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Basic First Aid Training
- 2. BASIC FIRST AID TRAINING CLIENT NAME: HELLMANN WORLDWIDE LOGISTICS SAUDI ARABIA LLC DATE OF TRAINING: 3RD NOVEMBER 2022
- 3. CPR & AED This course fulfills the requirements of Highfield – UK, ASHI – USA & American Heart Association – AHA needed for Basic First aid, CPR & AED
- 4. CPR & AED Training Duration & Assessment Course is designed for 4-hours. An assessment based on 10 MCQs / True-False will be conducted at the end of training with 20 minutes time. Minimum passing marks, 70%.
- 6. 6 at WORK The first aider ● To become a qualified first aider, learners must successfully pass a formal training course that is accredited through an Awarding Organisation (AO). ● The first aid at work qualification is valid for a two years period ● Written Assessment
- 7. 7 at WORK What is first aid? The immediate care given to a person who has been injured, or who has become ill prior to the arrival of qualified medical assistance For all first-aid treatment you should wear disposable gloves.
- 8. Module The roles and responsibilities of the first aider 2
- 9. 9 at WORK What are the main aims of first aid? ● Administer immediate effective first aid to a casualty in order to save life ● Recognising and treating the cause will assist with preventing the condition from worsening ● Administer ongoing treatment and offer constant support until the arrival of qualified medical assistance Preserve life Prevent the condition from worsening Promote recovery Remember! If you have not contacted the Emergency Services then they will not arrive!
- 10. 10 at WORK Consent Before commencing treatment of a casualty the first aider should ask for and receive the casualty’s consent to treatment. If the casualty is unable to give their consent due to their injuries or because they are unresponsive you can assume their consent to treatment.
- 11. 11 at WORK The responsibilities of the first aider ● Ensuring first-aid equipment is fit for purpose ● Arriving at the scene ● Ensuring the scene is safe ● Contacting the Emergency Services ● Prioritising the treatment of casualties ● Clearing up after an incident ● Incident reporting and recording.
- 12. 12 at WORK First aid equipment The content of the first aid kit will be dependent on the assessment of first-aid needs that should be conducted. Below is the recommended content from the British Standards Institute (BSI).
- 13. 13 at WORK First aid at work provision
- 14. 14 at WORK Arriving at the scene ● Always try to remain calm ● Take charge of the situation ● Conduct a scene survey ● Ensure the safety of yourself, bystanders and others ● Gather information from bystanders and the casualty ● Fully brief the Emergency Services. When arriving at the scene:
- 15. 15 at WORK Contacting the Emergency Services ● First aiders will either contact the Emergency Services themselves or instruct a bystander to do so ● Contacting the Emergency Services at the earliest opportunity is paramount ● When contacting the Emergency Services, it is important that the information given is clear, concise and sufficient ● This can be achieved by remembering the acronym LINE. The number for contacting the Emergency Services is: 997/911
- 16. 16 at WORK Prioritising the treatment of casualties After conducting a primary survey and contacting the Emergency Services, casualties should be placed in an order of priority and treated accordingly. This order is as follows: In certain circumstances these priorities can be changed Breathing Bleeding Bones/Burns Other Conditions If dealing with multiple casualties it is often the quietest that requires treatment first.
- 17. 17 at WORK Clearing up after an incident ● Ensure that all used bandages and used items such as personal protective equipment (PPE) are placed in a yellow clinical waste bag, or similar ● Ensure that the area where any blood or other bodily fluids have been spilt is thoroughly cleaned ● Restock the first aid kit and replace any other equipment that may have been used during the incident ● Record and report the incident.
- 18. 18 at WORK Incident recording and reporting ● After any first-aid incident it is important that it is recorded and reported in full ● The accident book should be completed in full and populated with clear and concise information; there may also be the necessity to inform to……. at WORK
- 19. 19 at WORK Minimising infection It is important that as a first aider you do not transmit infections to your casualty or indeed contract infections from your casualty. To assist in minimising the risk of infection and cross-contamination there are various precautions that can be taken such as: ● Having good personal hygiene ● Ensuring that barrier devices are used ● Covering any open cuts or sores ● Minimising contact with blood or bodily fluids ● Changing gloves between casualties ● Washing hands thoroughly after removing gloves.
- 20. 20 at WORK Barrier devices Barrier devices include: ● Nitrile powder-free gloves ● Face shields ● Pocket masks. Barrier devices are essential equipment and help to eradicate the spread of infection and cross-contamination. Barrier devices, as their name suggests, place a barrier between the first aider and the casualty
- 22. 22 at WORK Assessing an incident ontrol the situation ook for potential hazards ssess the situation rotect and prioritise. Upon arrival at an incident a scene survey must be conducted to ensure the safety of the casualty, any bystanders and the first aider. The scene survey should be conducted by remembering the acronym CLAP
- 23. 23 at WORK Gather as much information about what has occurred from the casualty and from bystanders and try to make a diagnosis (history, signs and symptoms) Look for anything that could cause further harm to the casualty, bystanders or more importantly yourself within the immediate area Stop, take a deep breath and take charge of people and vehicular traffic Scene survey - remember CLAP ontrol the situation ook for potential hazards ssess the situation Ensure protection is worn (gloves), and that casualties are prioritised (breathing, bleeding, bones/burns and other conditions). Try to gain assistance from a bystander and contact Emergency Services. rotect and prioritise
- 24. 24 at WORK Primary survey ‘The primary survey can be remembered by the acronym DRABCD (or the easy way to remember, Doctor ABCD).’ The primary survey is a systematic process of; • approaching, • identifying • and dealing with immediate and or life- threatening conditions.
- 28. 28 at WORK Primary survey With an unresponsive casualty open the airway using the head-tilt-chin-lift method.
