Evaluation of mass trapping for control of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey
— The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most important pests of citrus in Turkey. The objective of this study was to evaluate mass trapping for the control of Medfly in Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey. The studies were conducted in 2011-2012 using eostrap® invaginada traps baited with % 95 Trimedlure impregnated in a polymeric plug-type dispenser. In the first year, 48 traps per 0.7 ha were placed in an experimental site from 1 st August to December. In the second year, 23 traps per 0.7 ha were placed in the same site from 14 August to December. After two years of the study, the population density of medfly varied in each of the sampling year. In the first year, a total of 8968 medfly adults were caught by traps. The largest mean of catches per trap were recorded. In the second year, a total of 1307 medfly adults were caught by traps. The largest mean of the catches per trap were recorded on 25 September (7.35), followed by 13 November (5.83), 6 November (5.52), 18 September (5.43) and 30 October (4.26), respectively. The percentages of damage rates of medfly observed in both years. The damage rates of Medfly were 10.91 and 8.56 % in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In conclusion, the population density of medfly on satsuma mandarin increased in September and October due to high temperature. The mass trapping was not enough to control medfly on satsuma mandarin. Therefore, the mass trapping should be used with pesticides to decrease the population density of medfly during September and October in Hatay province of Turkey.
An experiment using three different soil-based media on seedling emergence and growth of African
oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) was carried out at the screen house of School of Agriculture and
Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri to determine the best soil-based media for
mass production of oil bean seedlings. The top soil served as the control while the other three soil-based media;
top soil+cow dung (TS+CD), top soil+rice hull (TS+RH), and top soil+saw dust (TS+SD) were prepared in 1:1,
1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 volume by volume (v/v). The treatments were laid out in a Completely Randomized Design
(CRD) and replicated six times, giving a total of 72 observation units. Data were collected on days to emergence,
plant height, number of root hairs and root length at 50 days after planting (DAP).The combination of top
soil+saw dust at 1:3 v/v performed better than the other media combination in all the parameters studied; had
least mean value of approximately 18 days to emergence, highest mean value of 23.50cm for plant height, and
highest mean value of 119.30 and 26.60cm for number of root hairs and root length at 50 DAP.
susceptibility of eucalyptus species and clones to red gum lerpIJEAB
Glycaspis brimblecombei is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalypts. The pest is native to Australia. The nymph feeds on eucalypt leaves and secretes honeydew with which they construct a waxy cover (called a lerp) around themselves. This cover is whitish and conical in shape and shelters the insects until the adult stage. The insect is considered a serious pest that causes leaf discoloration, severe leaf drop, twig dieback and some tree mortality on some Eucalyptus species. In October 2016, the red gum lerp psyllid was recorded for the first time in Mbizi forest plantation in Tanzania infesting Eucalyptus camaldulensis and different Eucalyptus clones. A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of Eucalypt germplasm to the insect pest. Results showed that E. camaldulensis was more infested followed by GC 514, GC 167, GC 584, GC 15, GC 785 clones while GC 940 was the least infested. Eucalyptus grandis was not infested. Stakeholders can be able to use the susceptibility grouping of the Eucalyptus germplasm to determine what to plant in areas of red gum lerp psyllid infestation. Similar research work should be carried in all major host tree growing areas to determine susceptibility groups for the areas.
Population density and spatial distribution of bean bug chauliops fallax swee...kiran Bala
The bean bug Chauliops fallax feeds exclusively on all leguminous crops in most regions of the world. The population density and spatial distribution of bean bug has been investigated on three different host plant i.e. soybean, cowpea and black gram (mash) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh during 2016. The fields of 600m2 and 300m2 area were selected as a sampling unit for sampling in soybean, cowpea and black gram. Him Palam Hara Soya -1, C-475 and Pant U19 genotypes of soybean, cowpea and mash were selected for the estimation of density and distribution of the bean bug. Different methods viz., Morisita’s index, Index of dispersion and Lewis index were used to calculate the density and distribution of the population of the pest. The mean population of bugs per plant was recorded on soybean (7.25) followed by cowpea (3.01) and black gram (1.21). Studies on knowing the distribution pattern of bean bug population under field conditions revealed that in soybean the distribution of bug was contagious (2.99) while in cowpea (2.44) and black gram (1.87) regular and contagious distribution pattern was found. The Z value of Morisita’s index in case of soybean was 9.98 followed by 5.87 and 3.50 in case of cowpea and black gram. Similar trend was found in case of Index of dispersion and Lewis index. Optimum sample sizes for estimates of the pest density in all the three host plants are presented.
An experiment using three different soil-based media on seedling emergence and growth of African
oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) was carried out at the screen house of School of Agriculture and
Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri to determine the best soil-based media for
mass production of oil bean seedlings. The top soil served as the control while the other three soil-based media;
top soil+cow dung (TS+CD), top soil+rice hull (TS+RH), and top soil+saw dust (TS+SD) were prepared in 1:1,
1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 volume by volume (v/v). The treatments were laid out in a Completely Randomized Design
(CRD) and replicated six times, giving a total of 72 observation units. Data were collected on days to emergence,
plant height, number of root hairs and root length at 50 days after planting (DAP).The combination of top
soil+saw dust at 1:3 v/v performed better than the other media combination in all the parameters studied; had
least mean value of approximately 18 days to emergence, highest mean value of 23.50cm for plant height, and
highest mean value of 119.30 and 26.60cm for number of root hairs and root length at 50 DAP.
susceptibility of eucalyptus species and clones to red gum lerpIJEAB
Glycaspis brimblecombei is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalypts. The pest is native to Australia. The nymph feeds on eucalypt leaves and secretes honeydew with which they construct a waxy cover (called a lerp) around themselves. This cover is whitish and conical in shape and shelters the insects until the adult stage. The insect is considered a serious pest that causes leaf discoloration, severe leaf drop, twig dieback and some tree mortality on some Eucalyptus species. In October 2016, the red gum lerp psyllid was recorded for the first time in Mbizi forest plantation in Tanzania infesting Eucalyptus camaldulensis and different Eucalyptus clones. A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of Eucalypt germplasm to the insect pest. Results showed that E. camaldulensis was more infested followed by GC 514, GC 167, GC 584, GC 15, GC 785 clones while GC 940 was the least infested. Eucalyptus grandis was not infested. Stakeholders can be able to use the susceptibility grouping of the Eucalyptus germplasm to determine what to plant in areas of red gum lerp psyllid infestation. Similar research work should be carried in all major host tree growing areas to determine susceptibility groups for the areas.
Population density and spatial distribution of bean bug chauliops fallax swee...kiran Bala
The bean bug Chauliops fallax feeds exclusively on all leguminous crops in most regions of the world. The population density and spatial distribution of bean bug has been investigated on three different host plant i.e. soybean, cowpea and black gram (mash) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh during 2016. The fields of 600m2 and 300m2 area were selected as a sampling unit for sampling in soybean, cowpea and black gram. Him Palam Hara Soya -1, C-475 and Pant U19 genotypes of soybean, cowpea and mash were selected for the estimation of density and distribution of the bean bug. Different methods viz., Morisita’s index, Index of dispersion and Lewis index were used to calculate the density and distribution of the population of the pest. The mean population of bugs per plant was recorded on soybean (7.25) followed by cowpea (3.01) and black gram (1.21). Studies on knowing the distribution pattern of bean bug population under field conditions revealed that in soybean the distribution of bug was contagious (2.99) while in cowpea (2.44) and black gram (1.87) regular and contagious distribution pattern was found. The Z value of Morisita’s index in case of soybean was 9.98 followed by 5.87 and 3.50 in case of cowpea and black gram. Similar trend was found in case of Index of dispersion and Lewis index. Optimum sample sizes for estimates of the pest density in all the three host plants are presented.
