cathepsin K
TRAP
Lysosomal
enzymes
Proton pump
V-ATPase
VNR and collagen
receptors (!2b1)
Carbonic
Anhydrase II
H+
HCO3
-
Drs. Quinn/Martin 2002
Transmission Electron Micrograph of a
Human Osteoclast
Stenbeck, Seminars Cell Developmental Biol 2002
46. Formation
Dr. Jack Martin
Osteoclast Differentiation
OPG
RANKL
RANK
Activated
Osteoclast
Hematopoietic
Stem Cells
Mononuclear
Osteoclast
Osteoclast
Progenitor
Inactive
Osteoclast
1,25(OH)2D3
Osteoblasts
Bone
48. Functions of bone
Provide structural support to the body
Provide protection of vital organs
Provide an environment for marrow (Blood
forming and fat storage)
Act as mineral reservoir for calcium
homeostasis in the body
50. Periodontal Ligament
PDL is the soft specialized connective tissue situated between
cementum and alveolar bone proper
Ranges in thickness between 0.15 and 0.38 mm and is thinnest
in the middle portion of the root
The width decreases with age
Tissue with high turnover rate
Contains fibers, cells and intercellular substance
52. Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts (critical for periodontal disease and tooth movement)
Fibroblasts (Most abundant)
Epithelial cells (remnants of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath-epithelial cell
rests of Malassez)
Macrophages (important defense cells)
Undifferentiated cells (perivascular location)
Cementoblasts
Cementoclasts (only in pathologic conditions)
53. Ground Substance
Amorphous background material that binds tissues and fluids - major
constituent of the PDL
Similar to most connective tissue ground substance
Dermatan sulfate is the major & glycosaminoglycan
70% water; critical for withstanding forces
When function is increased PDL is increased in size and fiber thickens, bone
trabeculae also increase in number and thicker
However, in reduction of function, PDL narrows and fiber bundles decreases
in number and thickness (this reduction in PDL is primarily due to increased
cementum deposition)
54. PDL fibers
Collagen fibers: I, III and XII. Groups of fibers that are
continually remodeled. (Principal fiber bundles of the PDL).
The average diameter of individual fibers are smaller than other
areas of the body, due to the shorter half-life of PDL fibers (so
they have less time for fibrillar assembly)
Oxytalan fibers: variant of elastic fibers, perpendicular to
teeth, adjacent to capillaries
Eluanin: variant of elastic fibers
55. Dentoalveolar group
Alveolar crest group (ACG): below CE junction, downward, outward
Horizontal group: apical to ACG, right angle to the root surface
Oblique group: most numerous, oblique direction and attaches coronally to
bone
Apical group: around the apex, base of socket
Interradicular group: multirooted teeth. Runs from cementum and bone ,
forming the crest of the interradicular septum
At each end, fibers embedded in bone
and cementum: Sharpey’s fiber
Principal Fibers
Run between tooth and bone.
Can be classified as dentoalveolar and gingival group
56. Gingival ligament fibers
The principal fibers in the gingival area are referred to as
gingival fibers. Not strictly related to periodontium. Present in
the lamina propria of the gingiva.
Dentogingival: most numerous; cervical
cementum to f/a gingiva
Alveologingival: bone of the alveolar crest
to f/a gingiva
Circular: around neck of teeth, free
gingiva
Dentoperiosteal: runs apically from the
cementum over the outer cortical plate to
alv. process or vestibule (muscle) or floor
of mouth
Transseptal: cementum between
adjacent teeth, over the alveolar crest
57.
58.
59. The PDL gets its blood supply from perforating
arteries (from the cribriform plate of the bundle
bone).
The small capillaries derive from the superior &
inferior alveolar arteries.
The blood supply is rich because the PDL has a very
high turnover as a tissue.
The posterior supply is more prominent than the
anterior.
The mandibular is more prominent than the maxillary
60.
61.
62. Interstitial Space
Present between each bundle of ligament fibers
Contains blood vessels and nerves
Designed to withstand the impact of masticatory forces
63. Nerve supply
The nerve supply originates from the inferior or
the superior alveolar nerves.
The fibers enter from the apical region and
lateral socket walls.
The apical region contains more nerve endings
(except Upper Incisors)
64. Tooth support
Shock absorber: Withstanding the forces of
mastication
Sensory receptor necessary for proper
positioning of the jaw
Nutritive: blood vessels provide the essential
nutrients to the vitality of the PDL
FUNCTIONS OF PERIODONTIUM
68. “ . . . the origin or causation of the
phenomenon would seem to lie partly
in the tendency of growth to be
accelerated under strain. . . .
accounting therefore for the
rearrangement of . . . the trabeculae
within the bone.”
D’Arcy Thompson, 1917
69. Rules for Bone Adaptation
Bone responds only to dynamic loads
The loading period can be short
Rate related phenomena are critical to
response
70.
71. The Mechanostat: Essential Principles
Threshold-driven
Modeling and Remodeling are antagonistic
Operate within different strain ranges
Architecturally antagonistic
Bone envelopes are controlled by local conditions
73. Signal Transduction Steps
Recognition
Ionic bonds
Van der Waals interactions
Hydorphobic interaction
Transduction
Transmission
Modulation of the Effectors
Response
Termination
78. Old bone New bone Osteoid
3. Resorption
4. Reversal
5. Formation
6. Quiescence
1. Quiescence
2. Activation
LC
POC
OB
LC
OC
HL
?
CL
CL
BSU
CL
The Quantum
Concept of
Bone
Remodeling