- 29. 29 at WORK Primary survey After opening the airway look, listen and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds. If the casualty is not breathing call 999/112 Noisy Gasps In the first few minutes after a cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely breathing or taking infrequent, slow noisy gasps. Do not confuse this with normal breathing. If in any doubt that breathing is normal, act as if not breathing and prepare to start CPR.
- 30. 30 at WORK Primary survey Casualty not breathing – commence CPR (30 compressions 2 breaths) Casualty breathing – carry out secondary survey Compression-only CPR If you are untrained or unable to do rescue breaths for a casualty who is not breathing, give chest compression-only CPR. These should be continuous at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute and to a depth of 5-6 cm.
- 31. 31 at WORK Primary survey If an AED arrives, switch it on and follow the spoken or visual prompts. An AED is used in conjunction with CPR.
- 33. 33 at WORK Casualty communication Clear and effective communication should be used at all times when dealing with a casualty ● Try to use the casualty’s preferred name ● Gather as much information as possible about what has occurred ● Let the casualty, if possible, explain where the injury is ● Only speak about facts, not what your opinion is ● Narrate exactly what is happening before it happens ● Directly face the casualty and speak clearly and slowly without shouting ● Allow the casualty time to think and respond ● Ask the casualty to assist wherever possible (a distraction).
- 34. 34 at WORK What’s key? With regard to history, signs and symptoms the ‘WHAT’S KEY’ acronym can be used to remember vital information that we need to capture What happened? How did it happen? Are they wearing a medical bracelet or chain? The time of the accident/incident Signs of injury Known medication/previous injuries/allergies Eaten last meal You now need to conduct a secondary survey. W H A T S K E Y
- 35. 35 at WORK Secondary survey (Head-to-toe survey) If the casualty is breathing normally, a secondary survey should be carried out. Inform the casualty what you are doing at all stages. If the casualty is responsive ask them to tell you if they feel any pain during the head-to-toe survey. ● Head and face ● Neck ● Chest and shoulders ● Arms and hands ● Spine ● Pelvis ● Abdomen ● Legs and feet.
- 36. 36 at WORK Head-to-toe survey ● Look at the casualty’s head and face for any obvious signs of injury or trauma ● Remove spectacles if the casualty is wearing them. Gently feel around the head, face and scalp for any bleeding, swelling or depressions ● Look at the casualty’s ears for signs of bleeding or the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Head and face
- 37. 37 at WORK Head-to-toe survey ● Loosen any restrictive clothing such as ties or collars ● Gently feel around the cervical spine area and back of the neck to check for any bleeding, swelling or deformity and also check for medical necklaces ● Gently feel around the shoulders to check for signs of deformity and bleeding ● Check the chest for normal breathing movement (rise and fall) and check for any bleeding. Neck Chest and shoulders
- 38. 38 at WORK Head-to-toe survey ● Check along the arms, feel for signs of deformity, swelling and bleeding ● Check the wrists for medical bracelets ● Try to check as much of the spine as possible without moving the casualty; feel for tenderness and deformity as well as signs of bleeding. Arms and hands Spine
- 39. 39 at WORK Head-to-toe survey ● Visually check the hips and pelvis for deformity, unnatural positioning or bleeding ● Gently check the abdomen for signs of bleeding, swelling or unnatural softness. Pelvis Abdomen
- 40. 40 at WORK Head-to-toe survey ● Check the legs and feet for bleeding, unnatural positioning, swelling and deformity ● Check the pockets of skirts or trousers for objects that may cause discomfort or pain should the casualty be moved. Legs and feet
- 41. 41 at WORK Head-to-toe survey Head-to-toe survey
- 42. 42 at WORK The recovery position Placing the casualty in the recovery position helps to: ● Maintain a clear airway ● Assist with natural breathing ● Clear the airway of excretions such as vomit if the casualty is breathing, but unresponsive Kneel to the side of the casualty; remove glasses, watches and any large objects from side pockets If you suspect a spinal injury (unless breathing is compromised) the casualty should be left in the position found.
- 43. 43 at WORK The recovery position Place the arm nearest to you at a right angle to the casualty’s body (allow it to rest in a natural position) When placing a pregnant woman into the recovery position she should be placed onto her left hand side, as this prevents compression of the inferior vena cava.
- 44. 44 at WORK The recovery position Bring the other arm across the casualty’s chest and secure the back of their hand onto their nearest cheek with your hand.
- 45. 45 at WORK The recovery position Bring the arm furthest away from you across the chest and hold the back of the hand against the nearest cheek.
- 46. 46 at WORK The recovery position With your free hand grasp the casualty’s clothing around the knee and draw the leg up ensuring the foot remains on the ground.
- 47. 47 at WORK The recovery position Keeping the casualty’s hand on their cheek to control the head movement, pull their leg towards you so the casualty turns onto their side.
- 48. 48 at WORK The recovery position Adjust the casualty’s upper leg so that the knee and lower leg are at right angles to the hip making a stable base.
- 49. 49 at WORK The recovery position Check that the airway is open and adjust the hand under the cheek to maintain the airway.
- 50. 50 at WORK The casualty is now in the recovery position Check breathing regularly, and be prepared to carry out CPR.
- 51. Module Managing an unresponsive casualty 4
- 52. 52 at WORK The principles of resuscitation Basic life support (BLS) and automated external defibrillation (AED) comprises the following elements: ● Initial assessment ● Airway maintenance and breathing ● Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Automated External Defibrillation (AED).
- 53. 53 at WORK Airway maintenance ● It is important that the casualty’s airway is opened and remains open (maintained).
