AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON IOT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:09/September-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science
[2036]
AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
BASED ON IOT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Ahmad Abdullah*1, Hujaef Ahammed*2, Md. Mizanur Rahman*3
*1,2Electrical And Electronics Engineering Department, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
*3Electrical And Electronics Engineering Department, Daffodil International
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS30235
ABSTRACT
Village agriculture is very important in Bangladesh. In emerging nations like our own, agriculture has a
significant impact on national GDP. Basically, because of our current circumstances, the monsoons, which are
agriculture's primary source of water, are insufficient. The irrigation system is used in agriculture as a solution
to this issue. In this technique, the agricultural field will receive water depending on the type of soil. In
agriculture, there are two factors to consider: the soil's moisture content and its fertility. There are already a
variety of irrigation options available to lessen the demand for rain. An electrical power on/off schedule
controls this kind of method. The use of IOT to create a smart irrigation system is covered in this article. Our
method uses hydropumps to regulate multiple pumps at once, which saves time and energy. This system will
have a significant impact on the national economy if we implement it.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sensors are crucial parts of numerous applications, including those that monitor traffic flow, weather
conditions, building safety and security, and many others. They are also used in many different sectors for
process control. For example, it is necessary to measure the temperature, humidity, and pressure when
monitoring the weather. As a result, sensors have always been charged with performing this role. Climate and
weather have a significant impact on human life. It is known that six factors, including ambient temperature,
radiation, air flow, humidity, activity level, and clothing thermal resistance, have a significant impact on a
person's ability to maintain a comfortable body temperature (ISO 7730, 1984; Bu et al., 1995). These
inexpensive, dependable electronic sensors are now better able to monitor environmental conditions thanks to
technological advancements.
Using sensors for indoor climate and environment, Kang and Park (2000) and Odlyha et al. (2000) have created
monitoring systems based on the aforementioned factors. Monitoring temperature and relative humidity has
proven to be more effective when these sensors are combined with a data gathering system (Moghavvemi et al.,
2005). Using capacitive-based sensors, Ong et al. (2001) and Defenses and Wise (2005) proposed wireless
sensing microsystems for environmental monitoring. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) devices were first used as
pressure sensors in 1994 by Buff et al. and as temperature sensors in 1993 by Vlassov et al. However, because
some of these systems include fabrication procedures and the usage of on-chip transmitter circuits, they are
highly expensive and complicated in nature. Our goal is to develop an automatic irrigation system and irrigation
database that will be a smart tool for farmers. Using this method, we can also check the quality of the soil and
the weather. We can state "Our country will generate more harvest every year" so easily.
Background & Problem Statement
In today's information and technology-driven world, weather monitoring and forecasting are crucial for
planning human activities. For example, planning human activities in agriculture, where and when to plant and
wait for harvest, in our social lives, where and when to hold events, and in transportation, how safe it is to
travel by land, air, or water, all depend on weather, whether it's a help or a hindrance. With the use of sensors
and telecommunication, it is now possible to monitor and analyze weather conditions without requiring the
user to exert much effort or human interaction. Certain weather situations can be identified or anticipated
using weather monitoring systems before they actually occur. However, wire weather monitoring systems
enable users to view these systems online or remotely without having to be present physically. In contrast to

