The document provides guidelines for writing clearly and concisely. It discusses organizing information with headings, determining an appropriate length, and writing style. Specific tips include using active voice, logical paragraph structure, concise headings, and reducing bias in language. The document also covers grammar guidelines such as proper verb usage, pronoun agreement, and parallel construction.

1. Writing Clearly and
Concise
PRESENTED TO
DR.NASREEN AKHTER
PRESENTED BY
RABIA BASRI (12)
SANA AKRAM (19)

2. Organization
Before beginning to write, consider the best length and structure for the findings you
 wish to share. Ordering your thoughts logically, both at the paragraph and at the
sentence
 levels, will strengthen the impact of your writing.

3. Length
If a paper is too long
 shorten it by stating points clearly and directly.
 confining the discussion to the specific problem under investigation.
 deleting or combining data displays.
 eliminating repetition across sections.
 writing in the active voice.
 At times, a paper may need to be divided into two or more papers, each with a more
specific focus.
 Journals differ in average length of articles published.

4. Organizing a Manuscript With Headings
 In scientific writing, sound organizational structure is the key to clear, precise, and
logical communication.
 Concise headings help the reader anticipate key points and track the development
of your argument.
 Levels of heading establish the hierarchy of sections via format or appearance.

5. Levels of Heading
 The heading style recommended by APA consists of five possible formatting
arrangements, according to the number of levels of subordination.

6. Format of five levels of heading in APA
journals
Levels Format
1 Centered, Boldface. Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading
ending with a period.
4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading
ending with a period.

7. Seriation helps the reader understand the organization of key points within sections,
paragraphs, and sentences.
 Within a paragraph or sentence, identify elements in a series by lowercase letters
in parentheses.
 Within a sentence, use commas to separate three or more elements that do not
have internal commas.
 use semicolons to separate three or more elements that have internal commas.

8. Writing Style
 The prime objective of scientific reporting is clear communication.
 Establishing a tone that conveys the essential points of your study in an
interesting manner will engage readers and communicate your ideas more
effectively.
 Continuity in Presentation of Ideas
 Smoothness of Expression
 Tone

9.  Economy of Expression
 Precision and Clarity
 Linguistic Devices
 Strategies to Improve Writing Style

10. Guideline for Reducing Bias in Language
 Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity
 Be Sensitive to Labels
 Acknowledge Participation

11. Reducing Bias by Topic
 Gender
 Sexual Orientation
 Racial and Ethnic Identity
 Disabilities
 Age

12. Grammar and Usage
 Verbs
 Agreement of Subject and Verb
 Pronouns
 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers and Use of Adverbs
 Relative Pronouns and Subordinate Conjunctions
 Parallel Construction

13. Any Question