- 54. 54 at WORK Chest compressions Chest compressions must only be administered to a casualty who is not breathing normally ● Depth of compression should be 5-6 cm ● Rate of compression should be 100-120 compressions per minute 30 chest compressions should be administered prior to moving onto rescue breaths (expired air ventilations).
- 55. 55 at WORK Rescue breathing (expired air ventilation) ● After completing 30 chest compressions the emergency first aider must then administer 2 effective rescue breaths ● Each breath should take one second to complete and the casualty’s chest should rise as in normal breathing; this is known as an effective rescue breath. Administering the 2 breaths should not take more than 5 seconds to complete in total. Once the first breath is administered remove your mouth from the casualty’s mouth, turn your head and watch the chest rise and fall, then administer the second breath.
- 56. 56 at WORK Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) definition CPR is a method of combining chest compressions with effective rescue breaths in order to artificially circulate blood and to put air into the lungs.
- 57. 57 at WORK Administer CPR Kneel by the side of the casualty. Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the casualty’s chest. Place the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand. Interlock the fingers of your hands.
- 58. 58 at WORK Administer CPR Position yourself vertically above the casualty’s chest and with your arms straight, press down on the sternum 5-6 cm. After each compression, release all of the pressure on the chest without losing contact between your hands and the sternum. Repeat at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute 30 times.
- 59. 59 at WORK Administer CPR Administer 2 effective rescue breaths A good chest compression should be at a depth of 5 to 6 cms. NEXT
- 60. 60 at WORK Administer CPR Complete 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths until: ● A health professional tells you to stop ● You become exhausted ● The casualty is definitely waking up, moving, opening their eyes and breathing normally If there is assistance available when administering CPR you should change over every 1-2 minutes.
- 61. 61 at WORK Compression-only CPR ● If you are untrained or unable to give rescue breaths then compression-only CPR may be administered ● If compression-only CPR is given, then this should be continuous at a depth of 5-6 cm and at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute Ideally the casualty should be on a firm, flat surface to perform chest compressions. If the casualty is on a bed, if safe to do so, they should be moved to the floor. If this is not possible CPR should be commenced with the casualty on the bed.
- 63. 63 at WORK Chain of survival After suffering from a cardiac arrest, with each passing minute, a casualty’s chance of survival diminishes roughly by 6-10%. The chain of survival is a series of actions, or links, that when put quickly in motion increase the odds of survival. If the chain is broken, or has a link missing, the odds of survival will be reduced.
- 64. 64 at WORK Automated External Defibrillator (AED) ● Follow the adult basic life support sequence as described in the managing an unresponsive casualty chapter. If the AED is not available immediately commence CPR prior to it arriving. An automated external defibrillator (AED) is used in conjunction with CPR NEXT
- 65. 65 at WORK Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Once the AED arrives: ● If more than one rescuer is present, continue CPR while the AED is switched on. If you are alone, stop CPR and switch on the AED ● Follow the voice and or visual prompts ● Attach the electrode pads to the casualty’s bare chest ● Ensure that nobody touches the casualty whilst the AED is analysing the heart rhythm There is no need to shave the chest unless it will affect the pads sticking to the skin Look for signs of a pacemaker or piercings; if visible ensure that the pads are kept clear of them.
- 66. 66 at WORK Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Continue to follow the AED prompts until: ● Qualified help arrives and takes over OR ● The casualty starts to show signs of regaining consciousness, such as coughing, opening their eyes, speaking or moving purposefully AND starts to breathe normally OR ● You become exhausted Leave the pads attached when placing the casualty into the recovery position.
- 69. 69 at WORK Obstructed airway The obstruction of the airway can be due to different causes such as: ● Foreign bodies (foods) ● Allergic reactions ● Asthma ● Blood ● Vomit ● Infection An obstruction can cause minor or major breathing difficulties and in severe circumstances may cause the casualty to become unconscious and unresponsive. An obstructed airway is the partial or complete blockage of the upper airway (larynx and trachea) which leads to the lungs
- 70. 70 at WORK A choking child or adult ● Grasping at the throat area ● Difficulty in breathing and speaking ● Redness of the face ● Casualty may be coughing ● Eyes enlarged and watering ● Displaying distress. Recognition Someone who is choking will have either a mild or severe airway obstruction. The severity of the blockage will determine the difficulty in breathing
- 71. 71 at WORK Back blows ● Stand to the side and slightly behind the casualty ● Support the chest with one hand, lean the casualty forward and administer a maximum of 5 sharp back blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your other hand ● If the back blows are ineffective then give up to 5 abdominal thrusts. Treatment
- 72. 72 at WORK Abdominal thrusts ● Stand behind the casualty and put both arms round the upper part of the abdomen, lean the casualty forward ● With one hand clench your fist and place it between the navel and the ribcage ● Grasp this hand with your other hand and pull sharply inwards and upwards, repeat this process up to a maximum of 5 times. Treatment
- 73. 73 at WORK Repeat ● Assess the casualty’s condition, if the obstruction is still not relieved call for an ambulance (997/911) and continue with cycles of up to 5 back blows and up to 5 abdominal thrusts until qualified medical assistance takes over ● If the casualty becomes unresponsive commence CPR Casualties should seek medical attention if they: • Have received abdominal thrusts • Have difficulty swallowing or still feel as though they have an object stuck in their throat.
- 75. 75 at WORK Types of bleeding ● This is when blood escapes from the circulatory system but remains inside the body. Sometimes signs of internal bleeding can be visible such as when the casualty coughs up blood or vomits blood but most of the time internal bleeding is not apparent ● This is where blood escapes from the circulatory system to the outside of the body; for example, from a wound. Internal bleeding External bleeding
- 76. 76 at WORK Types of bleeding (continued) ● This is a bleed from an artery and will be bright red in colour (oxygenated blood); the blood will pump from the wound in time with the casualty’s heartbeat ● This is a bleed from a vein, the blood will be dark red in colour (deoxygenated blood) and will gush or flow from the wound ● This is a bleed that is red in colour and slowly oozes from the wound or from underneath the skin, e.g. bruising. Arterial bleeding Venous bleeding Capillary bleeding
- 77. 77 at WORK Major bleeding A major bleed, if not treated promptly, can be life threatening. The table below shows typical signs and symptoms in direct relation to the amount of blood lost from the body.
- 78. 78 at WORK Wounds with an embedded foreign object Wound with embedded foreign object.
- 79. 79 at WORK Wounds with an embedded foreign object Apply dressings and pressure to either side of the embedded object.
- 80. 80 at WORK Wounds with an embedded foreign object Apply a larger dressing if possible over the top.
- 81. 81 at WORK Wounds with an embedded foreign object Ask the casualty to assist if able.
- 82. 82 at WORK Wounds with an embedded foreign object Secure the dressing in place.
- 84. 84 at WORK Using a Tourniquet Tourniquet
- 85. 85 at WORK Amputations ● Put on your gloves ● Treat for bleeding and shock ● Contact the Emergency Services (999/112) ● Dress the casualty’s wound ● Place amputated part in a plastic bag or cling film ● Wrap cloth around the plastic ● Place on a bag of ice ● Write the casualty’s name on the bag along with details of the body part (record the approximate time of the amputation if possible) Treatment Retain the amputated part, place it into a sealed bag, clearly label it and keep it cold with ice. Keep the amputated part with the casualty at all times. An amputation is the removal of a body part by trauma or prolonged constriction and can cause loss of blood, damage to the bone, damage to tendons, ligaments and muscles
- 88. 88 at WORK Physiological shock Physiological Shock (circulatory shock) can be caused by: ● Severe bleeding (internal and external) ● Severe diarrhoea and vomiting (D and V) ● Poisoning ● Spinal trauma or injury ● Head trauma ● Heart attack. Physiological shock (circulatory shock) is a condition that occurs when the body’s vital organs such as the heart and brain are deprived of oxygen due to a problem that affects the circulatory system
- 89. 89 at WORK Physiological shock ● A visible associated wound ● Pale, blue/grey, cold, clammy skin ● A rapid weak pulse ● Rapid shallow breathing ● Nausea and thirst. Recognition
- 90. 90 at WORK Physiological shock ● Treat the cause if apparent ● Lay the casualty down on a flat surface and raise the legs; ensure the legs are above the level of the heart ● Loosen tight clothing ● Keep the casualty warm with a blanket ● Monitor the casualty's airway and breathing ● Do not allow food or drink (may induce vomiting) ● Call for an ambulance (999/112). Treatment
- 91. 91 at WORK Burns and scalds The severity of the injury will depend on the classification of the burn; there are three recognised classifications of burns Burns classifications Human skin is made up of three layers, the outer layer (epidermis), the middle layer (dermis) and the innermost layer (subcutaneous).
- 92. 92 at WORK Burn management – Superficial burn (1st degree burn) ● Pain at the site of the injury ● Redness, tenderness and swelling ● Possible blistering. Recognition A superficial burn is where the topmost layer of skin (epidermis) has been burnt. A superficial burn is extremely painful as the nerve endings are sensitive
- 93. 93 at WORK Burn management – Superficial burn (1st degree burn) Treatment ● Remove from the source of the burn if necessary ● Place on your disposable gloves ● Cool the area of the burn with water for a minimum of 10 minutes ● Remove restrictive clothing or jewellery in case of swelling ● Do not remove anything that is stuck to the burnt skin ● Dress the burn with a loose sterile dressing or if unavailable then place a layer of cling film over the burn** ● Seek medical attention immediately if the burn covers more than 5% of the body or it is effecting the airway and breathing. ** Cling film is sterile if the first few inches are discarded. Also it does not stick to the skin and the condition of the burn can clearly be seen through it.
- 94. 94 at WORK Burn management – Partial-thickness burn (2nd degree burn) ● The skin will appear raw and swollen ● The wound will be painful ● Blisters may be present that omit a clear fluid. Recognition A partial-thickness burn is where the epidermis and dermis have been burnt to varying degrees. With a partial burn there is a high-risk of infection (septicaemia) and also dependent on the severity of the burn there may be the chance of the casualty going into shock
- 95. 95 at WORK Burn management – Partial-thickness burn (2nd degree burn) ● For electrical burns ensure that the source has been disconnected and there is no further danger to yourself, bystanders and the casualty ● Remove the source of the burn if possible ● Put on your disposable gloves ● Remove clothing then flush the area of the wound with water for a minimum of 10 minutes ● Remove restrictive clothing or jewellery in case of swelling – however, do not remove anything that is stuck to the burnt skin ● Do not burst any blisters that may have formed ● Dress the burn with a loose sterile dressing or if unavailable then place a layer of cling film over the burn**. Treatment
- 96. 96 at WORK Burn management – Partial-thickness burn (2nd degree burn) Seek medical attention immediately if the burn covers more than 1% of the body or it is affecting the airway and breathing. For partial thickness burns that cover more than 9% of the body then be prepared to treat for shock Treatment The area of the casualty’s open hand including fingers, is equal to 1% of the body area.