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weather forecasting, the system uses weather sensors to sense the climatic conditions and analyzes the
patterns to provide a more precise prediction. Data is sensed across a predetermined distance by wire, and the
results are shown on an LCD panel. It can identify a number of meteorological factors, including temperature,
humidity, wind speed, and wind direction. By integrating the numerous sensors on the microcontroller, it is
possible for one weather monitoring station to perceive a variety of weather situations, which lowers the cost
of building a weather monitoring station that can only evaluate a specific kind of weather condition. Farmers
may benefit from the quick growth of more crops thanks to automatic watering.
Farmers in the current system must go a considerable distance to turn on the hydro pump, which costs them a
lot of time. Farmers occasionally fail to turn off their motors in time, wasting a lot of water and electricity. Thus,
they must pay an additional electric charge. Our system has the capability to resolve this issue.
Aim
The goal of this project is to develop an automatic irrigation system using IOT that can: Gather information
from many sources, including information on soil moisture, temperature, and weather. If the data is low on
moisture, an LCD will show the moisture level and pump status. Also, it sent information to our database. Our
apps will receive a trigger from the database, allowing us to quickly see the condition of the pump.
II. METHODOLOGY
Wire with weather conditions observing framework considers weather patterns to be precisely anticipated to
take into consideration legitimate preparation of occasions or exercises which depend on climate as a central
point. It is basically better compared to a weather conditions estimating framework which includes broad
investigation, computations and picking the right weather conditions figure models that best foresee the
climate. 4 Weather conditions estimating frameworks are typically untrustworthy because of the time contrast
between when the weather conditions is really anticipated and when it comes into stage. The utilization of a
wire with weather conditions observing framework kills the issues of people collaborating straightforwardly
with the frameworks, or doing all the significant work in foreseeing the climate. Escalated information
investigation, handling and computations are finished by the framework all things considered, consequently,
eliminating the issues of human blunders and giving an easy to understand framework that permits clients with
little abilities of working a specialized gadget, the valuable chance to work the checking framework. The
weather conditions observing framework can detect different weather patterns and permits the client to get
data about weather patterns through LCD Show, permitting the client to have fractional control of the
framework without being in a similar area as the framework. In situations where a weather conditions
estimating framework will foresee precipitation in the entire of a city or city, though, it downpours in just a
specific level of the area, adds to the lack of quality of the framework .The weather conditions checking
framework will, nonetheless, foresee the climate, covering a more modest distance which will give better
precise outcomes. They can fill in as an open air unit to detect ecological weather patterns or as an indoor unit
to give data about the genuine feel of the climate or temperature feel of gear. The Weather Pack weather station
monitoring system. The Weather Rack weather sensors (anemometer and wind vane) acquired were designed
to measure wind speed and wind direction.
Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller. The software was customized for the function of the weather station monitoring wind
speed and wind direction.
Node MCU
Basically, NodeMCU is Lua Interpreter, so it can understand Lua script easily. When we write Lua scripts for
NodeMCU and send/upload it to NodeMCU, then they will get executed sequentially. It will not build a binary
firmware file of code for NodeMCU to write. It will send the Lua script as it is to NodeMCU to get executed.
In Arduino IDE when we write and compile code, the ESP8266 toolchain in the background creates a binary
firmware file of the code we wrote. And when we upload it to NodeMCU then it will flash all NodeMCU firmware
with newly generated binary firmware code. In fact, it writes the complete firmware. That’s the reason why
NodeMCU does not accept further Lua scripts/code after it is getting flashed by Arduino IDE. After getting

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flashed by Arduino sketch/code it will be no more Lua interpreter and we get errors if we try to upload Lua
scripts. To start again with Lua script, we need to flash it with NodeMCU firmware.
Selection of Sensors
The parameters measure Wind speed and Wind direction. The following sensors were used for each parameter:
1. Soil Moisture – Fore getting water info is soil
Positioning the sensor
Figure 1 shows the proper placement of the Soil Moisture Sensor. The prongs should be oriented horizontally,
but rotated onto their side, like a knife poised to cut food, so that water does not pool on the flat surface of the
prongs.
The horizontal orientation of the sensor ensures the measurement is made at a particular soil depth. The entire
sensor can be placed vertically, but because soil moisture often varies by depth, this is not usually the desired
orientation. To position the sensor, use a thin implement such as a trenching shovel to make the pilot hole in
the soil. Place the sensor into the hole, making sure the entire length of the sensor is covered. Press down on
the soil along either side of the sensor with your fingers. Continue to compact the soil around the sensor by
pressing down on the soil with your fingers until you have made at least five passes along the sensor. This step
is important, as the soil adjacent to the sensor surface has the strongest influence on the sensor readings.
Removing the Sensor
When removing the sensor from the soil, do not pull it out of the soil by the cable. Doing so may break internal
connections and make the sensor unusable.
Volumetric Water Content
In very simplified terms, dry soil is made up of solid material and air pockets, called pore spaces. A typical
volumetric ratio would be 55% solid material and 45% pore space. As water is added to the soil, the pore
spaces begin to fill with water. Soil that seems damp to the touch might now have 55% minerals, 35% pore
space and 10% water. This would be an example of 10% volumetric water content. The maximum water
content in this scenario is 45% because at that value, all the available pore space has been filled with water.
This soil is referred to as being saturated, because at 45% volumetric water content, the soil can hold no more
water.