Captive Breeding: Genetic and Demographic ManagementDrPrincelinaBora
It is a presentation about the genetic and population management of captive stock of wild animals which can be eventually reintroduced into the wild. It covers basically the aspects of setting genetic and demographic goal before starting a captive stock and also measures to reduce adaptation to captive environment which is detrimental in the wild. At the end some success stories have been added basically for captive programs conducted in India. All the references from where the data have been taken are given with the file.
Use of Low-Cost Pest Exclusion Net to Control Tuta absoluta Infestation and B...Premier Publishers
Low cost pest exclusion nets (PENs) of 0.4 mm mesh sizes was evaluated to determine their efficacy in reducing Tuta absoluta infestation and enhancing yields of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Miller) at Dang and Surkhet of Nepal, from December, 2016 to June, 2017 at field production levels. The PENs efficiency was compared with no net (control) in a randomized complete block design with 14 replications. Results showed the lower tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) infestation (P<0.05) with higher yield (P<0.05) on tomato grown under PENs with high incomes. The results revealed that the farmers can adopt the use of PENs for pest management in tomato production to easily control the invasive pest of tomato and obtain the higher yield. Hence, farmers can use low cost pest exclusion nets to control the invasive insects of tomato.
Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Brassica compestris crop through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the mustard crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. Conclusively, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play important role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/population-dynamics-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-mustard-crop/
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Ecological Diversity of Flora and Fauna at Curzon Hall, University Of Dhaka, ...paperpublications3
Abstract:The diversity of local flora and fauna at the Curzon Hall premises, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh was studied from April 2nd, 2014 to January 10th, 2015. A total of 98 species of flora and fauna were found during the study. The study was done to observe the condition of the biodiversity and also to conserve them.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the ancient grain crops cultivated and used worldwide. In Ethiopia, barley is among important staple crops next to tef, maize, wheat and sorghum mainly grown on about 1 million ha of land with average yield of 2.1t ha. It is the predominant cereal in the high altitudes and it accounts nearly 25% of the total production in Africa. The fungi Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) and P. teres f. maculata (Ptm) cause net form net blotch (NFNB) and spot form net blotch (SFNB) of barley, respectively. Net blotch is one of the most important barley diseases which reduce both quality and quantity of barley grain. Yield loss due to this disease reaches up to 100% in susceptible cultivars under severe epidemics. In Ethiopia, barley net blotch is among widely distributed and destructive diseases in cool highland areas and yield losses reaching about 67% have been recorded. Currently, the disease can be controlled using different approaches such as cultural, chemical and biological controls as well as using resistant cultivars of which development and deployment of resistant cultivars is the best management method. However, it is argued that using integrated disease management is one of the most important strategies that should be followed to reduce the effect of barley net blotch diseases. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, life cycle, host range, geographical distribution and disease management of barley net blotch disease. It also presents the barley net blotch disease management methods such as cultural, chemical, biological and use of host resistance methods. Under host resistance method, information on types of resistance, sources of resistance have been presented.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
Impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L...Innspub Net
Caesalpinia bonduc L. is an important medicinal plant threatened by overexploitation. In the present study, the
impact of climate on seed morphology, germination capacity, seedling and plant growth of C. bonduc were evaluated. A total of 2000 seeds were collected in Sudanian and Guinean climate zones of Africa and their length, width, thickness, weight and color were recorded. A hierarchical classification and canonical discriminant analysis were applied to the above traits of seeds from the different climatic zones. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was applied to seeds morphotypes identified by the hierarchical classification to test for the effect of these morphotypes on seed germination, seedling and plant growth. Hierarchical classification helped to
identify four seed morphotypes. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on these morphotypes revealed highly significant differences. Morphotypes 1 and 3 comprised green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone while morphotypes 2 and 4 gathered grey seeds mainly from Guinean zone. Morphotype 3 had the longest seeds while the shortest seeds were from morphotype 1. The heaviest seeds were found in morphotype 4 whereas the lightest ones were from morphotype 1. Seeds of morphotype 4 were the thickest and widest, while the slimmest and most narrow ones were grouped in morphotype 1. Moprhotype 3, consisting of large green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone, was superior in terms of seedling and plant growth among all morphotypes and should be the best choice
for planting purposes of the species.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
Assessment of Pest Severity and Biological Parameters of Bactrocera minax in ...AI Publications
Chinese Citrus fly, Bactrocera(Tetradacus) minax(Enderlein), univoltine fruit fly species, is a serious insect pest in Nepal, Bhutan, China, India causing 100% fruit drop in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) orchards in severe case. Four elevation ranges: 1400-1474masl, 1475-1549masl, 1550-1624masl and >1624masl of Ramechhap district were taken for the study of severity of infestation by this fly species in November 2018. A subsequent rearing was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal upto April 2019 to assess various developmental parameters of Bactrocera minax starting from larval stage in infested sweet oranges to the adult flies. Elevation range had the most significant effect (P<0.05) on pest severity (2017/18). Pest severity had strong relationship on elevation of orchards (R2=0.6638). Maximum pest severity (37.12%) was found in 1550-1624masl and minimum (2.90%) in 1400-1474masl. Maximum mean maggots/fruit (6.40±1.25) at 1550-1624masl and minimum (3.95±0.92) at 1475-1549masl were recorded. Post-pupal mortality was higher than pre-pupal mortality. Maximum pre-pupal mortality (11.13±5.24%) at >1624masl and the minimum (2.08±1.46%) at 1550-1624masl were recorded while 1475-1549masl and 1400-1474masl had the respective minimum (25.81±7.59%) and maximum (36.08±9.17%) post-pupal mortality. Most adult flies emerged by 2nd week of March lasting 115 days for adult eclosion. Sex ratio (male: female) was maximum (2.5) at 1400-1474masl and minimum (1.2) at >1624masl. Without feeding an adult fly survived upto 3 days. It can be speculated that besides other meteorological factors, elevation affects geographical distribution of fly and its subsequent biological parameters.
The leaf miner, Coelaenomenodera elaeidis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a high priority insect pest of the oil palm. The study examined the influence of temperature and rainfall on C. elaeidis abundance in the Okomu oil palm plantation between 2007 and 2009. Climatological data were obtained from the Okomu meteorological station. Pest and weather data were analyzed using multiple linear regressions. Highest mean temperature (33.13 0C ± 1.29) and rainfall (233.73mm ± 176.01) were recorded in 2007. There were significant relationships between adult (0.045) and pupa (0.02). C. elaeidis stages with rainfall and minimum temperature in 2007. Leaf miner predictions were evaluated for the different leaf miner stages using their corresponding model equations. The mathematical relationship between the insect stages (larva, pupa and adult) and weather factors (rainfall and temperature) implies that pest prediction can be made for the different leaf miner stages using their corresponding model equations giving specific values for rainfall and temperature. The variations in the seasonal patterns of temperature and rainfall are of major significance as a cue to timing leaf miner abundance and ensuring effective control. This study recommends control of the C. elaeidis before the onset of the dry season and temperature build up. This improves management of the leaf miner by controlling it more effectively.