- 97. 97 at WORK Burn management – Full-thickness burn (3rd degree burn) ● The injury appears a brown/black colour and often looks charred ● The texture is dry and leathery ● Limited movement (stiffness) around the injured area ● There may be pain at the site of the injury. Recognition A full-thickness burn is where all layers of the dermis and possibly the subcutaneous layer have been damaged. This is usually a less painful injury (as the nerves have been burned away). However it is extremely dangerous due to the high risk of infection (septicaemia) and also the high risk of shock
- 98. 98 at WORK Burn management – Full-thickness burn (3rd degree burn) ● For electrical burns ensure that the source has been disconnected and there is no further danger to yourself, bystanders and the casualty ● Remove the source of the burn if possible ● Put on your disposable gloves ● Remove clothing and then flush the area of the wound with water for a minimum of 10 minutes’ ● Remove restrictive clothing or jewellery in case of swelling ● Do not remove anything that is stuck to the burnt skin ● Dress the burn with a loose sterile dressing or if unavailable then place a layer of clingfilm over the burn** ● Seek medical attention immediately. Treatment
- 99. 99 at WORK Burn management – Full-thickness burn (3rd degree burn) Treatment Seek medical attention immediately 1. Cling film is ideal to cover a burn with, as it is sterile, does not stick to the skin, protective and soothing. As it is transparent you can also visually monitor the injury 2. Must continue to cool with cling film applied.
- 100. 100 at WORK Chemical burns to the eye ● Irrigate the eye immediately using continuous large volumes of clean water ● Seek medical attention. Treatment
- 101. 101 at WORK Chemical burns to the eye
- 102. 102 at WORK Foreign objects ● May cause infection and/or perforation of the ear-drum ● Make no attempt to remove the object ● Cover the ear with a dry sterile dressing ● Advise the casualty to seek qualified medical attention Recognition Treatment Ear In the case of an insect, flood the ear with clean water to flush the insect out.
- 103. 103 at WORK Foreign objects ● May cause infection and difficulty in breathing ● Could cause nosebleeds due to vessel damage ● Sit the casualty down and leaning forward ● Ask the casualty to breathe through the mouth and to pinch the soft part of the nose (providing no object is embedded) ● Maintain the pressure for 10 minutes and then release slowly ● If still bleeding repeat the process ● If bleeding has ceased clean up any blood and inform the casualty to rest and avoid blowing or picking the nose for the next few hours ● If after 30 minutes the nose is still bleeding seek medical assistance. Recognition Nose Treatment for nosebleed
- 104. 104 at WORK Foreign objects ● May cause damage to the eye either by puncture wound or surface scratch ● The eye will be itchy but advise the casualty not to rub it ● Ask the casualty to open the eye wide, pull the top lid up and the bottom lid down ● Look into the eye and see if you can see the object ● Ask the casualty to look up and down, left and right as eye movement will produce tears which may flush out the object ● For insects use an eye wash to see if the insect can be removed ● Cover the eye with a dry sterile dressing. Recognition Eye Treatment
- 106. 106 at WORK Fractures and dislocations Closed (no associated wound) Open (the fracture has broken the skin) Complicated (the fracture is causing a further injury to vessels or organs for example) A fracture is a chip, crack or break in the bone
- 107. 107 at WORK Fractures ● Pain, tenderness, bruising and swelling at the site of the injury ● In the case of an open fracture, associated bleeding ● Possible loss of mobility ● Deformity ● Nausea, pale, cold clammy skin (shock) ● Put on gloves ● Treat bleeding if required ● Immobilise in the position found (most comfortable for the casualty) ● Call for an ambulance (999/112) Recognition Treatment Monitor the casualty for the onset of shock, in the case of a dislocation treat as a fracture.
- 108. 108 at WORK Applying a support sling Gently support the arm. Ask the casualty to assist if possible.
- 109. 109 at WORK Applying a support sling Place a triangular bandage with its base parallel to the casualty’s body.
- 110. 110 at WORK Applying a support sling Bring the lower end of the bandage up to meet the upper end at the shoulder. Secure with a reef knot.
- 111. 111 at WORK Applying a support sling Use a safety pin to secure at the elbow, or twist the bandage and tuck into the sling at the back of the arm.
- 112. 112 at WORK Applying a support sling With the arm safely supported in a sling, you can transport the casualty Other methods: There are various support slings available and it is worth researching these alternative techniques.
- 113. 113 at WORK Applying a support sling
- 114. 114 at WORK Stroke Remember ‘FAST’ acial Weakness rm weakness peech problems ime to call 999/112 A stroke causes either short-term or permanent damage to the brain and/or body. If you suspect a stroke then you must act FAST.
- 115. 115 at WORK Stroke Remember if you suspect a Stroke, act FAST. Call 999/112. Facial weakness • Can the person smile? • Has the face dropped on one side? Arm weakness • Can the person raise both arms? Speech problems • Can the person speak clearly and understand what you say? • By calling 999/112 early, treatment can be given which can prevent further damage. Remember ‘FAST’ Recognition
- 116. 116 at WORK Stroke - Treatment ● Call for an ambulance (999/112) immediately ● If responsive lay the casualty down with the head and shoulders raised or assist into a comfortable position ● If unconscious place into the recovery position, affected side down ● Loosen any restrictive clothing ● If there are any secretions then wipe them away ● Monitor the airway and breathing ● Be prepared to carry out basic life support Treatment Call for an ambulance as soon as possible. The speed of treatment can have a major impact on the casualty’s recovery.
- 117. 117 at WORK Stroke - Treatment ● Call for an ambulance (999/112) immediately ● If responsive lay the casualty down with the head and shoulders raised or assist into a comfortable position ● If unconscious place into the recovery position, affected side down ● Loosen any restrictive clothing ● If there are any secretions then wipe them away ● Monitor the airway and breathing ● Be prepared to carry out basic life support Treatment Call for an ambulance as soon as possible. The speed of treatment can have a major impact on the casualty’s recovery.