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0:35
Optional Calibration Procedure
It is not usually necessary to perform a new calibration when using the Soil Moisture Sensor. The Soil Moisture
Sensor has a stored calibration that will give good results. If, however, very accurate readings are needed, a
calibration using the sample soil type to be measured is recommended. Two methods are described below.
Method 1 is faster and easier, but potentially less accurate than Method 2.
Calibration Method 1: Two-Point Calibration
This is the faster and easier of the two methods, but is potentially less accurate.
1. Dry the soil in a drying oven at 105˚C for 24 hours.
2. Obtain a water-tight container that is large enough to fully insert the sensor with room for at least 2 cm on
all sides. A plastic shoe box or similar works well.
3. When cool, break up any large clods until all soil fits through a 5 mm screen.
4. Connect the Soil Moisture Sensor to the interface and start the data-collection program.
5. Pour the soil into the container and position the sensor as shown. The prongs should be oriented
horizontally, but rotated onto their side–like a knife poised to cut food–so that water does not pool on the
flat surface of the prongs.
6. Press down on the soil along either side of the sensor with your fingers. Continue to compact the soil around
the sensor by pressing down on the soil with your fingers until you have made five passes along the sensor.
7. Add more soil on top of the compacted soil so that the sensor is buried at least 3 cm below the soil surface.
8. Compact the soil again using a clenched fist.
9. Enter the calibration routine of your program. Keep this first calibration point and assign a value of 0. This
represents 0% volumetric water content.
10.Remove the sensor from the soil.
11.Determine the approximate volume of soil used. This can be done by packing it into a large, graduated
beaker.
12.Return the soil to the calibration container.
13.Obtain a volume of distilled water that equals 45% of the volume of the soil. If, for example, you used 3500
mL of soil, you would obtain 1575 mL of distilled water.
14.Add the distilled water to the soil and mix well.

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15.Position the sensor in the wet soil, again making sure the sensor is completely covered and that there are no
gaps between the soil and the sensor.
16.Keep this second calibration point, assigning it a value of 45. This represents 45% volumetric water content.
17.Your sensor is now calibrated for this soil type. If you are using Logger Pro 3, you can save the calibration
directly on the sensor. If not, you may want to record the calibration values for future use.
Calibration Method 2: Multiple-Point Calibration
This method is more accurate, but requires more time and effort than Method 1.
1. Obtain and number 12 drying jars. The jars must be able to withstand the 105°C temperature of the drying
oven.
2. Weigh and record the mass of each jar.
3. Prepare the dry soil by breaking up large clods until all soil fits through a 5 mm screen. Note: The soil
should be fairly dry, but does not need to be oven-dry for this method.
4. Obtain a water-tight container that is large enough to fully insert the sensor with room for at least 2 cm on
all sides. A plastic shoe box or similar works well.
5. Connect the Soil Moisture Sensor to the interface and start the data-collection program.
6. Pour the soil into the container position of the sensor as shown. The prongs should be oriented horizontally,
but rotated onto their side–like a knife poised to cut food– so that water does not pool on the flat surface of
the prongs.
7. Press down on the soil along either side of the sensor with your fingers. Continue to compact the soil around
the sensor by pressing down on the soil with your fingers until you have made five passes along the sensor.
8. Add more soil on top of the compacted soil so that the sensor is buried at least 3 cm below the soil surface.
9. Compact the soil again using a cleched fist.
10.Enter the calibration portion of the data-collection program and record the voltage reading from the
sensor. Note: In this method, entering the calibration portion of the program is used only to obtain a raw
voltage reading from the sensor. You will not be completing a typical 2-point calibration in the software.
11.Use a soil core tool to take three volumetric soil samples adjacent to the sensor.
a. Insert the sampling cylinder fully into the soil.
b. Remove the soil core.
c. Dispense the core into a drying jar.
d. Weigh and record the mass of the jar plus soil.
e. Repeat Steps a–d for two additional core samples.
12.Remove the sensor from the soil.
13.Decide on a standard volume of distilled water that will increase the water content by 3 to 10% for each
measurement. If you are unsure about the amount of water to add, measure the volume of soil you are using.
Use a volume of distilled water equal to 5% of the volume of the soil.
14.Add one aliquot of distilled water to the soil in the amount decided upon in Step 13. To avoid clumping, add
the water in small amounts, mixing thoroughly.
15.Replace the sensor in the soil. Press down on the soil along either side of the sensor with your fingers.
Continue to compact the soil around the sensor by pressing down on the soil with your fingers until you
have made five passes along the sensor.
16.Add more soil on top of the compacted soil so that the sensor is buried at least
17.Compact the soil again using a clenched fist.

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18.Record the voltage reading from the sensor.
19.Repeat Steps 11–18 two more times for a total of four levels of water content.
20.Dry and weigh the 12 soil samples to determine gravimetric water content.
a. Place the jars in a drying oven for 24 hours at 105˚C.
b. Allow the samples to cool until the soil temperature is near ambient.
c. After cooling, weigh the soil samples again to determine dry weight.
21.Determine the volumetric water content, θ, for each of the four samples.
22.Calculate the gravimetric water content, w.
where m is the mass and the subscripts w and m refer to water and minerals.
b. Calculate the bulk density, ρb.
where Vt is the total volume of the sample.
c. Calculate the volumetric water content.
The density of water, ρw, is 1 g/cm3.
Example
Soil sampling volume (Vt) 16.1 cm3
Soil sample initial weight (with jar) 84.065 g
Dried sample weight (with jar) 81.113 g
Jar weight (tare) 57.894 g
Mass of water (initial–dry weight) (mw) 2.952 g
Mass of dry soil (dry–tare weight) (mm) 23.219 g
22.Construct a calibration curve by graphing volumetric water content vs. the corresponding sensor output
voltage at that water content. There is an experiment file in Logger Pro (version 3.4.5 or newer) set up for
this purpose. It is named “Soil Moisture Calibration,” and can be found in the Soil Moisture Sensor folder in
the Probes & Sensors folder. Alternatively, you can open a new file in Logger Pro with no sensors connected
and type the values into the data table.
23.Perform a linear regression on the calibration curve and record the slope and intercept.
24.Connect the sensor and start your data-collection program.
25.Proceed to the calibration portion of the program and manually enter the values for slope and intercept.
26.Your sensor is now calibrated for this soil type. If you are using Logger Pro 3, you can save the calibration
directly on the sensor. If using LabQuest or a calculator, you may want to record the calibration values for
future use.
Soil Moisture Sensor Specifications
Range:
0 to 45% volumetric water content in soil (capable of 0 to
100% VWC with alternate calibration)
Accuracy ±4% typical
13-bit resolution (using
SensorDAQ):
0.05%
12-bit resolution (using LabPro,
LabQuest, LabQuest Mini,
0.1%

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Go!Link, or EasyLink):
10-bit resolution (using CBL 2): 0.4%
Power 3 mA @ 5VDC
Operating temperature –40°C to +60°C
Dimensions
Dimensions: 8.9 cm × 1.8 cm × 0.7 cm (active sensor length 5
cm)
Stored calibration
Slope: 108%/ volt
Intercept: –42%
Care and Maintenance
Do not wrap the cable tightly around the sensor for storage. Repeatedly doing so can irreparably damage the
wires and is not covered under warranty.
Repair Information
If you have watched the related product video(s), followed the troubleshooting steps, and are still having
trouble with your Soil Moisture Sensor, contact Vernier Technical Support at support@vernier.com or call 888-
837-6437. Support specialists will work with you to determine if the unit needs to be sent in for repair. At that
time, a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) number will be issued and instructions will be communicated
on how to return the unit for repair.
III. THEORETICAL MODEL
To improve human lives, telecommunication technologies are expanding and adding more innovative functions.
An ARDUINO NANO will be used in this project.
Defining of ARDUINO
An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which can be either used directly by purchasing from the
vendor or can be made at home using the components, owing to its open source hardware feature. It is basically
used in communications and in controlling or operating many devices. It was founded by Massimo Baozi and
David Cuatrilloes in 2005
Arduino’s processor basically uses the Harvard architecture where the program code and program data have
separate memory. It consists of two memories- Program memory and the data memory. The code is stored in
the flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory. The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash
memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is used for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM and
operates with a clock speed of 16MHz.