Captive Breeding: Genetic and Demographic ManagementDrPrincelinaBora
It is a presentation about the genetic and population management of captive stock of wild animals which can be eventually reintroduced into the wild. It covers basically the aspects of setting genetic and demographic goal before starting a captive stock and also measures to reduce adaptation to captive environment which is detrimental in the wild. At the end some success stories have been added basically for captive programs conducted in India. All the references from where the data have been taken are given with the file.
Use of Low-Cost Pest Exclusion Net to Control Tuta absoluta Infestation and B...Premier Publishers
Low cost pest exclusion nets (PENs) of 0.4 mm mesh sizes was evaluated to determine their efficacy in reducing Tuta absoluta infestation and enhancing yields of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Miller) at Dang and Surkhet of Nepal, from December, 2016 to June, 2017 at field production levels. The PENs efficiency was compared with no net (control) in a randomized complete block design with 14 replications. Results showed the lower tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) infestation (P<0.05) with higher yield (P<0.05) on tomato grown under PENs with high incomes. The results revealed that the farmers can adopt the use of PENs for pest management in tomato production to easily control the invasive pest of tomato and obtain the higher yield. Hence, farmers can use low cost pest exclusion nets to control the invasive insects of tomato.
Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Brassica compestris crop through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the mustard crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. Conclusively, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play important role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/population-dynamics-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-mustard-crop/
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Ecological Diversity of Flora and Fauna at Curzon Hall, University Of Dhaka, ...paperpublications3
Abstract:The diversity of local flora and fauna at the Curzon Hall premises, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh was studied from April 2nd, 2014 to January 10th, 2015. A total of 98 species of flora and fauna were found during the study. The study was done to observe the condition of the biodiversity and also to conserve them.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the ancient grain crops cultivated and used worldwide. In Ethiopia, barley is among important staple crops next to tef, maize, wheat and sorghum mainly grown on about 1 million ha of land with average yield of 2.1t ha. It is the predominant cereal in the high altitudes and it accounts nearly 25% of the total production in Africa. The fungi Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) and P. teres f. maculata (Ptm) cause net form net blotch (NFNB) and spot form net blotch (SFNB) of barley, respectively. Net blotch is one of the most important barley diseases which reduce both quality and quantity of barley grain. Yield loss due to this disease reaches up to 100% in susceptible cultivars under severe epidemics. In Ethiopia, barley net blotch is among widely distributed and destructive diseases in cool highland areas and yield losses reaching about 67% have been recorded. Currently, the disease can be controlled using different approaches such as cultural, chemical and biological controls as well as using resistant cultivars of which development and deployment of resistant cultivars is the best management method. However, it is argued that using integrated disease management is one of the most important strategies that should be followed to reduce the effect of barley net blotch diseases. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, life cycle, host range, geographical distribution and disease management of barley net blotch disease. It also presents the barley net blotch disease management methods such as cultural, chemical, biological and use of host resistance methods. Under host resistance method, information on types of resistance, sources of resistance have been presented.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
Impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L...Innspub Net
Caesalpinia bonduc L. is an important medicinal plant threatened by overexploitation. In the present study, the
impact of climate on seed morphology, germination capacity, seedling and plant growth of C. bonduc were evaluated. A total of 2000 seeds were collected in Sudanian and Guinean climate zones of Africa and their length, width, thickness, weight and color were recorded. A hierarchical classification and canonical discriminant analysis were applied to the above traits of seeds from the different climatic zones. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was applied to seeds morphotypes identified by the hierarchical classification to test for the effect of these morphotypes on seed germination, seedling and plant growth. Hierarchical classification helped to
identify four seed morphotypes. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on these morphotypes revealed highly significant differences. Morphotypes 1 and 3 comprised green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone while morphotypes 2 and 4 gathered grey seeds mainly from Guinean zone. Morphotype 3 had the longest seeds while the shortest seeds were from morphotype 1. The heaviest seeds were found in morphotype 4 whereas the lightest ones were from morphotype 1. Seeds of morphotype 4 were the thickest and widest, while the slimmest and most narrow ones were grouped in morphotype 1. Moprhotype 3, consisting of large green seeds mainly from Sudanian zone, was superior in terms of seedling and plant growth among all morphotypes and should be the best choice
for planting purposes of the species.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Evaluation of mass trapping for control of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
Assessment of Pest Severity and Biological Parameters of Bactrocera minax in ...AI Publications
Chinese Citrus fly, Bactrocera(Tetradacus) minax(Enderlein), univoltine fruit fly species, is a serious insect pest in Nepal, Bhutan, China, India causing 100% fruit drop in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) orchards in severe case. Four elevation ranges: 1400-1474masl, 1475-1549masl, 1550-1624masl and >1624masl of Ramechhap district were taken for the study of severity of infestation by this fly species in November 2018. A subsequent rearing was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal upto April 2019 to assess various developmental parameters of Bactrocera minax starting from larval stage in infested sweet oranges to the adult flies. Elevation range had the most significant effect (P<0.05) on pest severity (2017/18). Pest severity had strong relationship on elevation of orchards (R2=0.6638). Maximum pest severity (37.12%) was found in 1550-1624masl and minimum (2.90%) in 1400-1474masl. Maximum mean maggots/fruit (6.40±1.25) at 1550-1624masl and minimum (3.95±0.92) at 1475-1549masl were recorded. Post-pupal mortality was higher than pre-pupal mortality. Maximum pre-pupal mortality (11.13±5.24%) at >1624masl and the minimum (2.08±1.46%) at 1550-1624masl were recorded while 1475-1549masl and 1400-1474masl had the respective minimum (25.81±7.59%) and maximum (36.08±9.17%) post-pupal mortality. Most adult flies emerged by 2nd week of March lasting 115 days for adult eclosion. Sex ratio (male: female) was maximum (2.5) at 1400-1474masl and minimum (1.2) at >1624masl. Without feeding an adult fly survived upto 3 days. It can be speculated that besides other meteorological factors, elevation affects geographical distribution of fly and its subsequent biological parameters.
The leaf miner, Coelaenomenodera elaeidis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a high priority insect pest of the oil palm. The study examined the influence of temperature and rainfall on C. elaeidis abundance in the Okomu oil palm plantation between 2007 and 2009. Climatological data were obtained from the Okomu meteorological station. Pest and weather data were analyzed using multiple linear regressions. Highest mean temperature (33.13 0C ± 1.29) and rainfall (233.73mm ± 176.01) were recorded in 2007. There were significant relationships between adult (0.045) and pupa (0.02). C. elaeidis stages with rainfall and minimum temperature in 2007. Leaf miner predictions were evaluated for the different leaf miner stages using their corresponding model equations. The mathematical relationship between the insect stages (larva, pupa and adult) and weather factors (rainfall and temperature) implies that pest prediction can be made for the different leaf miner stages using their corresponding model equations giving specific values for rainfall and temperature. The variations in the seasonal patterns of temperature and rainfall are of major significance as a cue to timing leaf miner abundance and ensuring effective control. This study recommends control of the C. elaeidis before the onset of the dry season and temperature build up. This improves management of the leaf miner by controlling it more effectively.
