Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org) Breakout Session 4: Food Safety

1. Integrated Management
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, IITA-Nigeria
Fen Beed, IITA-Tanzania
Peter Cotty, USDA-ARS
Kola Masha, Doreo Partners
Breakout Session 4 on Food Security
Science Forum 2013
Nutrition and health outcomes: targets for agricultural
research, 23‒25 September 2013, Bonn, Germany

2. Elements of Integrated Management
• Awareness – entire range of value chain actors
• Advocacy – continental (PACA), regional, national, investors
• Technology
• Training – farmers, transporters, traders, regulators,
consumers
• Policies – standards, harmonization, trade
• Institutions – regulators, markets, testing, private sector
• Trade / Markets – food/feed processors, poultry/fish industry
• Public good – home consumption; urban and rural markets;
WFP, HGSF

3. Agriculture Based Prevention of Aflatoxin-
related Food Security and Health Effects
• Pre-harvest
– Resistant cultivars, if available
– Biological control, e.g., aflasafe
– Irrigation and water conservation practices
• Post-harvest
– Sorting
– Insect control
– Improved drying and storage
– Food/feed processing methods
– Alternative uses including blending

4. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium
Resistant, High-Yielding Hybrids
334 396 400 488
800 809 816 956
5474 5671
6438
6087
5685
7115
6040 5891
5743
5662
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Hybrids
Aflatoxin (ppb)
Grain yield (kg/ha)
Aflatoxin(ppb)
Grainyield(kg/ha)
Stability of field performance?Kernel Screening Assay

5. 5
Awareness and training

6. • Aflatoxin is a hidden problem
• Chemical analysis required
• Awareness is low
• Long incubation for expression of health impacts
• Regulations either non-existent or poorly enforced
• Market does not usually discriminate
• Demonstration of product value – health & income
• Lack of biopesticide manufacturers
• Too many components in integrated management –
some are not special for aflatoxin management
Risks / Challenges

7. Dr Akin Adesina
Policy Statement:
Honourable Minister of Agriculture, Nigeria
“All parties involved, led by IITA and
the government, have critical roles to
ensure that Aflasafe treated food
crops are successfully introduced into
the market in the next 5 years”

8. Strategic Plan to Drive Sustainability
Leverage Strong Regulatory Enforcement to Sustain Premium Market for Aflasafe maize
8
1
Year
2 3 4 5
PACA and Pull Mechanism
Generate Supply of
Cost Effective Low
Aflatoxin Maize
Enforce Regulatory
Policy
Enable Market
Forces to Drive
Sustainability
Promote Health
Awareness to Value
Chain Actors
Policy:
Build
Regulators
Capacity
Policy:
Develop
regulatory
framework
Policy: Phased in regulatory enforcement mechanism
Market Forces
Health Awareness: Farmer Focus
Health Awareness: Industry
Focus
Health Awareness: End Consumer
1
2
3
4

9. Pilot Implementation
• Value chain-centric: Farmers’
interest as the foundation of the
action
• Action-oriented: Using practical
methods to actively solve
problems, not just talking about
ideas, plans, or theories
• Innovation platform: problem
solving through actors working
regularly together to address
issues and common challenges.

10. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium
Markets for Aflasafe
Doreo Partner analysis
Poultry industry
Export-oriented aggregators
Food processors
Large commercial farmers
Smallholder farmers
Market based
• Poultry feed
• Premium food
market
AgResults (Incentive-
cum-market based)
Growth
Enhancement
Scheme?
marketdemandfor
Aflasafe
• 60% maize consumed by farmers
• 40% sold in the market

11. Poultry Feeding Study
$3,200 net
profit from
10,000 birds
in 8 weeks
www.iita.orgMycored Europe, 28 May, 2013A member of CGIAR consortium
Aflasafe maize feed
Toxic maize feed

12. Innovation Platform
• Platform meetings with
leadership and members of
Poultry Association of
Nigeria, feed manufacturers,
maize aggregators, aflasafe
farmers, vet professionals
and regulators
• Poultry farmers to buy all
aflasafe maize at a negotiated
premium
• Agriculture ministry to fund
NAFDAC to set up aflatoxin
testing facilities in each state
www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

13. Willingness to Pay
www.iita.orgMycored Europe, 28 May, 2013A member of CGIAR consortium
100%
99%
83%
60%
25%
19%
34%
31%
18%
12%
5% 4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
$0 $3 - $6 $6 -$9 $9 - $12 $12 - $15 $15 - $19 $20
Farmers who have used Aflasafe (n=246) Farmers who have not used Aflasafe (n=119)
Target Farm Gate Price
Range
• All prior-users willing to pay; almost 50% non-users willing to pay
• Prior-users willing to pay more than non-users Source: G. Okpachu & T. Abdoulaye
Farm gate price:
$15.6/ha

14. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium
Aflasafe Plan & Plant
Capacity: 5 tons/hour

15. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium
Product Types
National
Products
Products ready for registration
Products under testing
Strain development in progress
Aflasafe-NigeriaTM
Aflasafe-SenegalTM
Aflasafe-KenyaTM etc…
Aflasafe-WestTM
Aflasafe-EastTM
Aflasafe-SouthTM
Regional
Products
Senegal
Mali
Burkina
Ghana
Nigeria
Kenya
Tanzania
Mozambique
Zambia

16. Babban Gona Pilot
www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium
• Smallholder farmers’ cooperative with professional
management
• Credit, inputs and technical services
• Yield enhancing practices
• Aflatoxin awareness
• Aflasafe use
• Aflatoxin testing – 100% met standard
• Incentive for meeting aflatoxin standard
• Warehousing
• Output marketing – linking to market
• Return profit after sale
• Farmers keep part of the harvest for family use

17. G-20 AgResults Aflasafe
www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium
• Pull mechanism – Aflasafe is one of the first three pilots
• Provides incentives after demonstrating adoption
• Private sector driven, but focused on smallholder groups
• Implementers provide credit, inputs and technical services to
increase yield
• Aflasafe purchased at cost to improve quality
• Maize tested for aflasafe strains; if present in large frequency,
the implementers incentivized with $18.75/ton maize
• Implementers negotiate maize sale at premium
• Project provides aflatoxin awareness, training of
implementers, and identifies potential market linkages
• Target: 200,000 ha in 4 years

18. Likelihood of success
• Has the potential of reducing aflatoxin levels
by up to 95% or more
• Biocontrol by itself can reduce toxin levels by
more than 80%
• Other technical approaches can perform
supportive functions
BUT
• Success will be determined how well policy
and institutional frameworks are
implemented

19. Partners• Who is, needs to be, involved to make this research get to
scale

20. Return on Investment
• Nigeria and Senegal major groundnut exporters in
1960s. Compliance has economic incentives
• Senegal:.
• Increased export volume and price differential would
annually add $281 million value to groundnut export.
• For confectionary groundnut, adherence to Good
Management Practices would increase export value
by US$ 45 million annually.
• Best quality exported; poorer quality consumed
domestically.
• Biocontrol: ROI – 5 to 25 times for cancer reduction.
167,000 DALYs could be saved.
• More work needed
World Bank; Mbaye (2004)
Peanut
Maize
Coffee
Cocoa
Groundnut Pyramids in
Nigeria during 1960s
Pyramids in Egypt?

21. Punch Line
• Impact of aflatoxins have several development dimensions:
– post-harvest losses, nutrition, health, crops,
livestock, fish, trade, markets, policies, institutions
and politics
• Reduction of aflatoxin will improve human health, increase
farm income, improve profitability of animal industries,
increase regional and international trade, and reputation of
African products in global markets