3. HAITI
First Independent nation in Latin America
1804
Poorest country in the region
Had an armed rebellion in 2004; UN
peacekeepers in the country since then
Between 2002-2010, 8 natural disasters
have occurred including the earthquake on
January 12, 2010 that killed 316000 people
4. INCREASED IMAPCT ON CUTURAL HERITAGE
Lack of legislation on heritage protection
Weakened cultural institutions
Lack of a centralized inventory
low capacity for emergency response
5. MYANMAR
Civil war since 1948; 100,000-120,000 died
Resource rich yet one of the poorest nations
Series of natural disasters including famines
In 2008 cyclone Nargis killed 146000
people
6. INCREASED IMAPCT ON CUTURAL HERITAGE
Lack of strong cultural institutions
Selective recognition of heritage
Lack of inventories
low capacity for emergency response
7. GUATEMALA
Several coups and state sponsored terrorism since
1944; 200,000 died, 1 million were internally
displaced
Civil war ended in 1996; armed drug mafia is
gaining strength at present
Series of natural disasters including massive
earthquakes and tropical storms
In 2010 mudslides and floods killed 1500 people
8. INCREASED IMAPCT ON CUTURAL HERITAGE
Endangered Mayan heritage
Weakened cultural institutions
illicit trade of antiquities
low capacity for emergency response
9. Aceh , Tsunami, 2004
Disasters can provide a window of opportunity to
bring peace
10. Inadequate aid can lead to conflicts. It should be
considered while recovering heritage
12. 1. Defining Cultural Heritage
• The existing legal instruments are mostly focused on the
definition of cultural property. The intangible aspect of
heritage which is closely associated with rights, memories,
traditions and religion is much more difficult to account for.
• The role heritage plays in conflict (as a trigger, as a mobiliser,
etc) complicates the way it is defined/approached
• Often, cultural heritage is seen as a ‘pet project’ of the
international community and only of concern to local elites
15. 2. Conceptualising the role cultural
heritage plays in conflict recovery
• Difficulty in establishing what constitutes a ‘post-war
situation’ and therefore identifying when and where
the concept should apply.
– A signing of a peace agreement
– A political process – elections
– A negotiated or military transfer of power
– A Perception by the international community that
there is an opportunity for peace
20. 3. Timing of intervention and length of
commitment
• There are two schools of thought in terms of the timing of
reconstruction/recovery activities. The first is that peace is a precondition
for intervention. The second is that through the initiation of
reconstruction and development activities at an appropriate time during
the conflict the seeds of long-term recovery will be sown
• Particularly when it come to Cultural Property/Heritage so much can be
done during the conflict
• Slow base of overall recovery has to be taken into consideration, on
average it takes 5-10 years to start to see signs of recovery
• The overall disappointing outcome of reconstruction must be understood
in order for cultural heritage to be integrated successfully
23. 4. Emergency Response Culture
• Entrenched culture of relief and dependency
• With time, external relief efforts run the risk of being misinterpreted as
a substitute for local authority and governmental budgetary allocations.
• An emergency mindset with top down solutions
• Institutional arrangement, financial mechanisms and operations tolls of
assistance are ill suited to reconstruction and development needs
• Resulting in ill defined programmes (aim, objectives, output, etc).
• Scaling up emergency response will not lead to reconstruction and
development
• Blue Shield interventions tend to reflect more emergency culture
24. Emergency Response Reconstruction and
Development
Aim Saving lives Initiating development with
focus on livelihoods
Timescale Short term Long term
Decision Making Top down Bottom up
Implementation Centralised Decentralised
Data needed Quantitative and rapid Qualitative, quantitative and
cumulative data
Mobilisation of
resources
Quick donor response on
humanitarian basis
Development of medium and
long term strategic planning
Type of
interventions
Standard interventions Tailor made, multi
dimensional and diverse
needs based activities
recognising peoples
capacities
Nature of subsidy Consumption Investment
Sustainability Rapid withdrawal of relief Empowering local
organisations and systems of
governance
34. Four Overarching Lessons
1. It is critical to have a clear understanding not only of the
causes of the conflict, but also of the overall context
2. For reconstruction to take root it is necessary to create a
shared vision of the reconstruction amongst all national
stakeholders.
3. For intervention to be implemented effectively, it is
necessary to establish institutions and mechanisms for
collaborative governance.
4. Intervention should be seen as a process of inducing
development.
36. Conclusions
A ‘shared’ vision of the importance and need for
the recovery of cultural heritage needs to be
built – it cannot be assumed
Successful reconstruction can incorporate both
replacement and conservation approaches
It cannot be assumed that political and funding
support will be maintained throughout the
period needed for recovery
37. There may not be adequate levels of competency
to undertake the required work
Cultural heritage recovery is not confined to
physical restoration. Successful reconstruction is
dependent on economic and social recovery
The rapid recovery of cultural heritage is not
without risk to both quality and authenticity as
well as peace-building
Conclusions
38. Conservation codes and legislations are
important but are difficult to enforce in the
immediate aftermath of war
The active participation of local communities
in the recovery of cultural heritage is the
central pillar for successful reconstruction
The recovery of cultural heritage cannot avoid
addressing issues of belief and religion
Conclusions
39.
40. Bagh-e-Babur
• 11-hectare garden toward the western slopes of
Sher Darwaza Mountain in Kabul
• The name is famous after the Mughal Empire,
Babur Shah (1483-1540)
• It was further developed in the reigns of Humayun,
Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan – successors of
Babur
• Babur burried in this Garden
• Opened for public visits
41.
42. Renovation of Bagh-e-Babur
• With the Mughal Empire decline, this garden was
left into poor condition
• The 1842 earthquake destroyed its structures
• Abdur Rahman Khan renovated this garden in a
European design in 19th century
• The heritage restoring projects of AKTC and DAI
since 2002.
• Recently completed the missing part permanently
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48. The Mausoleum of Timur Shah
• An 18th-century building
•Located on the bank of the Kabul River within the
recent city centre today
•built using octagonal bricks having a drum and
dome on its top
•The graveyard of King Timur Shah, the second son
of Ahmad Shah Sadozai from Qandahar
• Built by Timur’s fifth son, Zaman Shah
49. Recovery of Timur Shah
Mausoleum
Due to British attacks in 19th century, one third of
the dome crumpled
Rehabilitated by Indian masons afterwards
Temporarily repaired using sheet metal covering
the hole in the dome in 1936 and 37
Completed the missing part of the building
permanently after the conflicts
