Norton Field Guide for Speaking 4.1
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Norton Field Guide for Speaking 4.1
- 1. Chapter 4.1 The Importance of Delivery Copyright © 2022 W. W. Norton & Company
- 2. Introduction • Delivery is the way you use your voice and body in a presentation • As a speaker, your delivery will significantly affect how audience members interpret and evaluate the meaning of your message 2
- 3. The Qualities of Effective Delivery • Components of effective delivery include: • A clear speaking voice at an appropriate volume, rate, and pitch • Appropriate eye contact, gestures, and posture • Meaningful facial expressions that complement what you’re saying • Developing an adaptive delivery style requires an understanding of four significant and interrelated qualities: expressiveness, confidence, stage presence, and immediacy 3
- 4. The Qualities of Effective Delivery: Expressiveness • Expressiveness is the vitality, variety, and authenticity of your delivery • It has a strong impact on audience attention and interest • Speakers who know a lot and care a lot about their topics and their audiences are usually more expressive 4
- 5. The Qualities of Effective Delivery: Confidence • Speakers who look and sound confident are seen by audience members as competent • To project a sense of confidence that benefits you and your audience: • Believe in your message • Learn how to develop and deliver presentations with skill • Adequately prepare and practice your presentation • Develop a rapport with your audience 5
- 6. The Qualities of Effective Delivery: Stage Presence • Stage presence is the ability of great performers to captivate, connect with, and command an audience’s full attention based on their talent, dynamism, attractiveness, and charm • Steve Jobs, the genius inventor and entrepreneur, exemplified stage presence 6
- 7. The Qualities of Effective Delivery: Immediacy (1 of 2) • Immediacy describes behaviors “that simultaneously communicate warmth, involvement, psychological closeness, availability for communication, and positive affect” • A speaker’s immediacy has a significant effect on audience engagement, motivation, and recall • Speakers who demonstrate immediacy are more likely to achieve their purpose • Nonverbal immediacy is more powerful than verbal immediacy 7
- 8. The Qualities of Effective Delivery: Immediacy (2 of 2) • Characteristics of nonverbal immediacy include: • Close proximity to audience members • Smiling • Warm and expressive voice • Direct face-to-face body orientation • Direct and frequent eye contact • Relaxed body posture 8
- 9. The Components of Good Delivery • You can improve your delivery by focusing on: • Vocal Delivery: Strategic use of breath control, volume, projection, articulation, pronunciation, rate, pitch, inflection, and fluency. • Physical delivery: Strategic use of eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, movement, and appearance • Practice: Regular, repeated, and strategic rehearsals that focus on improving delivery 9
- 10. Ethics and Delivery • Good speakers behave ethically as they choose strategies that gain and maintain audience attention with skilled and authentic delivery, and with a purpose that benefits the audience • Unskilled listeners are often wooed by a speaker’s exceptional delivery and appearance • Responsible audience members use evaluative listening and critical thinking to determine whether a speaker’s delivery is masking ulterior motives and false information 10
- 11. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 1 An Australian immigrant born in Sudan who now lives in London, Yassmin Abdel-Magied is a writer, broadcaster, and social advocate. After working as a mechanical engineer for nearly a decade, Abdel-Magied became a full-time author and speaker. Her TED talk, “What Does My Headscarf Mean to You?” has been viewed more than two million times and was selected as one of TED’s top ten ideas in 2015. During the talk, Abdel-Magied challenges perceptions of race and religion in a creative and thought-provoking manner. She points the audience toward meaningful ways that they can combat unconscious bias and serve as a mentor to people with different life experiences from their own. In 2018, Abdel-Magied received the Young Voltaire Award for free speech.
- 12. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 2 12
- 13. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 3 13
- 14. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 4 14
- 15. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 5 15
- 16. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 6 16
- 17. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 7 17
- 18. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 8 18
- 19. Notable Speaker: Yassmin Abdel-Magied, Part 9 19
- 20. Conclusion • Effective vocal and physical delivery is expressive and confident • The quality of your delivery can connect you and your message to your audience in a positive and productive relationship • Expressiveness, confidence, stage presence, and immediacy are built on the foundation of competent and practiced vocal and physical delivery skills and a commitment to ethical communication 20
- 21. Credits This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 4.1. For more resources, please visit The Norton Field Guide to Speaking: http://digital.wwnorton.com/nfgspeaking. Copyright © 2022 W. W. Norton & Company
Editor's Notes
- Kathy Tyner, “Stage Presence: What It Means, Why It Matters, and How to Improve It,” KD Con- servatory, https://kdstudio.com/tag/stage-presence/.