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A typical example of an Arduino board is Arduino Uno. It consists of ATmega328- a 28 pin microcontroller.
Power Jack: Arduino can be powered either from the pc through a USB or through external source like adaptor
or a battery. It can operate on an external supply of 7 to 12V. Power can be applied externally through the pin
VIN or by giving voltage reference through the IO Ref pin.
Digital Inputs: It consists of 14 digital inputs/output pins, each of which provide or take up 40mA current.
Some of them have special functions like pins 0 and 1, which act as Rx and Tx respectively, for serial
communication, pins 2 and 3-which are external interrupts, pins 3,5,6,9, 11 which provides Pwm output and
pin 13 where LED is connected

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Analog inputs: It has 6 analog input/output pins, each providing a resolution of 10 bits.
A Ref: It provides reference to the analog inputs
Reset: It resets the microcontroller when low.
Program an Arduino
The most important advantage with Arduino is the programs can be directly loaded to the device without
requiring any hardware programmer to burn the program.
This is done because of the presence of the 0.5KB of Boot loader which allows the program to be burned into
the circuit. All we have to do is to download the Arduino software and write the code.
The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify, upload, new, open, save, serial
monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message area which displays the feedback like
showing the errors, the text console which displays the output and a series of menus like the File, Edit, Tools
5 Steps to program an Arduino
● Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic sketch consists of 3 parts
1. Declaration of Variables
2. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.
3. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.
● The sketch is saved with Ino extension. Any operations like verifying, opening a sketch, saving a sketch can
be done using the buttons on the toolbar or using the tool menu.
● The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory.
● Chose the proper board from the tools menu and the serial port numbers.
● Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tools menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the boot
loader onto the microcontroller.
Few of basic Arduino functions are:
● digital Read(pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin.
● digital Write (pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin.
● pin Mode (pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or output mode.
● analog Read(pin): Reads and returns the value.

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● analog Write (pin, value): Writes the value to that pin.
● serial. Begin (baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial communication by setting the bit rate.
Technical Specification of Arduino Microcontroller
ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller ATmega328
Architecture AVR
Operating Voltage 5V
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
SRAM 2 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Analog I/O Pins 6
EEPROM 1 KB
DC current per I/O pins 40 mA on I/O pins; 50 mA on 3,3 V Pin
Technical Specification of General
GENERAL
Input Voltage 7-12 V
Digital I/O Pins 20 ( of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Output 6
PCB Size 53.4 × 68.6 mm
Weight 25 Kg
Power
The power pins are as follows:
● VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts
from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
● 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board.
This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V
supply.
● GND: Ground pins.
Memory
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code. It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
Inputs and Outputs
● Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected
to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
● PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function.
● SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although
provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.
● LED: 13 There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when
the pin is LOW, it's off.
● Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which
block them on the board.

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IV. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
The reader will learn about the system's building blocks in this chapter as well as how the hardware
components are integrated. It explains how the LCD is connected and how the sensors are interfaced with the
microcontroller on the Arduino board.
Components
● ARDUINO(NANO)
● Center Tapped Transformer
● Resistor
● Variable Resistor
● Capacitor
● Diode
● Voltage Regulator
● LED
● LCD
● Transistor
● DC Battery
● Soil Moisture Sensor
● Varo Board
● Switch
Center-tapped Transformer
The operation and theory behind a Center tapped transformer is very similar to a normal secondary
transformer. A primary voltage will be induced in the primary coil (I1and I3) and due to magnetic induction the
voltage will be transferred to the secondary coil. Here in the secondary coil of a center-tapped transformer,
there will be an additional wire (T2) which will be placed exactly at the center of the secondary coil, hence the
voltage here will always be zero.
If we combine this zero potential wire (T2) with either T1 or T2, we will get a voltage of 12V AC. If this wire is
ignored and voltage across T1 and T2 is considered then we will get a voltage of 24V AC. This feature is very
useful for the function of a full wave rectifier. Let us consider the voltage given by the first half of the secondary
coil as Va and the voltage across the second half of the secondary coil as Vb as shown in the diagram below
As we know the voltage across the coil depends on the number of turns on the primary and secondary coil.
Using the turns ratio formula, we can calculate the secondary voltage as:
Va= (
Na
Nb
)*Vp
Vb= (
Na
Nb
) ∗ Vp