Whitefly is a known pest of economic importance in the cassava production systems of Africa. This pest has been reported to cause losses to cassava through direct feeding damage as well as vectoring cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Serangium parcesetosum is a known predator of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and previous screenhouse and laboratory studies reported that temperature affected the reproduction and survival of this predator. However, these findings lacked precision since they did not depict the field situation. In that regard, it was imperative to initiate a study to help understand the influence of abiotic factors especially temperature and rainfall on the population of S. parcesetosum in the cassava growing fields of Uganda. The study was conducted in two agro-ecological zones of Uganda, namely; North Western Savannah Grassland (Lira) and the Kyoga Plains (Kamuli) in the first rains of 2017. Results revealed that temperature caused an increment of 3.5%, 9.1% (Kamuli) and 1.1%, 1.8% (Lira) for mean adult and larvae S. parcesesotum per plant respectively. On the contrary, rainfall caused a decrease in the population of S. parcesesotum in Lira. Generally, the effect of both temperature and rainfall on the predator population in the field was minimal.
Seasonal Incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida–A Larval Parasitoid of ...Scientific Review SR
Study on seasonal incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida, a larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner), in chickpea crop was conducted at Kanpur during rabi 2007 -08. The parasitoid made its first
appearing during 3
rd
standard meteorological week of the year in different date of sowing and verities varied
between 4.4 to 93.3 %. The verity Udai sown at November 11-2007 D1 and D2 November 28 was Mean ± SD
44.75 ± 31.93 and 42.61 ± 27.65, verity Avarodhi date of sown of October 21 2007 D1 and November 17 2007
D2 was Mean ± SD 32.43 ±29.22 and 36.36 ± 29.22 and verity Pragati date of sowing November 17 2007 D1
was Mean ± SD 31.47 ± 31.47 ± 26.79 during December, January, February and March respectively. The per cent
parasitization of C. chloridae showed a negative correlation with means temperature, sunshine hours and relative
humidity. Where a significant positive correlation was found between per cent parasitization rainfall and wind
velocity.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Population Density of Leaf Miner Lirimoyzatrifoliiand Cotton Aphid Aphis Goss...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A field study was conducted at plant protection department, college of Agriculture/University of Baghdad to determine castor oil plant pestsRicinuscommunis, for the period between 2/9/2014 to 17/6/2015.
Results showed that castor oil plant (Ricinuscommunis) was infested by the castor oil plant leaf minor Lirimoyzatrifolii and cotton aphidAphis gossypii.The highest population densities of the leaf minor at western side were 6.8 insect/leaf and the lowest were 0.6/leaf dated in 30/4,7/5 and17/6 , respectively.Whereas,the highest population densities at northern side were 5.6 insect /leaf recored in 9/9 while The lowest population densities of the leaf minor at northern side were 0.3 insect/leaf dated in 10/6,17/6 and 30/4 respectively. The highest population densities of the leaf minor at southern side were7.5 and the lowest were0.3insect/leaf dated in 3/6 , 2/1 respectively. At eastern side, the highest densities were 5.6 insect/leaf dated in2/9 and the lowest were 0 in 10/6 respectively. For cotton aphid, the highest population densities were for the northern side with4.2 cm2/leaf discdated in 2/9and the lowest were 0 cm2/leaf disc dated in12/4 and 30/4 . Whereas they were 4.8cm2/leaf disc in 19/11 and 0cm2/leaf disc in 30/1and 30/4 for western as highest and lowest densities respectively the highest population densities for the eastern sides were 3.6 in 19/11 while the lowest population density were 0.3 in 23/1 ,30/1 , 22/2 ,23/4 and 7/5 ,the highest population densities for the southeren side were 7cm2/leaf discin 23/4 while the lowest population density were 0.2 in 9/9 respectively. The highest incidence was for the parasite Pediobiusmetalicus. While, the hymenopteran Neochrysochairsformosa, Digylphuscrassinervis and Pediobiusmetalicus were reported to parastize on castor oil leaf minor.
The Effect of Dipel and Spruzit Biopesticides on Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830...IJEAB
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) is one of the important harmful insect species of the coastal areas of Eastern Black Sea Region. This insect poses a danger by feeding on the juices of hundreds of plants in the region. This study was designed to create a fight strategy against M.pruinosa, which has posed an intense danger in Artvin - Kemalpaşa in recent years, and the effect of Spruzit Neu and Dipel biopesticides on the nymphs and adults of the insect was investigated, and the applicability of these biopesticides was revealed. The study was conducted in the summer season of 2016 when the nymphs and adults of the insect are abundant in the region. In in vitro conditions, the Spruzit Neu (Pyrethrum) and Dipel DF (Bacillu thuringiensis) biopesticides were sprayed at different doses (DiPel® DF BT 100gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 300gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 500gr / 100lt ve Spruzit® Neu) on the nymphs and adults of the insect. The adults and nymphs were checked with 2-day intervals, and the results were assessed according to the One-Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and the Duncan Test. It was determined that the most effective applications for the nymphs were Dipel DF 300gr/100lt and 500gr/100lt. It was also determined that the most effective applications for the adult individuals were Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt and Dipel DF 500gr/100lt doses. The highest death rates in the nymphs were determined in Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt dose as 72,5%; and in Dipel DF dose as 80%. These rates were determined in Pyrethrum 600 ml/100lt dose as 78%, and in Dipel DF 500 gr/100lt dose as 75%. As a conclusion, it was determined that both biopesticides are influential on the nymphs and adults of M.pruinosa. However, it was also determined that the fight will be more influential in the nymph period of the insect.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Pu...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) Under Field Conditions by Mohammed Z Khalaf in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy
Abstract— A study was conducted to determine the population density of the Leaves diggers liriomyzasativae in the Plant Protection Department, college of Agriculture - University of Baghdad, for the period from 01/02/2015 to 15/05/2015.
The study results showed that the highest density of hoof liriomyzasativae 2.7 digger / Leave dated 05/08/2015 and the lowest was 0.3 hoof /leave dated 01/02/2015, and the results showed the presence of three peaks of the pest Nilai starting from 27/2 and ends 3/4. It notes the fluctuation of population density of the hoof between the rise and fall, which dates back to the environmental conditions and the enemies of vital accompaniment of the pest, and the results showed the presence of the enemy's vital Neochrysocharisformosa (Westwood) (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera).