- 118. 118 at WORK
- 119. 119 at WORK THANK YOU FOR LISTENING THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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Editor's Notes
- Module 1 - Introduction Duration: 30 minutes Trainer Resources/Procedures First aid manikins (1 per 4 learners minimum) Assorted bandages and dressings Face shields and manikin wipes First Aid at Work book PowerPoint™ Presentation/Projector and screen Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: state the requirements of a qualified first aider state what is first aid
- To become a qualified first aider, learners must successfully pass a formal training course that is accredited through an Awarding Organisation (AO) for example. The First Aid qualification is assessed by practical ongoing assessment. Certification is valid for three years and to re-qualify candidates must complete a 2-day First Aid at Work requalification course. Learners need to know that they will not be leaving the course as a trained paramedic, doctor or nurse. The aim of the course is to learn how to administer effective first aid to a casualty in order to save life prior to the arrival of qualified medical assistance.
- The definition of first aid is: ‘The immediate care given to a person who has been injured, or who has become ill prior to the arrival of qualified medical assistance.’ Gloves Demonstration
- Module 2 – Roles and responsibilities of the first aider Duration: 1 hour Trainer Resources/Procedures PowerPoint™ presentation/Projector & screen First Aid at Work book Barrier devices Handout 1 Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: state what the main aims of first aid are describe legislative requirements pertaining to the provision of first aid state the responsibilities of the first aider list the standard contents of a first aid kit describe the actions to be carried out by the first aider when arriving at the scene state the acronym for contacting the Emergency Services state the order of priority when treating casualties describe the actions to be carried out when clearing up after an incident complete an accident report form state ways in which the risk of infection and cross-contamination can be minimised.
- The main aims of first aid are to: Preserve life – Administer immediate effective first aid to a casualty in order to save life. Prevent the condition from worsening – Recognising and treating the cause will assist with preventing the condition from worsening. Promote recovery – Administer ongoing treatment and offer constant support until the arrival of qualified medical assistance.
- ask for and receive the casualty’s unresponsive you can assume their consent to treatment
- The responsibilities of the first aider will be dependent on specific workplace requirements. Responsibilities could include: Ensuring first-aid equipment is fit for purpose Arriving at the scene Ensuring the scene is safe Contacting the Emergency Services Prioritising the treatment of casualties Clearing up after an incident Incident reporting and recording
- The stocking of the first aid box will be solely dependent on the assessment of first aid needs that should be conducted, this will be explained in greater detail on the next slide. In December 2011 the British Standards Institute (BSI) launched their new workplace first aid kit (BS 8599) The first aider should regularly check the first aid box, ensuring that it is suitably stocked and items are in date and undamaged. A sterile finger dressing bandage with a highly absorbent pad to cushion wounds and provides initial protection from infection. Nitrile glove is the world's latest generation of glove. It is a synthetic rubber composed by acrylonitrile and butadiene, allergy free and biodegradable. Latex gloves are natural material, made out of rubber.
- Explain the importance of risk assessment to assess the first aid needs of an establishment when determining both the contents of the first aid kit and also the required number of first aid trained personnel required. The table above is the suggested minimum number of trained first-aid personnel that should be available at all times when people are at work. The table shows the category of risk and the number of employees which will depict the size and type of first aid kit required. Remember that this is not a hard and fast rule, only guidance, the contents and size will be dependent on the assessment of first aid needs. Where there is a necessity for first aid provision then suitably trained personnel will be required. With regard to shops and other ‘open to customers’ premises then the number of these visitors per day also needs to be taken into consideration when working out the assessment of first aid needs (risk assessment).
- When arriving at the scene, always try to remain as calm as possible. Take control of the situation as there will be people milling around and - through no fault of their own - becoming a hindrance rather than a help. Conduct a scene survey, this will be covered in full later on in the course. Before approaching the casualty ensure your own safety, that of bystanders and others who may be in the vicinity. Gather as much information about the events as possible from bystanders and the casualty. With the information gathered fully brief the Emergency Services when they arrive.
- Contacting the Emergency Services The first aider should establish the procedure for calling the Emergency Services from their workplace (i.e. is there a direct line out or do you have to go through a switchboard?). It will either be the first aider or a bystander that contacts the Emergency Services. As well as 999 the European Union (EU) emergency number 112 is also in operation. When you contact the Emergency Services you will be asked “which service do you require?” At this point if there is a requirement for Police, Fire or Ambulance or a combination then you can state what the requirement is. Inform the Emergency Services of the exact location of the incident, including full address and postcode. Inform them of the nature of the incident (what happened and how), the number of casualties involved and the extent of their injuries (what their actual or suspected injuries are).
- After conducting a primary survey and contacting the Emergency Services, casualties should be placed in an order of priority and treated accordingly. This order is breathing, bleeding, bones/burns and other conditions. In certain circumstances these priorities can be changed, such as if the casualty had a small cut on their finger and a broken leg, then the broken leg would become the priority over the small cut on the finger.
- Once the incident has been handed over to qualified medical assistance, then the clearing up process must commence; this process consists of: Ensure that all used bandages and used items such as personal protective equipment (PPE) are placed in a yellow clinical waste bag, or similar Ensure that the area where any blood or other bodily fluids have been spilt is thoroughly cleaned Restock the first aid kit and replace any other equipment that may have been used during the incident Record and report the incident.
- As a point to note, anyone can complete the accident book.
- Having good personal hygiene – ensuring that your own personal hygiene is at a high standard at all times. Ensuring that barrier devices are used – when dealing with any casualty ensure that you wear disposable gloves and use face shields. Covering any open cuts or sores – if you have any open cuts or sores ensure that these are covered with a dressing. Minimising contact with blood or bodily fluids – if possible, avoid direct contact with and blood or bodily fluids. Changing gloves between casualties – if possible try to change gloves between casualties so that blood and bodily fluids are not passed from one casualty to another. Washing hands thoroughly after removing gloves – after dealing with a casualty, even when wearing gloves, hands must be thoroughly washed.
- Nitrile glove is the world's latest generation of glove. It is a synthetic rubber composed by acrylonitrile and butadiene, allergy free and biodegradable. Latex gloves are natural material, made out of rubber.
- Module 3 – Assessing an incident Duration: 2 hours 30 mins Trainer Resources/Procedures PowerPoint™ presentation/Projector and screen First Aid at Work book First aid manikins A volunteer from the group (for head-to-toe survey and recovery position) Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: state and also demonstrate how to conduct a scene survey demonstrate how to conduct a primary survey demonstrate how to open the airway and check for normal breathing demonstrate how to place a casualty into the recovery position explain the importance of casualty communication demonstrate how to conduct a secondary survey
- Control the situation – Stop, take a deep breath and take charge of people and vehicular traffic. Look for potential hazards – Look for anything that could cause further harm to the casualty, bystanders or more importantly yourself within the immediate area. Assess the situation – Gather as much information about what has occurred from the casualty and from bystanders and try to make a diagnosis (history, signs and symptoms). Protect and prioritise – Ensure protection is worn (gloves), and that casualties are prioritised (breathing, bleeding, bones/burns and other conditions). Try to gain assistance from bystanders and contact the Emergency Services.
- Control the situation – Stop, take a deep breath and take charge of people and vehicular traffic. Look for potential hazards – Look for anything that could cause further harm to the casualty, bystanders or more importantly yourself within the immediate area. Assess the situation – Gather as much information about what has occurred from the casualty and from bystanders and try to make a diagnosis (history, signs and symptoms). Protect and prioritise – Ensure protection is worn (gloves), and that casualties are prioritised (breathing, bleeding, bones/burns and other conditions). Try to gain assistance from bystanders and contact the Emergency Services.
- Having conducted a scene survey and established that the immediate area is safe from any dangers, you can now approach the casualty When approaching the casualty an initial casualty assessment should be conducted; this initial assessment is called a primary survey
- Atrial fibrillation (also called AFib or AF) is a quivering کانپ رہا ہے or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
- Atrial fibrillation (also called AFib or AF) is a quivering کانپ رہا ہے or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
- Atrial fibrillation (also called AFib or AF) is a quivering کانپ رہا ہے or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
- CPR/CIRCULATION Call an ambulance 999/112 Ask a helper to call, otherwise call yourself. Stay with the casualty when making the call if possible, and activate speaker function on the phone to aid communication with ambulance service. Send someone to get an AED if available. If you’re on your own do not leave the casualty start CPR.
- Try to use the casualty’s preferred name as this will strike up an immediate rapport. Gather as much information as possible about what has occurred so that you can fully brief the Emergency Services. Let the casualty, if possible, explain where the injury is, as they are the best person to fully explain what the problem is. Narrate exactly what is happening before it happens – tell the casualty exactly what you are going to do before you do it.
- Ask learners to refer to Handout 3 - Head-to-Toe Survey
- Ask the group for a volunteer (try and choose a member who is the same sex as yourself). Either simulate placing on gloves or actually place on disposable gloves and emphasise their importance. Demonstrate in full the head-to-toe survey, explain at each stage the signs and symptoms the first aider should be looking for. Group Exercise 1 In their respective groups ask the learners to practise the head-to-toe survey. Feedback to each group and be available to answer questions. Group Exercise 2 Ask the groups to run the scenario again, however this time start with the primary survey (Danger, Response, Airways and Breathing (casualty unresponsive breathing) and then conduct the head-to-toe survey. Once again view each group and offer constructive feedback. Group Exercise 3 Again, start with the primary assessment and finish with the top-to-toe survey, but with the casualty placed in various positions: (lying on their front, slumped against a wall). Also conduct the scenarios with both responsive and unresponsive casualties.
- Ask the group for a volunteer (try and choose a member who is the same sex as yourself). Either simulate placing on gloves or actually place on disposable gloves and emphasise their importance. Demonstrate in full the head-to-toe survey, explain at each stage the signs and symptoms the first aider should be looking for. Group Exercise 1 In their respective groups ask the learners to practise the head-to-toe survey. Feedback to each group and be available to answer questions. Group Exercise 2 Ask the groups to run the scenario again, however this time start with the primary survey (Danger, Response, Airways and Breathing (casualty unresponsive breathing) and then conduct the head-to-toe survey. Once again view each group and offer constructive feedback. Group Exercise 3 Again, start with the primary assessment and finish with the top-to-toe survey, but with the casualty placed in various positions: (lying on their front, slumped against a wall). Also conduct the scenarios with both responsive and unresponsive casualties.
- The Recovery Position The recovery position is used to maintain a clear airway and assist with normal breathing when a casualty is unresponsive but breathing. It also assists when the casualty vomits or excretes saliva as it allows it to naturally drain from the mouth or nose. However, if you suspect that a casualty has had a spinal or head injury, you must carefully consider the movement of the casualty. Casualties with an injury (head or chest) should be placed injured side down if possible.
- Ask for a volunteer from the group (preferably the same sex as yourself). Ask them to lie on their back on the floor and gather the remainder of the group around in a semi-circle. Demonstrate Danger, Response, Airways and Breathing (stop at this point and inform the group that the casualty is unresponsive but breathing); conduct a secondary survey and place the casualty into the recovery position. Split the delegates into smaller groups and ask them to practise this series of events. Go around each group and monitor the exercise, answer questions as they arise and offer constructive feedback.
- Module 4 – Managing an unresponsive casualty Duration: 4 Hours Trainer Resources/Procedures PowerPoint™ presentation/Projector and screen First Aid at Work book First aid manikins Split the delegates into working groups Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: state the principles of resuscitation describe the respiratory system demonstrate CPR and compression only CPR
- If the casualty is breathing, it is imperative that the airway remains open at all times; this can be achieved by constantly checking the airway even when the casualty is placed in the recovery position.
- Ensure that all members of the group can see and demonstrate in full, using a manikin, administering chest compressions, emphasise the importance of hand positioning, depth and rate of compression. Once explained break the class down into groups, each group should have a manikin and get them to practice chest compressions Go around each group and offer feedback, advice and guidance, also be prepared to answer questions.
- Explain that it is important to use a barrier device such as a face shield to prevent cross-infection. Also explain that if the mouth has serious injury then mouth-to-nose ventilations can be performed. Also if the casualty has a ‘stoma’ fitted, then ‘mouth to stoma’ will be used.
- Explain that an AED is used in conjunction with CPR.
- Module 5 – The respiratory system Duration: 60 minutes Trainer Resources/Procedures PowerPoint™ presentation/Projector & screen First Aid at Work book First aid manikins Utilise manikins for demonstrating administering first aid to a conscious/unconscious choking adult Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: explain how an airway may become obstructed recognise a choking casualty demonstrate how to administer first aid to a conscious choking adult demonstrate how to administer first aid to an unconscious choking adult.
- Explain How the respiratory system works in brief detail – the main aim of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to all parts of the body; breathing is essential to life. How we breathe in and out – When the diaphragm contracts (goes down) we breathe in, when it expands (goes up) we breathe out. Air is drawn in through the mouth and nose and goes down the trachea (windpipe). The oesophagus is behind the trachea and food and drink go down this. To stop food and drink going down the trachea there is a flap of skin called the epiglotis that prevents this from happening. From the trachea the air goes down into the bronchus and in turn the bronchus tubes (one to the right lung, one to the left lung). From here the alveoli act as a two-way valve (membrane), air passes through the membrane into the blood and waste products from the blood are drawn into the alveoli. When we exhale, the diaphragm expands, waste products are expelled up the bronchus, the trachea and expelled through the mouth and nose. The composition of the air that we breathe in is a mixture of: Nitrogen (76%) Oxygen (20%) Other gases (4%) Carbon dioxide (trace) When we exhale we breathe out a mixture of: Carbon dioxide (4%) Nitrogen (76%) Oxygen (16%) Other gases (4%).
- Explain that with a severe obstruction the casualty may show the above signs but also the skin colour may develop a blue/grey tinge; the casualty will get progressively weaker and will eventually become unconscious.
- Module 6 – Wounds and bleeding Duration: 2 hours Trainer Resources/Procedures PowerPoint™ presentation/Projector and screen First Aid at Work book First aid bandages and dressings (assorted and in sufficient quantity) Simulation wounds (a mixture of embedded and non-embedded) Casualty simulation resources Delegates will work in groups A delegate to act as a volunteer when demonstrating treating a casualty with a bleed and embedded foreign object Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: describe the circulatory system describe and recognise different types of wounds describe and recognise different types of bleeding administer first aid to a casualty with a bleed administer first aid to a casualty with an embedded foreign object and an associated bleed.
- Internal bleeding - This is when blood escapes from the circulatory system but remains inside the body. Internal bleeding can occur in various places such as within tissues, organs, cavities inside the body (head, chest, and abdomen). Sometimes signs of internal bleeding can be visible such as when the casualty coughs up blood or vomits blood but most of the time internal bleeding is not apparent. External bleeding - This is where blood escapes from the circulatory system to the outside of the body, for example, from a wound.
- Module 7 – Shock Duration: 30 minutes Trainer Resources/Procedures: PowerPoint™ presentation/Projector and screen First Aid at Work book A delegate to act as a volunteer whilst demonstrating the treatment for shock Delegates to work in groups for practical work Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: describe the causes of physiological shock (circulatory shock) describe the signs and symptoms of shock describe how to recognise and treat a casualty who is suffering from anaphylaxis demonstrate how to administer first aid to a casualty who is suffering from shock.
- These are some of the common recognition features of shock.
- Split the class into groups and get them to practise dealing with a casualty who is in shock. Once again watch each member of the group and be available to offer feedback, advice and guidance.
- Demonstrate with the use of a volunteer how to apply an eye dressing. Split the delegates into groups and get them to practise. Be available to offer advice, guidance and feedback.
- Module 11 – Fractures and dislocations Duration: 2 hours Trainer Resources/Procedures: PowerPoint™ presentation/Projector and screen First Aid at Work book Bandages and support slings/triangular bandages A delegate to act as a volunteer whilst demonstrating applying a support sling Delegates to work in groups for practical work Module outcomes By the end of this module delegates will be able to: describe the different types of fractures describe and demonstrate the recognition and treatment of a fracture demonstrate how to apply a support sling state how to recognise and treat a casualty with concussion, cerebral compression and a skull fracture explain the causes of spinal injury explain how to recognise and treat a spinal injury demonstrate how to treat a conscious/unconscious casualty with a spinal injury describe how to recognise and treat a casualty with a dislocation.
- Once you have gone through this slide gather the learners around and ask for a volunteer to fully demonstrate applying a support sling. Split the class into groups and ask them to practise. Move round each group offering feedback, advice and guidance.
- Once you have gone through this slide gather the learners around and ask for a volunteer to fully demonstrate applying a support sling. Split the class into groups and ask them to practise. Move round each group offering feedback, advice and guidance.
- Explain A stroke causes either short-term or permanent damage to the brain and/or body. If you suspect a stroke then you must act fast.