Semantic Characteristics of words. Morphological characteristics. Stylistic Differentiation.

1. Elements of Text Lexis
Analysis

2. Outline
1. Semantic Characteristics of Words
2. Morphological Characteristics of
Words
3. Stylistic Differentiation of Words

4. Elements of Linguistic Analysis of
Text Lexis
Semantic
Characteristics
of Words
Morphological
Characteristics
of Words
Stylistic
Differentiation of
Words

5. 1. Semantic Characteristics of
Words
Synonymy Antonymy Polysemy

6. 1.1. Synonyms
Words different in their sound form,
but similar in their denotational
meaning;
Interchangeable words at least in
some contexts.

7. Synonyms

8. Kinds of Synonyms
Absolute Semantic
Stylistic Euphemistic

9. Semantic Synonyms
( one of the absolute synonyms can specialize in its
meaning)

10. Stylistic Synonyms
( one of the absolute synonyms is specialized in its
usage)

11. Euphemistic Synonyms

12. Euphemistic Synonyms

13. 1.2. Antonyms
(Words characterized by semantic polarity or opposite
denotational meaning)
Contradictories Contraries
Incompatibles

14. Contradictories

15. Contraries

16. Incompatibles

17. 1.3. Polysemy
Coexistence of various meanings of the same word
Professor Ermetova( «The field polysemantic words in
English») claims that according to the frequency of usage, it
is possible to point out the most often used polysemantic
words in students’ speech:
Nouns – university, degree, work, job
Adjectives – good, interesting, nice
Verbs – go, attend, want, like, finish

18. Homonyms
( words identical in sound form, but different in meaning)

19. 2. Morphological Characteristics of Words
Ways of word-building
Composition Conversion Abbreviation
Affixation

20. 2.1. Affixation
adding an affix( suffix or prefix) to the stem of a
definite part of speech

21. 2.2. Composition
Timetable
joining 2
or more
stems
to form
one word
Time Table

22. 2.3. Conversion
one part of speech is formed by another part of
speech by changing its paradigm and syntactic
function
I have a lot of
work.
I work a lot.

23. 2.4. Abbreviation
clipping a part of a word
Graphical abbreviation Mr., Mrs.
Lexical abbreviation
- apocope( the end of the word is clipped) ad – advertisement
- apherises ( the beginning of the word is clipped) because –
cause
- syncope ( the middle of the word is clipped) refrigerator –
fridge

24. 3. Stylistic Differentiation of
Words
Neutlral
words
Colloquial
words
Literary
words

25. 3.1. Neutral words
Can be used in any sphere of
communication
Synonymic dominant – not emotionally
coloured word, has no additional
evaluating elements.

26. 3.2.Colloquial words
1. Literary standard colloquial words – daddy, granny
2. Non-literary colloquial words
Slang – bob-head
Professionalisms - lab
Jargonisms - grass - drug
Vulgarisms – bloody, damn
Dialectical words – Barbie = barbecue ( Australian).

27. 3.3. Literary Words
Terms – morpheme , word stress
Poetic words – lone-lonely
Archaisms – deem- think
Barbarisms – persona non-grata
Neologisms - selfie

29. Questions
1.Are there synonyms antonyms to any word?
2.What is «the living core» of English vocabulary?
3.Which layer of English vocabulary are literary
colloquial words close to? Why?
4.Is slang specific to any social or professional group?
5.Can professionalisms be called neologisms to some
degree? Why?

30. Questions
1.Suggest some ways to avoid vulgarisms.
2.Are archaisms and historical words the same? If no,
explain the difference.
3.Can historical words be replaced by neutral
synonyms?
4.Why do neologisms appear in the vocabulary?
5.Are neologisms always completely new words?