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Where:
Va=Voltage across the first half of secondary coil
Vb= Voltage across the secondary half of secondary coil
Vp= Voltage across the primary coil
Na= Voltage across the first half of secondary coil
Nb= Number of turn in the first half of secondary coil
Nb= Number of turn in the secondary half of secondary coil
Specifications
● Step-down Centre tapped Transformer
● Input Voltage: 220V AC at 50Hz
● Output Voltage: 24V, 12V or 0V
● Output Current: 1A
● Vertical mount type
● Low cost and small package
Resistor
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic
circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
Figure: Resistor
Variable Resistor
A resistor restricts current flow in an electrical circuit without switching the current off. A variable resistor
allows more control over current flow by changing the amount of resistance. When resistance increases in a
variable resistor, the amount of current that is allowed to flow in a circuit decreases. Two basic components
make up variable resistors. The resistive material is the first component and is called the element.
Figure: Variable Resistor
The second component, called the wiper or brush, is used to set the resistance, and is often controlled with a
knob or sliding switch. There are several different kinds of variable resistors. At Future Electronics we stock
many of the most common types categorized by Type, Number of Turns, Tolerance, Rated Power, Nominal
Resistance and Packaging Type. The parametric filters on our website can help refine your search results
depending on the required specifications. The most common sizes for Rated Power are 250 MW and 500 MW.
We also carry variable resistors with Rated Power up to 37 W. Variable Resistors can be Potentiometer,
Trimmer or Turns Counting Dial type. Variable Resistors can be found in:

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● Audio control
● Television
● Motion control
● Home Electrical Appliances
● Oscillators
Capacitor
The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical
charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable
battery.
Figure: Capacitor
Diode
A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most
diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium.
Figure: Diode
Voltage Regulator
Usually, we start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9volt to 12volt DC. To make a 5volt power
supply, IC 7805 voltage regulator as shown in figure has been used Voltage sources in a circuit may have
fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed voltage outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage
at a constant value. 7805 IC, a member of the 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain
such fluctuations, is a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 7805 indicates the output
voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.
Figure: Pin Diagram of IC 7805
LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications.
A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2
LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.

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Figure: LCD Display
4.9.1 Pin Description
Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7
8-bit data pins
DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
Transistor
A bipolar transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used for amplification. The device can amplify
analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. Physically, a bipolar transistor
amplifies current, but it can be connected in circuits designed to amplify voltage or power.
There are two major types of bipolar transistor, called PNP and NPN. A PNP transistor has a layer of N-type
semiconductor between two layers of P-type material. An NPN transistor has a layer of P-type material between
two layers of N-type material. In P-type material, electric charges are carried mainly in the form
of electron deficiencies called holes. In N-type material, the charge carriers are primarily electrons.

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Figure: Transistor Pin diagram with Symbol
OP-Amp
A voltage comparator is an electronic circuit that compares two input voltages and lets you know which of the
two is greater. It's easy to create a voltage comparator from an op amp, because the polarity of the op-
amp's output circuit depends on the polarity of the difference between the two input voltages.
Figure: OP –Amplifier Comparator Mode Working
Application
Comparator Circuit Working and Applications. Generally, in electronics, the comparator is used to compare two
voltages or currents which are given at the two inputs of the comparator. That means it takes two input
voltages, then compares them and gives a differential output voltage either high or low-level signal.
Block Diagram
Figure: Basic Block Diagram