- Peter Andersen, “Immediacy,” in Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, ed. Stephen W. Littlejohn and Karen A. Foss (Los Angeles: Sage, 2009), 501
- Judee K. Burgoon and Aaron E. Bacue, “Non-verbal Communication Skills,” in Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills, ed. John O. Greene and Brant R. Burleson, (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003), 195–96; and James Kennedy, Paul Baxter, and Tony Belpaeme, “Nonverbal Immediacy as a Characterisation of Social Behaviour for Human–Robot Interaction,” International Journal of Social Robotics 9, no. 1 (2017): 109–28.
- Search Terms To locate a video of this presentation online, enter the following key words into a search engine: Yassmin TED talk. The video is approximately 14:01 in length. Photo credit: dpa picture alliance/Alamy Stock Photo
- What to Watch For [0:00–0:14] We know that first impressions matter and can be the most important factor in determining audience opinions about a speaker. As a Muslim woman speaking to a predominantly non-Muslim audience, Abdel-Magied made a series of strategic decisions based on her analysis of audience characteristics and attitudes. She knows that, even before she utters her first word, the audience is evaluating her based on how she looks. She begins by asking the audience what they think when they see someone like her. The question introduces the role that unconscious bias plays in limiting opportunities for people who are different. Photo credit: TED
- What to Watch For [0:44–1:19] Abdel-Magied demonstrates expressiveness, confidence, stage presence, and immediacy. Her voice, facial expressions, eye contact, and physical movements express warmth for the audience and the importance of the topic. The vitality, variety, and authenticity of her delivery is rooted in her desire to help the audience understand the meaning and consequence of unconscious bias as something that “we”—both her audience and Abdel-Magied herself—need to overcome. Photo credit: TED
- What to Watch For [1:52–2:32] Throughout the presentation, Abdel-Magied’s facial expressions—including a communicative ironic smile—convey how she feels. When reassuring the audience that she doesn’t believe that “there’s a secret sexist or racist or ageist lurking within” them, her facial gestures are a bit playful. Moments later, she uses a more serious facial expression as she talks about how bias is not an accusation but something that we need to identify in ourselves. Photo credit: TED
- What to Watch For [2:50–4:05] Abdel-Magied projects a sense of confidence in her message throughout the presentation. Because she thoughtfully developed the message beforehand, she can present it here clearly and coherently, backed up by strong supporting material. She offers illustrations that clearly required adequate preparation in order to present them effectively. In one case, she discusses the lack of female musicians in orchestras and an experiment that was conducted to unearth the unconscious bias about men being better musicians than women. Photo credit: TED
- What to Watch For [6:00–7:28] About midway through the speech, Abdel-Magied wonders aloud whether the audience members think they have a good read on her. With a photo of an oil rig behind her, she asks them if they would believe that she runs one of them. “Can you imagine me walking in and being like, ‘Hey boys, this is what’s up—this is how it’s done’?” Her stage presence—her ability to capture and keep the audience’s attention—is solidified as she removes her abaya (the full-length outer garment worn by some Muslim women) to reveal the orange jumpsuit she wears on oil rigs. She tops off the wardrobe change by placing a hard hat on her head. By presenting herself in her work uniform, Abdel-Magied dramatically (and suddenly) alters her audience’s impression of her. Photo credit: TED
- What to Watch For [8:55–10:45] Abdel-Magied’s vocal delivery also plays an important role in her speech. At the beginning of this segment, she slows down her rate and lowers her volume to signal a change in tone and direction. A slower rate emphasizes the importance of the message that follows, which is a description of ways that the audience can help combat unconscious bias. Abdel-Magied also moves back and forth between standardized speech and the colloquial language of Australia. Consider how she speaks a mix of language styles: “If I see a Muslim chick who’s got a bit of attitude, I’m like, ‘What’s up? We can hang out.’” And, “Because ladies and gentlemen, the world is not just. People are not born with equal opportunity.” Photo credit: TED
- What to Watch For [10:45–12:30] Although Abdel-Magied is confident throughout her talk, she does not act so confident that her message seems too polished to be believable. For example, while she maintains fairly consistent fluency, there are times when it appears that her breathing is a bit rapid, causing her to trail off at the end of a sentence or to pause in order to fill her lungs with air. When she removes her orange oil rig uniform, Abdel-Magied struggles to get her feet out of the pant legs. Although it is a bit awkward to stand there with the uniform down around her ankles, she carries on as if saying: I don’t have time to worry about this. My message is more important. Photo credit: TED
- What to Watch For [13:40–13:45] Despite having a remote in her hand during most of her speech, Abdel-Magied’s gestures are a natural outgrowth of what she feels about the topic and what she has to say about it. Her gestures do not feel forced or fake but instead are an effective complement to the rest of her delivery. During the last line of the speech, she uses a wave-like gesture moving from one arm to the other to show that sometimes people are not who and what you think they are. And then, finally, she extricates herself from the pant legs. Photo credit: TED