— Community composition and species diversity of fruit-eating-insects were studied in a primary forest at Wanang, Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) using fruits regularly sampled and insects attacking them reared, preserved and identified. Sampling was done in different areas of the forest including low and high abundance of the host trees. Fruits of three predominant host trees, G. paniculata (Myristicaceae), M. aleuritoides (Euphorbiaceae) and M. pachyclados (Rubiaceae) were regularly collected and insects associated with them studied. The emergence from the fruits were 13 insect families and 16 species from G. paniculata, 17 insect families and 21 species from M. aleuritoides and 17 insect families and 25 species from M. pachyclados. Diversity assessment showed M. pachyclados was more diverse (H=2.0258) followed by G. paniculata (H=2.007). M. aleuritoides was the least diverse (H=1.443). A high percentage of scavengers and wood eaters were found in G. paniculata and M. aleuritoides. In M. pachyclados, more seed eaters, chewers and parasitoids were found instead. These results have implications for management of the community composition and diversity of the fruit-eating insects of the three host three species.
Physiological Selectivity of Agrochemicals to Predatory Mites of Tetranychus ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The growing of rose (Rosa spp.) in a greenhouse provides favorable conditions for both, the plant and the pest mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), for which chemical control is still used. Consumers' demand has encouraged researches to use less aggressive agricultural practices, making the biological control as a viable option. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physiological selectivity of plant protection products, used on rosebushes for the control of T. urticae and other pests or diseases, to Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) both predatory mites of T. urticae on rosebush growing in a greenhouse. According to IOBC/WPRS, the residual method of spraying on a glass and leaf surface area was used for the physiological selectivity test of plant protection products for the predatory mites. The obtained results shown that with the exception of the acaricides-insecticide chlorfenapyr all other tested products-fungicides, acaricides and acaricides-insecticide-methiram + pyraclostrobin, thiofanate-methyl, boscalid + kresoxim-methyl, chlorothalonil, propargite, mandipropamid, mefenoxam, difenoconazol, bifenthrin and pyriproxifen, were innocuous (class 1) or only slightly harmful (class 2) to both species. Chlorfenapyr was highly toxic only for N. californicus (class 4), however after five days of its application no toxic residue of the product was detected on the glass surface and so the product has been classified as innocuous (class 1) as well for this predatory mite species after this period.
2013 lima & antonialli junior foraging strategies of the ant ectatomma vizott...Luan Lima
Foraging activity may be limited by
temperature, humidity, radiation, wind, and other abiotic factors, all of which can affect energy costs during foraging. Ectatomma
vizottoi’s biology has only recently been studied, and no detailed information is available on its foraging patterns or diet in the field.
For this reason, and because foraging activity is an important part of the ecological success of social insects, the present study aimed
to investigate E. vizottoi’s foraging strategies and dietary habits. First, we determined how abiotic factors constrained E. vizottoi’s
foraging patterns in the field by monitoring the foraging activity of 16 colonies on eight different days across two seasons. Second,
we characterized E. vizottoi’s diet by monitoring another set of 26 colonies during peak foraging activity. Our results show that E.
vizottoi has foraging strategies that are similar to those of congeneric species. In spite of having a low efficiency index, colonies
adopted strategies that allowed them to successfully obtain food resources while avoiding adverse conditions. These strategies
included preying on other ant species, a foraging tactic that could arise if a wide variety of food items are not available in the
environment or if E. vizottoi simply prefers, regardless of resource availability, to prey on other invertebrates and especially on other
ant species.
Similar to Evaluation of mass trapping for control of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey (20)
This document is by explosives industry in which document discussed manufacturing process and flow charts details by nitric acid and sulfuric acid and tetra benzene and step by step details of explosive industry explosives industry is produced raw materials and manufacture it by manufacturing process
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Q.1 A single plate clutch with both sides of the plate effective is required to transmit 25 kW at 1600 r.p.m. The outer diameter of the plate is limited to 300 mm and the intensity of pressure between the plates not to exceed 0.07N / m * m ^ 2 Assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction 0.3, find the inner diameter of the plates and the axial force necessary to engage the clutch.
Q.2 A multiple disc clutch has radial width of the friction material as 1/5th of the maximum radius. The coefficient of friction is 0.25. Find the total number of discs required to transmit 60 kW at 3000 r.p.m. The maximum diameter of the clutch is 250 mm and the axial force is limited to 600 N. Also find the mean unit pressure on each contact surface.
Q.3 A cone clutch is to be designed to transmit 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m. The cone has a face angle of 12°. The width of the face is half of the mean radius and the normal pressure between the contact faces is not to exceed 0.09 N/mm². Assuming uniform wear and the coefficient of friction between the contact faces as 0.2, find the main dimensions of the clutch and the axial force required to engage the clutch.
Q.4 A cone clutch is mounted on a shaft which transmits power at 225 r.p.m. The small diameter of the cone is 230 mm, the cone face is 50 mm and the cone face makes an angle of 15 deg with the horizontal. Determine the axial force necessary to engage the clutch to transmit 4.5 kW if the coefficient of friction of the contact surfaces is 0.25. What is the maximum pressure on the contact surfaces assuming uniform wear?
Q.5 A soft surface cone clutch transmits a torque of 200 N-m at 1250 r.p.m. The larger diameter of the clutch is 350 mm. The cone pitch angle is 7.5 deg and the face width is 65 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2. find:
1. the axial force required to transmit the torque:
2. the axial force required to engage the clutch;
3. the average normal pressure on the contact surfaces when the maximum torque is being transmitted; and
4. the maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear.
Q.6 A single block brake, as shown in Fig. 1. has the drum diameter 250 mm. The angle of contact is 90° and the coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35. If the torque transmitted by the brake is 70 N-m, find the force P required to operate the brake. Q.7 The layout and dimensions of a double shoe brake is shown in Fig. 2. The diameter of the
brake drum is 300 mm and the contact angle for each shoe is 90°. If the coefficient of friction for the brake lining and the drum is 0.4, find the spring force necessary to transmit a torque of 30 N-m. Also determine the width of the brake shoes, if the bearing pressure on the lining material is not to exceed 0.28N / m * m ^ 2
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Toll tax management system project report..pdfKamal Acharya
Toll Tax Management System is a web based application that can provide all the information related to toll plazas and the passenger checks in and pays the amount, then he/she will be provided by a receipt. With this receipt he/she can leave the toll booth without waiting for any verification call.
The information would also cover registration of staff, toll plaza collection, toll plaza collection entry for vehicles, date wise report entry, Vehicle passes and passes reports b/w dates.
Online resume builder management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management.
This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business.
The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty.
For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed.
Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
A CASE STUDY ON ONLINE TICKET BOOKING SYSTEM PROJECT.pdfKamal Acharya
Online movie ticket booking system for movies is a web-based program. This application allows users to purchase cinema tickets over the portal. To buy tickets, people must first register or log in. This website's backend is PHP and JavaScript, and the front end is HTML and CSS. All phases of the software development life cycle are efficiently managed in order to design and implement software. On the website, there are two panels: one for administrators and one for customers/users. The admin has the ability to add cinemas, movies, delete, halt execution, and add screens, among other things. The website is simple to navigate and appealing, saving the end user time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hall booking system project report .pdfKamal Acharya
PHP and MySQL project on Hall Booking System is a web based project and it has been developed in PHP and MySQL and we can manage Payment, Booking, Inventory, Booking Dates, Customers and Hall from this project.
The main objective to develop Hall Booking System PHP, MySQL, JAVA SCRIPT and BOOTSRAP Project is to overcome the manual errors and make a computerized system.
In this project, there are various type of modules available to manage Customers, Booking, Payment. We can also generate reports for Booking, Payment, Booking Dates, Hall. Here the Payment module manage all the operations of Payment, Booking module can manage Booking, Inventory module is normally developed for managing Inventory, Booking Dates module manages Booking Dates operations, Customers module has been implemented to manage Customers.
In this project all the modules like Payment, Booking Dates, Booking are tightly coupled and we can track the information easily. Ifyou are looking for Free Hall Booking System Project in PHP and MySQL then you can visit our free projects section.
We can easily get the list of wedding halls & lawns in Nagpur. Also we have detailed contact information for some particular hall. But we cannot get the availability about hall. So background behind this web portal is that it gives the area wise listing of wedding halls & lawns with the detailed information of individual and also display for particular date the hall is available or not. Just dial is the system in which we can only find the name of Hall and Lawns in city. In just dial we cannot find Halls in specific area. This system cannot show all information about any Hall. This system is not able to book the Halls online.
The A Web Based Hall Booking Management System is designed to overcome the disadvantage of previous system.We can easily get the list of Wedding Halls. But we cannot get the availability about Hall. So background behind this web portal is that it gives the area wise listing of Wedding Halls with the detailed information of individual and also display for particular date the Hall is available or not. This is a special type of web portal to easily get the information of all Wedding Halls in Nagpur which display separate calendar for separate Hall. For particular date the Hall. We can availability of Hall as well as Lawns detailed information about individuals Hall in our web portal . It provides all facilities to clients with lowest cost and lowest maintenance problems.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
fundamentals of drawing and isometric and orthographic projection
Evaluation of mass trapping for control of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-12, December- 2017]
Page | 32
Evaluation of mass trapping for control of Mediterranean fruit
fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in
Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey
Nihat DEMİREL1
, Eda AKYOL2
Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 31034 Hatay-Turkey.
*Corresponding author: Dr. Nihat DEMİREL, Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant
Protection, 31034, Hatay-Turkey. [Tel: 90 (326) 245 58 45; Fax: 90 (326) 245 58 32; email: ndemirel@mku.edu.tr]
Abstract— The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most
important pests of citrus in Turkey. The objective of this study was to evaluate mass trapping for the control of Medfly in
Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey. The studies were conducted in 2011-2012 using eostrap® invaginada traps
baited with % 95 Trimedlure impregnated in a polymeric plug-type dispenser. In the first year, 48 traps per 0.7 ha were
placed in an experimental site from 1st
August to December. In the second year, 23 traps per 0.7 ha were placed in the same
site from 14 August to December. After two years of the study, the population density of medfly varied in each of the
sampling year. In the first year, a total of 8968 medfly adults were caught by traps. The largest mean of catches per trap
were recorded on 31 October (64.21), followed by 24 October (31.29), 17 October (22.48), 7 November (20.64), 3 October
(17.60) and 10 October (16.71). In the second year, a total of 1307 medfly adults were caught by traps. The largest mean of
the catches per trap were recorded on 25 September (7.35), followed by 13 November (5.83), 6 November (5.52), 18
September (5.43) and 30 October (4.26), respectively. The percentages of damage rates of medfly observed in both years.
The damage rates of Medfly were 10.91 and 8.56 % in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In conclusion, the population density of
medfly on satsuma mandarin increased in September and October due to high temperature. The mass trapping was not
enough to control medfly on satsuma mandarin. Therefore, the mass trapping should be used with pesticides to decrease the
population density of medfly during September and October in Hatay province of Turkey.
Keywords— Medfly, trimedlure, traps, satsuma mandarin, Turkey.
I. INTRODUCTION
Satsuma mandarin, Citrus unshiu Marc., (Rutaceae: Sapindales) is one of the main cultivated Citrus variety in Turkey.
Satsuma mandarin production is consisting of approximately 23,413.1 ha with a total produce of 795.050 tons of fruit per
annum in Turkey, and Hatay province’s share is 10,466.1 ha and 402.601 tons [1]. The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly),
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most destructive pest among economically important fruit fly
species [2,3]. The medfly is a highly adaptive polyphagous tropical fruit fly attacking more than three hundred and fifty
plant species [4,5]. The female flies lay eggs below the skin of fruits which are destroyed by larval feeding [6].
Protein bait sprays mixed with malathion or low toxicity insecticides, spinosad, lambda-cyhalothrin are successfully used to
control medfly populations [7,8]. Traps baited with trimedlure are important tools for detection, monitoring and controlling
of the medfly [2]. The mass trapping has proved to be effective in suppression of the Medfly and advantage of reduced
environmental impact when comparing with toxic bait sprays [9,10]. In addition, mass trapping has been developed in
several countries using traps baited with trimedlure, hydrolysed proteins or food-based attractants [11,12,13, 14, 15, 16,17].
This method has been conducted on different fruit trees like peach [18], cherimoya [19], citrus [14,20,21], fig [22],
persimmon and coffee [7] and apple[23]. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate mass trapping for the control of
Medfly in Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in 2011-2102 at a satsuma mandarin orchard in Hatay province of Turkey. The study was carried
out using the Eostrap® invaginada traps (Sanidad Agricola Econex, Santomera, Murcia, Spain) baited with % 95
Trimedlure, (formulated in a polymeric plug-type dispenser) (Sanidad Agricola Econex, Santomera, Murcia, Spain) and
dichlorvos or 2.2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) tablet (Sanidad Agricola Econex, Santomera, Murcia, Spain).
In the first year, the study was conducted with 48 traps/0.7 ha and placed in the experimental site from 1st
August to
December. In the second year, the study was carried out with 23 traps/0.7 ha and placed in the same site from 14th
August to
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-12, December- 2017]
Page | 33
December. The traps were placed 1.5 m above ground and checked weekly, trapped medfly adults were counted and removed
from the traps. The trimedlure and DDVP tablet in traps were replaced with the new ones in every 90 days. The fruit damage
assessment was measured by the percentage of medfly punctures during the harvest. For this purpose, all fruits from satsuma
mandarin orchard were harvested and checked for medfly punctures and the percentage of the infested fruits were measured
as weight at the packaging house.
III. RESULTS
The population density of C. capitata varied in each of the sampling year. In the first year, the mass trapping was conducted
with 48 traps/0.7 ha in satsuma mandarin orchard and a total of 8968 medfly adults were caught by traps (Figure 1). The first
adults were caught by the traps on 8 August, and the population density of this pest was gradually low from 8 August through
12 September, while it increased from 19 September to 31 October. The largest mean of catches per trap were recorded on 31
October (64.21), followed by 24 October (31.29), 17 October (22.48), 7 November (20.64), 3 October (17.60) and 10
October (16.71).
In the second year, the mass trapping was conducted with 23 traps/ha at the same orchard and a total of 1307 medfly adults
were caught by traps (Figure 2). The population density of medfly was very low comparing with previous year. The first
adults were caught by the traps on 21 August, and the population density of this pest was significantly high from 4
September to 25 September and 30 October through 13 November and yet it was significanly low on 2-23 October due to
heavy rain in the sampling orchard. The largest mean of catches per traps were recorded on 25 September (7.35), followed
by 13 November (5.83), 6 November (5.52), 18 September (5.43) and 30 October (4.26).
The percentage of the total caught over this period varied for each of the sampling month in both years. The distribution of
the total caught of this pest according to the months as percentages were 1.17 (August), 6.55 (September), 71.32 (October)
and 10.14 (November) in 2011 (Figure 3). These percentages were 3.67 (August), 32.13 (September), 16.37 (October) and
26.70 (December) in 2012 (Figure 4). The percentages of damage rates of medfly observed in both years. The damage ratios
of medfly were recorded at 10, 91 percent in 2011, and 8, 56 percent in 2012 (Figure 5).
IV. DISCUSSION
The mass trapping has shown significantly effective pest management tool for the Medfly and developed in several countries
using traps baited with trimedlure, hydrolysed proteins or food-based attractants [2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29]. The synthetic food-based attractants, trimethylamine (TMA), ammonium acetate (AA) and putrescine (P) were
the more appropriate for mass-trapping of the medfly [9, 11, 14, 15, 30,31, 32].
A various number of traps were used with mass trapping to control medfly on different host plants. Martinez-Ferrer et al.
[10] suggested that 25 trap per ha (Maxitrap Model baited with Ferag. CC D TM® attractant) can be a good stand-alone
control method against the Medfly in citrus groves in Spain. In addition, IAEA [2] suggested that 20-25 traps per ha density
was required by using a mass trapping technique for medfly. Martinez-Ferrer et al. [10] reported that for the Clemenules
variety, a 25 traps per ha were enough to capture adults flying within the grove and attract the foraging medflies, as low
percentage of fruits were attacked. A number of researchers reported that if the population density of medfly increase, the
number of trap per ha will be increased. Therefore, during September-October Medfly population is high, a 50 trap per ha
density has been widely accepted as appropriate for citrus orchards [9,32,33,34,35,36,37]. Martinez-Ferrer et al. [10]
reported that for the early-season varieties, 50 traps per ha captured as many adults as did 75 and 100 traps per ha, but not
enough to diminish the adult medflies foraging in the grove under accepted levels.
Several studies were conducted by many researchers to evaluate the population density of medfly on various host plants. The
present results indicated that the population density of medfly was high in September and October in both year. Our results
are similar to those of [10,38,39] reported that the population density of medfly was significantly high in September and
October due to high temperatures in citrus- producing area.
The percentages damage ratios of medfly varied on different host plants. Martinez-Ferrer et al. [37] found that on early-
season varieties (Loretina and Marisol), mass trapping at a density of 50 Maxitrap® (Probodelt®) traps/ha baited with Ferag
CC D TM® (SEDQ) and chemical treatments with Malafin® (malathion) or SpintorCebo® (spinosad) of the entire groves or
the perimeter, can protect well the fruits from the Medfly attack as <2% were damaged in the harvest. However, on the mid-
season variety (Clemenules), the adult population decline, and the number of traps could be lowered to only 25/ha and this
tactic applied alone was efficient enough to obtain less than 0.5% of punctured fruits. Boulahia- Kheder et al. [40] reported
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-12, December- 2017]
Page | 34
that combination of 4 aerial spinosad sprays, sanitation and female mass trapping with Moskisan® + Biolure® Unipack, the
damage on Navel oranges reached only 5% at harvest. However, Boulahia-Kheder et al.[41] reported that mass trapping as a
single technique it wasn’t enough to protect the Navel oranges with more than 30% of damaged fruits at the harvest.
V. CONCLUSION
The present study was conducted by traps baited with trimedlure to evaluate of mass trapping for the control of Medfly in
Satsuma mandarin in Hatay province of Turkey. As a result of two-year investigations, the population density of this pest
varied in each of the sampling year. In the first year, 48 trap per 0.7 ha were used with mass trapping to control of the
medfly. A significant number of medfly were caught by traps and yet the medfly caused significant damages on satsuma
mandarin due to high population density in September and October. In the second year, 23 trap per 0.7 ha were used with
mass trapping to control of this pest. The population density of medfly was significantly low comparing with that of the
previous year. However, the mass trapping was not enough to control this pest because of high population density
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was supported by University of Mustafa Kemal of Scientific Research Projects (BAP) (project number: 1105 Y
0105 (191).
REFERENCES
[1] Anonymous, 2016. The summary of Agricultural Statistics (21.10.2017 version) https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bitkiselapp/bitkisel.zul.
[2] International Atomic Energy Agency, 2003. Trapping guidelines for area-wide fruit fly programmes. International Atomic Energy
Agency. Vienna, Austria. 47 p. Retrived from : http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TG-FFP_web.pdf
[3] Thomas, M.C., Heppner, J.B., Woodruff, R.E., Weems, H.V., Steck, G.J., Fasulo, T.R. 2007. Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Ceratitis
Capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). University of Florida Ifas Extension. http://edis.ifas.ufl.
edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf Accessed on 13 October 2017.
[4] Weems, H.V., Jr. 1981. Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomology Circular,
Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 12 pp.
[5] Liquido, N.J., Shinoda, L.A., and Cunningham, R.T. 1991. Host plants of the Mediterranean fruit (Diptera,Tephritidae) an annotated
world review, Miscellaneous Publications 77. Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD. 1863-1878.
[6] Christenson, L.D., and Foote, R.H. 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Annual Review of Entomology. 5: 171-192.
[7] McQuate, G.T., Sylva, C.D., and Jang, E.B. 2005. Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) suppression in persimmon through
sprays in adjacent coffee plantings. Journal of Applied Entomology. 2: 110-117.
[8] Urbaneja, A., Chueca, P., Monton, H., Pascual-Ruiz, S., Dembilio, O., Vanaclocha, P., Abad-Moyano, R., Pina, T., and Castanera, P.
2009. Chemical alternatives to malathion for controlling Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), and their side effects on natural
enemies in Spanish citrus orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 102: 144-151.
[9] Navarro-Llopis, V., Alfaro, F., Domínguez, J., Sanchis, J. and Primo, J. 2008. Evaluation of traps and lures for mass trapping of
Mediterranean fruit fly in citrus groves. J. Econ. Entomol. 101:126-131.
[10] Martinez-Ferrer, M.T., Campos, J.M., and Fibla, J.M. 2010. Field efficacy of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) mass trapping
technique on clementine groves in Spain. Journal of Applied Entomology. 136: 181-190.
[11] Epsky, N.D., Hendrichs, J., Katsoyannos, B.I., Vasquez, L.A., Ros, J.P., Zumreoglu, A., Pereira, R., Bakri, A., Seewooruthun, S.I.
and Heath, R.R. 1999. Field evaluation of female-targeted trapping systems for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in seven
countries. J. Econ. Entomol. 92: 156-164.
[12] Katsoyannos, B.I., Papadopoulos, N.T., Heath, R.R., Hendrichs, J. and Kouloussis, N.A. 1999. Evaluation of synthetic food-based
attractants for female Mediterranean fruit flies (Dipt., Tephritidae) in McPhail type traps. J. Appl. Entomol. 123: 607-612.
[13] Cohen, H. and Yuval, B. 2000. Perimeter trapping strategy to reduce Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) damage on
different host species in Israel. J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 721-725.
[14] Miranda, M.A., Alonso, R. and Alemany, A. 2001. Field evaluation of Medfly (Diptera, Tephritidae) female attractants in a
Mediterranean agrosystem (Balearic Islands, Spain). J. Appl. Entomol. 125: 333-339.
[15] Heath, R.R., Epsky, N.D., Midgarden. D. and Katsoyannos, B. 2004. Efficacy of 1,4-Diaminobutane (Putrescine) in a food based
synthetic attractant for capture of mediterranean and mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 97:1126-1131.
[16] Ortu, S., Lentini, A. and Cocco, A. 2005. Strategie di lotta per il contenimento di Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) in agrumicoltura.
Informatore Fitopatologico. 55: 28-34.
[17] Alemany, A., Miranda, M.A., Alonso, R. and Escorza, C.M. 2006. Changes in the spatial and temporal population density of the
Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a citrus orchard. Span. J. Agric. Res. 4:161.
[18] Sastre, C. 1999. Eficacia de los productos fitosanitarios en el control de la mosca de la fruta Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). Phytoma
España. 114: 75-77.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-12, December- 2017]
Page | 35
[19] Ros, J. P., Escobar, I., García Tapia, F. J. and Aranda, G. 2000: Pilot experiment to control Medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)
(Diptera: Tephritidae) using mass trapping technique in a Cherimoyer (Annona cherimola Miller) orchard. In: Area-wide control of
fruit fly and other insect pests (ed. K. H. Tan): 639-643. Penerbit University Sains Malaysia, Penang.
[20] Alonso Muñoz, D., Soler, J. M., García Marí, F., and Blas Correas, M. 1999. Frutect®: control de la mosca de la fruta Ceratitis
capitata Wied. en el cultivo de los cítricos. Levante Agrícola. 347: 204-211.
[21] Llorens, J. M., Vinaches, P., Marco, F. and Llorens, J. 2004: Control de Ceratitis capitata Wied. using mass trapping with Tephri
traps and Biolure-3 component Lure (Tripack) in fig trees. 5º Meeting of the working group on fruit flies of the Western Hemisphere,
16-21 May, Florida. Abstract: 38.
[22] Escudero, A., Vilajeliu, M. and Batllori, L. 2005. Captura masiva para el control de a mosca mediterránea de la fruta (Ceratitis
capitata Wied.) en manzano. Phytoma España. 171: 26-31.
[23] Ortu, S. and Prota, R. 1988. Biotechnical control means adopted against Ceratitis capitata Wied. in clementine groves. IOBC/wprs
Bull. 11:14-19.
[24] Avery, J.W., Chambers, D.L., Cunningham, R.T. and Leonhardt, B.A. 1994. Use of ceralure and trimedlure in Mediterranean fruit fly
(Diptera: Tephritidae) mass-trapping tests. J. Entomol. Sci. 29:543-556.
[25] Sastre C, Melo J.C. and Borreli G. 1999. La captura de hembras: una posible salida en el control de la mosca de la fruta (Ceratitis
capitata Wied.) en melocotonero. Phytoma. 113: 42–46.
[26] Ros, J.P., Gomila, J., Reurer, M., Pons, P. and Castillo, E. 2002. The use of mass trapping against Medfly (Ceratitis capitata (Wied.))
in a sustainable agriculture system on Minorca Island, Spain. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on fruit flies of
economic importance, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 6-10 May 2002, pp. 361-364.
[27] Garcia, G., Wong, E., Marquez, A.L., Garcia, S., Olivero, J. and Garcia Mari, F. 2003. Evaluation and comparison of mass-trapping
methods for the control of Ceratitis capitata Wied., in citrus orchards. Bull. OILB SROP. 26:85.
[28] Jemâa, J.M.B., Bachrouch, O., Allimi, E. and Dhouibi, M.H. 2010. Field evaluation of Mediterranean fruit fly mass trapping with
Tripack®
as alternative to malathion baitspraying in citrus orchards. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 8: 400–408.
[29] Ros, J.P., Castillo, E., Crespo, J., Latorre, Y., Martin, P., Miranda, M.A., Moner, P. and Sastre, C. 1997. Evaluación en campo de
varios atrayentes sintéticos para la captura de hembras de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Díptera:
Tephritidae). Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas. 23: 393-402.
[30] Heath, R.R., Epsky, N.D., Dueben, B.D., Rizzo, J. and Jeronimo, F. 1997. Adding methylsubstituted ammonia derivates to a food-
based synthetic attractant on capture of the Mediterranean and Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 1584-
1589.
[31] Alemany, A., Alonso, D. and Miranda, M.A. 2004. Evaluation of improved Mediterranean fruit fly attractants and retention systems
in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Pages 355-359. In Proceedings 6th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance,
6-10 May, 2004, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
[32] Primo, E. 2004. Plan Valenciano de actuacio´n contra la mosca de la fruta (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) campanya 2004. Agricultura:
Revista agropecuaria. 867: 790–793.
[33] Ros, J.P., Wong, E., Olivero, J., Rubio, J.R., Ma´rquez, A.L., Castillo, E. and Blas, P. 2005. Desarrollo de atrayentes y mosqueros
para su integracio´n en los programas de trampeo masivo contra la mosca de la fruta (‘‘Ceratitis capitata’’ Wied.) y la del olivo
(‘‘Bactrocera oleae’’ Gmel). Bol. Sanid. Veg. Plagas. 31: 599–607.
[34] Navarro-Llopis, V., Sanchis-Cabanes, J., Ayala, I., Castana Giner, V. and Primo-Yu´ fera, E. 2004. Efficacy of lufenuron as
chemosterilant against Ceratitis capitata in field trials. Pest Manag. Sci. 60: 914–920.
[35] Leza, M.M., Juan, A., Capllonch, M. and Alemany, A. 2008. Female-biased mass trapping vs. bait application techniques against the
Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dipt.: Tephritidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 132: 753–761.
[36] Martinez-Ferrer, M.T., Campos, J.M. and Fibla, J.M. 2012. Field efficacy of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) mass trapping
technique on clementine groves in Spain. Journal of Applied Entomology. 136:181-190.
[37] Martınez-Ferrer, M.T., Campos, J.M. and Fibla, J.M. 2006. Population dynamics of Ceratitis capitata on citrus in northeastern Spain:
influence of adjacent host fruit trees. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 29: 77–84.
[38] Martınez-Ferrer, M.T., Alonso Mun˜ oz, A., Campos Rivela, J.M., Fibla Queralt, J.M. and Garcia-Mar, F. 2007. Dina´mica
poblacional de la mosca de la fruta Ceratitis capitata en tres zonas citrı´colas mediterra´neas. Levante Agrı´cola, Num. 385: 92–98.
[39] Boulahia-Kheder, S., Trabelsi, I. and Aouadi, N. 2012. From chemicals to IPM against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata.
In Larramendy, M.L. and Soloneski, S. (eds.) Integrated Pest Manage. Pest Control, Curr. Future Tactics. Croatie: In Tech.
[40] Boulahia-Kheder, S., Jerraya, A., Fezzani, M. and Jrad, F. 2010. First results in Tunisia on the mass-trapping an alternative way to
control the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals INRAT. 82: 168-180.