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Circuit Diagram
Figure: Circuit Diagram
Working Procedure
For working with this project we have made two prototypes, our first one failed due to less accuracy. Finally we
designed a highly accurate system, in this system we use two sections, one for detecting wind speed and
humidity with temperature, another for detecting wind angle.
First section we used one IR transmitter and receiver for detecting wind speed. The 4 wind plate gives us
rotation with respect to the wind and it detects every rotation of the pole. dht 11 &22 is a multiple humidity
and temperature sensor that gives us weather information. We print all of those into a LCD display.
Second section is for detecting wind angle A GY271 compass will detect wind angle and it send to
microcontroller, micro controller process information and send to another microcontroller using rf
transmitters, in receiver section rf receiver receive data from rf transmitters and it send data to another
microcontroller, microcontroller process data and a lcd display wind angle.
V. SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER
We use some electrical devices such as resistor, capacitor, diode, variable resistor, voltage regulator, dc battery,
moisture sensor, and some LED with all output shown in the LCD Display.
APPENDIX
Connecting Database
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <FirebaseArduino.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <Wire.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
#define FIREBASE_HOST "iot-based-irrigation.firebaseio.com"
#define FIREBASE_AUTH "iaRvuZeTIy1r0gFU2s4P8Kvu7VFGqNssfx1wIKNg"
#define WIFI_SSID "sadi"
#define WIFI_PASSWORD "sadi7234"

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#define relay 14
#define mosture 15
void setup() {
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("automatic ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("pump ");
delay(2500);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode (mosture,INPUT);
// connect to wifi.
WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD);
Serial.print("connecting");
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
Serial.print(".");
delay(500);
}
Serial.println();
Serial.print("connected: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Firebase.begin(FIREBASE_HOST, FIREBASE_AUTH);
}
int n = 0;
void loop() {
// set value
Firebase.setFloat("number", 42.0);
// handle error
if (Firebase.failed()) {
Serial.print("setting /number failed:");
Serial.println(Firebase.error());
return;
}
delay(170);
// update value
Firebase.setFloat("number", 43.0);
// handle error
if (Firebase.failed()) {
Serial.print("setting /number failed:");
Serial.println(Firebase.error());
return;
}
delay(100);
// get value
Serial.print("number: ");

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Serial.println(Firebase.getFloat("number"));
delay(100);
// remove value
Firebase.remove("number");
delay(10);
int buttonState = digitalRead(mosture);
if (buttonState == 1)
{
Firebase.setString("message", "Pump Is On ");
}
if (buttonState == 0)
{
Firebase.setString("message", "Pump Is Off");
}
Program for Control Motor Speed
int analogInPin = A0;
int sensorValue = 0;
int outputValue = 0;
int transistorPin = 3;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
pinMode(transistorPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
sensorValue = analogRead(analogInPin)/4;
outputValue = map(sensorValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);
analogWrite(transistorPin, sensorValue);
if (sensorValue >= 160)
{
//example
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
}
delay(10); }

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VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Any project's output is its result. A project's success is shown in the result. By doing several experiments, we
determine whether this initiative was successful. The project's autonomous irrigation and moisture sensor
water level measurement are its results. The automatic supply of sufficient water from a reservoir to fields or
residential crops during agricultural seasons has been made possible by the construction of automatic
irrigation control systems. When the pump is turned on and off, the LCD display output is displayed using a
moisture sensor pump.
When Starting the system…
When the pump is on…..
When Pump is off
Advantage
● Main advantage of this project is to help farmers water the fields in time.
● Farmer can check water status
● Farmer can control multiple pump
● Low cost
● Real-time plant monitoring

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Final Project Outlook
Figure: Final Project Outlook
The main goal of our project is to design, construct, and design analyze the circuit. Work on the project has
already finished. The circuit that was built is functioning quite well. After completing a project, we applied the
concept by reading books, checking the internet, and talking with my teacher. Finally, we solve this issue and
finish my project.
VII. CONCLUSION
The importance of weather monitoring has been emphasized throughout this project in order to carry out
planned activities in an organized and coordinated manner as part of our daily routines. Additionally, wire with
weather monitoring has shown to be helpful in providing information about the weather of an environment
exhibited on LCD display even when they are not present. The prototype was made to be adaptable so that it
could fit several sensors to identify various weather conditions. By selecting the ARDUINO NANO as the least
expensive component of the system, it was also made to be cost-effective. The prototype could produce results
of the weather conditions since it was designed with four sensors for temperature, humidity, air speed, and air
direction connected to the ARDUINO NANO.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] Anurag D, Siuli Roy and Somprakash Bandyopadhyay, “Agro-Sense: Precision Agriculture using Sensor-
based Wireless Mesh Networks”, ITU-T “Innovation in NGN”, Kaleidoscope Conference, Geneva 12-13
May 2008.
[2] C. Arun, K. Lakshmi Sudha “Agricultural Management using Wireless Sensor Networks – A Survey”2nd
International Conference on Environment Science and Biotechnology IPCBEE vol.48 (2012) © (2012)
IACSIT Press, Singapore 2012.
[3] Bogena H R, Huisman J A, OberdÊrster C, etal. Evaluation of a low cost soil water content sensor for
wireless network applications [J].Journal of Hydrology, 2007.
[4] R.Hussain, J.Sehgal, A.Gangwar, M.Riyag“ Control of irrigation automatically by using wireless sensor
network” International journal of soft computing and engineering, vol.3, issue 1, march 2013.
[5] Izzatdin Abdul Aziz, MohdHilmiHasan, Mohd Jimmy Ismail, MazlinaMehat, NazleeniSamihaHaron,
“Remote Monitoring in Agricultural Greenhouse Using Wireless Sensor and Short Message Service
(SMS)”, 2008.
[6] Jeonghwan Hwang, Changsun Shin, and Hyun Yoe “Study on an Agricultural Environment Monitoring
Server System using Wireless Sensor Networks”, 2010.
[7] Ning Wang, Naiqian Zhang, Maohua Wang, “Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry—Recent
development and future perspective”, published in Automation of irrigation system using IoT 87
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2006.

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[8] Pepper Agro, “M-Drip Kit” Internet: www.pepperagro.i/mdripkitmanual.htmlSiuli Roy, Somprakash
Bandyopadhyay, “A Test-bed on Real-time Monitoring of Agricultural Parameters using Wireless
Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture” 2007.
[9] Yiming Zhou, Xianglong Yang, Liren Wang, Yibin Ying, A wireless design of low-cost irrigation system
using ZigBee technology, International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications
and Trusted Computing , IEEE 2009.
[10] Zhang xihai, Zhang changli Fang junlong. Smart Sensor Nodes for Wireless Soil Temperature
Monitoring Systems in Precision Agriculture 2009.
[11] R.Suresh, S.Gopinath, K.Govindaraju, T.Devika, N.SuthanthiraVanitha, “GSM based Automated Irrigation
Control using Raingun Irrigation System”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering Vol. 3, Issue 2, February 2014.
[12] Pavithra D.S, M. S .Srinath, “GSM based Automatic Irrigation Control System for Efficient Use of
Resources and Crop Planning by Using an Android Mobile”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) Vol 11, Issue I, Jul-Aug 2014, pp 49-55.
[13] LaxmiShabadi, NandiniPatil, Nikita. M, Shruti. J, Smitha. P&Swati. C, and Software Engineering,
Volume4, Issue 7, July 2014. “Irrigation Control System Using Android and GSM for Efficient Use of
Water and Power”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science
[14] Shiraz Pasha B.R., Dr. B Yogesha, “Microcontroller Based Automated Irrigation System”, The
International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES), Volume3, Issue 7, pp 06-09, June2014.
[15] S. R. Kumbhar, Arjun P. Ghatule, “Microcontroller based Controlled Irrigation System for Plantation”,
Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2013VolumeII,
March 2013.
[16] Yunseop (James) Kim, Member, IEEE, Robert G. Evans, andWilliam M. Iversen, “Remote Sensing and
Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, Volume 57, Number 7, JULY 2008. [
[17] Venkata Naga RohitGunturi, “Micro Controller Based Automatic Plant Irrigation System”, International
Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue4, April-2013.
[18] MahirDursun and SemihOzden, “A wireless application of drip irrigation 88 Pavankumar Naik, Arun
Kumbi, Kirthishree Katti and Nagaraj Telkar automation supported by soil moisture sensors”, Scientific
Research and Essays, Volume 6(7), pp. 1573-1582, 4 April, 2011.
[19] Joseph Bradley, Joel Barbier, Doug Handler: Available online at:
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoE_Economy.pdf consulted on February 2014.
[20] Z. Shelby, Ed, S. Chakrabarti, E. Nordmark and C. Bormann: "RFC 6775 - Neighbor Discovery
Optimization forIPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", November
2012 [online], Available at:http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6775 [consulted on February 2014].
November 2012.
[21] P.K Basu, “ Soil Testing in India”, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India, 2011.

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AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON IOT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT