PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATES BY BURNT BRICK BATS AND LATERITIC FINES IN CONCRETE- AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:03/Issue:08/August-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science
[258]
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATES BY BURNT BRICK BATS AND
LATERITIC FINES IN CONCRETE- AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Prajwal K S*1, Pushparaj A Naik*2
*1,2Department Of CivilEngineering N.M.A.M.I.T, Visvesvaraya Technological University
Nitte, Karkala Taluk, Udupi Dist, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
As concrete is the most abundant material used in the world, it contains aggregate content of around 60 to 70
%. Since aggregate are being used rapidly there has been a scarcity in the avaibility of these materials. This
research investigates the effect of partially replacing aggregates by burnt brick bats and lateritic fines in
concrete respectively for M25 grade concrete. The incorporation is done for 5%, 10% and 15% of burnt brick
bats for coarse aggregate and by talking 15% of lateritic fines as constant for fine aggregate by conducting
compressive strength test which gave the optimum value of 15% for natural sand. The compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength was conducted. The results showed density of of the concrete
incorporating brick and laterite was lower compared to conventional concrete, the concrete with 5% burnt
brick and 15% lateritic soil showed increased strength for 7 days compared to normal concrete but when 28
days test was conducted the strength was similar to conventional concrete. The split tensile and flexural
strength of replaced concrete was found to be lower than the nominal concrete.
Keywords: Burnt Brick Bats, Lateritic Fines, Compressive Strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
The business of building materials is to a great extent reliant upon normal crude materials which are not
endless. Perhaps the most normally utilized materials is concrete, which consists of cement matrix and
aggregates.[1]It is a composite development material consisting of a large granular substance implanted in a
hard grid that fills and binds the particles in the space. The aggregate is the primary and most important
material used in the manufacture of concrete, accounting for the majority of the overall volume of the concrete.
Aggregates have better volume stability and durability than hydrated cement paste, resulting in better concrete
economy.
The aggregate mixture's kind and size are determined by the final concrete product's thickness and purpose. It
is expected that there would be a scarcity of aggregate for the manufacture of concrete due to the restricted
source of aggregate production.[2] Burnt brick is the type that will be treated in a kiln at a high temperature to
harden, increase mechanical strength, and enhance moisture resistance. The bricks are hand-moulded piece by
piece and sun-dried in the open air. Because they are the most often used material in residential building, they
account for a significant percentage of construction and demolition trash. Some bricks may be uneven in form
and size throughout the manufacturing process, and even good and well-burnt bricks may be shattered before
and during building, these bricks which are broken or damaged during the construction process can be used as
a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. Because of the tremendous rise in infrastructure projects
throughout the world, river sand is becoming scarce. A severe scarcity of river sand has resulted in
uncontrolled sand mining. It has adverse effects on river banks, river beds, biodiversity, river water quality, and
groundwater availability. This has resulted in the search for alternatives to river sand for usage as fine
aggregate in mortars and concretes. [3]Lateritic soil is one of the substitutes for fine aggregate that may be
utilised. Laterite is a soil and rock rich in iron and aluminium that is considered to have formed in hot, humid
tropical regions. This soil has rusty red colour due to significant iron oxide content. Its chemical composition
varies widely depending upon its origin, climatic condition and age. It was locally used to make bricks for
constructions, thus the term "laterite," from the Latin word "later," which means "brick." The use of this soil as
fine aggregate in building decreases Sand mining minimises the usage of this soil as a fine aggregate in the
building, thereby reducing environmental pollution and conserving natural resources.

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II. OBJECTIVES
To study the performance of fresh and hardened concrete when coarse aggregate and fine aggregates are
replaced partially by burnt brick bats and lateritic soil.
To determine the best combination of burnt brick bs and lateritic soil as coarse and fine aggregates in concrete
to achieve greater strength.
III. MATERIALS
In this study OPC-53 grade confirming to IS 269-2015 has been used. The physical characteristics of the cement
are tested based on IS-4031-1988 given in table 1.
Table 1: physical properties of cement
SL .No Properties Test
results
1 Standard
consistency
33 %
2 Initial setting time 68 min
3 Final setting time 260 min
4 Specific gravity 3.10
5 Fineness modulus 2 %
Fine Aggregate: The aggregate passing through 4.75mm IS sieve is used. The tests were conducted as per IS
2386 (part 3): 1963.
Table 2: Fine aggregate physical properties
SL. No Properties Test
results
2 Water absorption 0.8 %
3 Fineness modulus 2.74
4 Grading zone Zone II
Coarse Aggregate: The aggregates passing to 20mm is taken. The tests were conducted as per IS 2386 (part
3): 1963.
Table 3: Coarse aggregate physical properties
SL. No Properties Test results
1 Type of
aggregate
Crushed
angular
3 Water
absorption
0.6%
4 Fineness
modulus
3.64
5 Aggregate impact 18.6%
6 Aggregate
crushing
27.69%

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Burnt brick bats: The bricks which are damaged during handling, transporting, construction are used as
replacement for coarse aggregate. The bricks were crushed before use to make it 20mm downsize.
Table 4: Burnt brick bats physical properties
SL.
No
Properties Test results
1 Type of
aggregate.
Crushed angular
2 Specific gravity. 2.33
3 Water
absorption
6.38%
4 Fineness
modulus
3.29
5 Aggregate
impact
61.8%
6 Aggregate
crushing
56.7%
Lateritic Soil: The soil was collected from quarry industry near bellman, Mangalore. The physical and chemical
tests are test conducted are as follows.
Table 5: Physical properties of lateritic soil
SL.
No
Properties Test results
1 Specific
gravity.
2.17
2 Water
absorption.
2.4 %
3 Fineness
modulus
3.46
4 Grading zone. Zone I
Table 6: Chemical properties of Lateritic Soil
Sl.
No
Parameters Result
(%)
1 Alumina 11.45
2 Chloride 0.02
3 Calcium oxide <0.01
4 Ferric oxide 22.36
5 Magnesium oxide <0.01
6 Loss of ignition 36%
7 Potassium oxide ND
8 Silica 16.12
9 Sodium oxide <0.1
10 Total hardness <0.1

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IV. METHODOLOGY
V. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
The cement mortar was casted to know the maximum incorporation of lateritic soil that could be used in
concrete. The Mould of size 70.6 mm x 70.6 mm x 70.6 size conforming to IS: 10080-1982 was used. The ratio of
1:3 with percent replacement of 10%, 15%, 20% 25 %, 30% lateritic soil was used.
Table 7: Compressive Strength of Different Mixes
Percentage
Replacement
(%)
7 days
Strength
In
N/mm2.
28 days
Strength
In
N/mm2.
Nominal
Cement
Mortar
31.62 41.79
10 12.92 20.05
15 28.91 40.12
20 15.98 19.05
25 17.05 15.70
30 8.84 13.03

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Fig 1: compressive strength V/s percentage replacement of cement mortar
The compressive strength of the mortar cubes falls progressively; for nominal cement mortar, it increases by
27.71 percent, and for 15 and 20 percent replacement, it increases by 15.21 percent and 16.7 percent,
respectively. However, the strength is gradually lowered by 25% to 30%. As a result, lateritic soil is used in
concrete at a rate of 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively.
Result for Concrete Incorporating Lateritic Soil
The test was conducted by implementing the lateritic soil in the range of 15%, 20%, 25% respectively. The
strength of these mixes is shown in table 8
Table 8: compressive strength of different mixes
Percentage
Replacement
(%)
7 days
Strength In
N/mm2.
28 days
Strength
In
N/mm2.
Conventional
Concrete (CC)
22.54 36.31
15 25.99 35.77
20 22.99 33.30
25 18.10 24.72
Fig 2: compressive strength V/s percentage replacement of lateritic soil
It can be seen that the strength of cubes diminishes as the proportion of lateritic material increases. The
strength of the regular mix is increased by 36.6 percent, and the strength of the 15 percent replacement is 31.6

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percent and for 20% substation is 30.9 percent. As a result, 15% substitution can be considered the optimum
figure for future replacement.
2 Split Tensile Strength
The studies were carried out for scales ranging of lateritic soil incorporation (15%, 20% and 25%),the strength
of 7 and 28 days is shown in table
Table 9: Split tensile strength of different mixes
Percentage
Replacement
(%)
7 days
Strength
In
N/mm2.
28 days
Strength
In
N/mm2.
Conventional
concrete (CC)
2.96 3.20
15 2.82 2.96
20 2.57 2.68
25 2.26 2.36
Fig 3: Split tensile strength V/s percentage replacement of lateritic soil
The strength for nominal mix is improved by 7.89%, for 15 percent replacement 4.89%, and for 20% and 25
%incorporation there is a loss in strength. As a result, increasing the lateritic component of concrete decreases
its strength.
3 Flexural Strength
The two-point loading method is adopted. The strength of 7 and 28 days is given in table 4. for varied lateritic
soil replacement (15 percent, 20 percent, and 25 percent).
Table 10: Flexural Strength of different mixes
Percentage
Replacement
(%)
7 days
Strength In
N/mm2.
28 days
Strength
In
N/mm2
Conventional
concrete (CC)
2.97 3.98
15 2.34 3.02

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20 2.16 2.68
25 2.03 2.35
Fig 4: Flexural strength V/s percentage replacement of lateritic soil
The strength of nominal mix is enhanced by 29.1%, while the strength of 15 percent lateritic fine is increased
by 12.68%. The strength reduces when the increment is increased. As a result, it may be stated that concrete
can't be used as a replacement for more than 15% of the time.
Test Results for Concrete Replacing Coarse Aggregate by Burnt Brick Bats and Fine Aggregate by
Lateritic Soil
1. Compressive Strength
The incorporation of coarse aggregate by crushed bricks (BB) in the interval of 5%, 10%, and 15% and fine
aggregate by lateritic soil (LS) of 15%is done; the strength of these mixes is shown in table 4.3.1.
Table 11: compressive strength of cubes
Percentage
Replacement
(%)
7 days
Strength
In
N/mm2
28 days
Strength
In
N/mm2
Nominal mix 22.54 36.31
5% BB and
15% LS
26.41 34.22
10% BB and
15% LS
19.54 28.71
25% BB and
15% LS
16.21 22.54

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Fig 5: Compressive strength V/s percentage replacement of aggregates respectively
The compressive strength is decreased as the replacement of burnt brick bats is increased. The strength of 5%
BB and 15% LS has been improved by 12.81 percent. As a result, the optimal replacement is 5 percent BB and
15% LS compressive strength.
2. Split Tensile Strength
The specimens were casted with varying percentages of both natural aggregates, the strength of 7 and 28 days
is shown in table 12.
Table 12: Split tensile strength of cylinders
Percentage
Replacement
(%)
7 days
Strength
In
N/mm2
28 days
Strength
In
N/mm2
Conventional
concrete (CC)
2.96 3.20
5% BB and
15% LS
2.43 2.97
10% BB and
15% LS
1.41 2.68
25% BB and
15% LS
1.34 2.12
Fig 6: Split tensile strength V/s percentage variation of aggregates respectively

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As the proportion of incorporation increases, the split tensile strength decreases. It can be observed from the
test that strength increased is 20% for 5% BB and 15% LS, and afterwards there is a gradual reduction in
strength.
Flexural Strength
The test was carried by replacing natural aggregate by brick bats and lateritic soil partially. The test results for
7 and 28 days is shown in table 13
Table 13: Flexural strength of beams
Percentage
Replacement
(%)
7 days
Strength
In
N/mm2.
28 days
Strength
In
N/mm2.
Conventional
concrete (CC)
2.97 3.98
5% BB and
15% LS
2.29 3.11
10% BB and
15% LS
1.96 2.54
25% BB and
15% LS
1.61 1.98
Fig 7: flexural strength V/s percentage replacement of aggregates respectively
From the above graph the strength gain with respect to conventional concrete for 10% and 15% BB is
increased by 30.3% and 25.7% respectively. Therefore, burnt brick bats cannot be used as replacement above
5%.
VI. CONCLUSION
1. The study investigates the replacement of aggregates by burnt brick bats and lateritic soil in concrete. The
compressive, split tensile and flexural strength on M25 grade concrete with 5%,10%,15% burnt brick
content and 15 % lateritic soil was replaced. The following conclusions were made.
2. The density of the concrete incorporating brick and laterite was found to be lower compared to
conventional concrete.
3. The cement mortar replacing lateritic fines showed increase in compressive strength at 15%, 20%, 25%.

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4. The chemical analysis of the lateritic soil showed increase in potassium oxide, ferric oxide, and alumina
content.
5. At 15 % replacement of lateritic soil in concrete showed almost similar strength compared to conventional
concrete.
6. There was decrease in compressive strength at 28 days of age of about 30% 35% when soil was substituted.
7. The split tensile and the flexural strength of concrete at 15% replacement of lateritic fines showed less
strength.
8. The concrete with 5% burnt brick and 15% lateritic soil showed increased strength for 7 days compared to
normal concrete but when 28 days test was conducted the strength was similar to conventional concrete.
VII. REFERENCE
[1] M. Adamson, A. Razmjoo 2015, “Durability of concrete incorporating crushed brick as coarse
aggregate” construction and building materials, Elsevier, 2015
[2] Farid Debieb a, Said Kenai “The use of coarse and fine crushed bricks as aggregate in concrete”
Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier, 22 pp 886–893,2008.
[3] Asif Raza1, Fahad Ali Shaikh et al “Effect of Crushed Over-burnt Brick on the Compressive Strength of
Concrete by Partially Replacing Coarse Aggregate”, 2nd International Conference on Sustainable
Development in Civil Engineering, MUET,2019.
[4] Md. Robiul Awall1 Md. Oli-Ur-Rahaman et al “Compressive strength behavior of concrete by partial
replacement of regular brick with over-burnt brick aggregate” Springer International Publishing
Switzerland 2017, DOI 10.1007/s41062-017-0059-6.
[5] S U Azunna,J O Ogar “ Characteristic Properties of Concrete with Recycled Burnt Bricks as Coarse
Aggregates Replacement” Computational Engineering and Physical Modeling 4-1 (2021) 56-72
[6] J.A. Osunade “Effect of replacement of lateritic soils with granite fines on the compressive and tensile
strengths of laterized concrete” Building and Environment, Elsevier 37 (2002) 491 – 496.
[7] Joshua, Opeyemi, “effects of partial replacement of sand with lateritic soil in sandcrete blocks”
Covenant Journal of Research in the Built Environment (CJRBE) Vol. 1, No. 2. March, 2014.
[8] R. Rajapriya, V. Ponmalar “Study on the mechanical behaviour of different grades of concrete
incorporating crushed laterite scraps as fine aggregate” construction and building materials, Elsevier,
2020.
[9] G sabrish, M K V M Ratnam “ A Study On Strength And Durability Characteristics of Concrete With
Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Lateritic Soil” International Journal For Innovative Research
in Science and Technology (IJRST) Vol. 2,Issue 03 ,August 2015.
[10] Joseph O. Ukpata, Maurice E. Ephraim “Compressive strength of concrete using lateritic sand and
quarry dust as fine aggregate” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, ISSN 1819-6608 vol.
7, no. 1, January 2012.

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATES BY BURNT BRICK BATS AND LATERITIC FINES IN CONCRETE- AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATES BY BURNT BRICK BATS AND LATERITIC FINES IN CONCRETE- AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION