48. EVIDENCE
48
especially documents can be forged or
falsified.
A person may be issued
with documents
but it may contain wrong information
or typographical error.
49. if your name is mispelled in your
birthcertificate
DOES YOUR IDENTITY CHANGE?
50. Example:
I can ride a bike/ Can I ride a
bike?
I can fry an egg/ Can I fry an egg?
50
51. ■ The obvious answer would be, is to
actually ride it cook it.--- BUT, some would
argue that the proof is not only in the act but
also in the product.
■ This means that you should not only show
that you can fry an egg but that also you can
make delicious fried eggs.
51
How will you prove that you can really cook an egg?
52. 5.
A BELIEF is true if...
a person can prove a statement through
an action.
52
55. Let usAnalyze…
1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to
school.
2. Living near the school is better because we
don’t have to spend much for transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the
last piece and didn’t share it with me.
5. The police firmly pushed the suspect to his
kneed and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the police
arrested the suspect is an example of brutality
that characterizes our p3
o
6 lice force.
56. Which of the following statements are similar?
Let's rearrange them.
57. It takes me 30 minutes to walk
from my home to school.
Living near the school is
better because we don’t
have to spend much for
transportation.
My sister ate the last piece of
pizza.
My sister is a selfish person
because she ate the last piece
and didn’t share it with me.
The police firmly pushed the
suspect to his kneed and
placed him in handcuffs.
The aggressive manner by
which the police arrested the
suspect is an example of
brutality that characterizes
our police force.
57
Which column has statements that are more factual?
58. It takes me 30 minutes to walk
from my home to school.
Living near the school is
better because we don’t
have to spend much for
transportation.
My sister ate the last piece of
pizza.
My sister is a selfish person
because she ate the last piece
and didn’t share it with me.
The police firmly pushed the
suspect to his kneed and
placed him in handcuffs.
FACTUAL
The aggressive manner by
which the police arrested the
suspect is an example of
brutality that characterizes
our police force.
OPINION
58
Which column has statements that are more factual?
60. OPINION
Comprised of statements which not
only give facts but also provide
conclusions or perspectives regarding
certain situations.
They may advance a belief about
certain things or provide
explanations.
The bases for making arguments
and convincing people that a
certain claim is a fact. They are
often influenced by bias.
62. Beliefs
Statements that express convictions that are not
easily and clearly explained by facts.
T
o judge the truthfulness of a belief, we must also
consider things such as the person’s experiences
and views.
63. Beliefs
Example: “I believe that God put me on this Earth
to spread his message of love.”
64. Explanation
Statements that assume the claim to be true and
provide reasons why the statement is true.
Example: Statement 4: My sister is selfish
because...
65. Arguments
Series of statements that provide reasons to convince
the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is
truthful.
They often take the form of statements that are
either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way
that they seem reasonable.
66. 3rd JOURNAL
OUTPUT
A. Imagine that you are part
of the conversation, how will
you react to the statements?
B. Give a reaction to the
article Describe how you will
determine the truth of the
claims given
PAGE: 28-29
66
67. Arguments
Series of statements that provide reasons to convince
the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is
truthful.
However, a number of arguments may be based on
faulty reasoning.
71. FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Ad hominem Attacking the person instead
of the argument itself
Of course he believes that the
government is flawed, he is a rebel and
a Communist
Ad baculum
(appeal to force)
Using the threat of force or an
undesirable event to advance an
argument
If you do not agree with my political
opinions, you will receive flat 70 on
your
Ad misericordiam
(appeal to pity)
Using emotions such as pity
and sympathy
Y
ca
or
udc
.ant fire me, I have a wife and 12
kids who will go hungry if I lose this
job.
Ad populum (appeal to
majority or bandwagon)
The idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot
of people accept it
Every boy your age already has a
girlfriend, you should go find one!
Ad antiquitatem
(appeal to tradition)
The idea is acceptable
because it has been true
for a long time
Marriage has traditionally been between
a man and a woman; therefore, gay
marriage should not be allowed.
Ad verecundiam
(appeal to authority)
‘misusing’ an
authority
4 out of 5 dentists agree that brushing your teeth
makes your life meaningful.
Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist and perhaps
the foremost expert in the field, says that evolution is
true. Therefore, it's true.
72. FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Fallacy of
Composition
Assuming that what is true
of a part is true for the
whole
Each brick in that building weighs less
than a pound. Therefore, the building
weighs less than a pound.
Hydrogen is not wet. Oxygen is not wet.
Therefore, water (H2O) is not wet.
Fallacy of Division Assuming that what is true
for the whole is true for its
parts
You come from a family of doctors and lawyers! Surely, you can do
better in this course!
I heard that the Catholic Church was involved in a sex scandal
cover-up. Therefore, my 102-year-old Catholic neighbor, who
frequently attends Church, is guilty as well!
Hasty The generalization is You can't speak French. I can’t
Generalization reached too hastily. There speak French. Carla can't speak
are too few instances or French; therefore, nobody in this
evidences to support such a school can speak French.
conclusion.
Post Hoc
(false cause)
Assuming a ‘cause-and-
effect’ relationship
between unrelated events
Every time you wear your red
scarf, you cry. You should
get rid of it.
73. BIAS (PAGKILING)
The personal views of the person presenting it.
They are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but
refer to tendencies or influences which affect
the views of people.
74. BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Correspon
dence bias
(Fundame
ntal
attributio
n error)
Tendency to judge a
person’s personality by
his/her actions without
regard for external
factors or situations
The soldiers who
fought in the
war are all
bloodthirsty
murderers.
Confirmation
bias
the tendency to look for
and accept information
in a way that confirms
one's own beliefs and
reject ideas that go
against it
How can I accept his
view that there is no
God? I am a Christian!
75. BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Conflict of interest A person or group is connected to
or has a vested interest in the
issue
As the daughter of the accused, I believe
that I have the right to express my opinion
on the issue of his alleged corrupt
practices.
Cultural bias Analyzing an event or issue
based on one’s cultural
standards
I do not agree with this Western practice
of placing the elderly in retirement
homes.
We Filipinos take care of our family members.
Framing Focusing on a certain aspect of a
problem while ignoring other
aspects
Preliminary evidences has still not
pointed out the actual cause of the plane
crash, but investigators are currently
focusing on the possibility of pilot error.
Hindsight
(knew-it-all-along
phenomenon)
Is when, after an event occurs, we
feel we already knew what was
going to happen
When you put a glass on the edge of a table
and you start cleaning and bumped the glass
and it fell to the ground and
76. HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
DIFFERNCE BETWEENTRUTHAND
OPINION LEAD USTO WISDOM?
Understanding of opinions and facts and the
means to distinguish one from the other
can further improve our understanding and
appreciation of varied views and ideas. The
ability to determine truth goes hand in
hand with the holistic perspective and
enables us to make wiser decisions,
especially in choosing the ideas and views
which we find acceptable.
76
77. HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
DIFFERNCE BETWEENTRUTHAND
OPINION LEAD USTO WISDOM?
77
An individual cannot live his or her life just
agreeing with everybody he or she meets. A
critical mind aided by philosophy can help us form
our own personal point of view that can guide us
in making decisions and actions when faced with a
problem.
Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are
truthful and acceptable which we can then use
to form our own views regarding certain
matters.
78. Let us imagine several individuals reacting to a
news in television and radio about the recent
killings of drug pushers and addicts throughout the
country
MANGANTONIO ATTY.MACARAIG MRS.LOPEZ
FATHERGOMEZ MR.TOLENTINO MRS.ALONZO
78
79. NOW, LET'S LOOK AT THEIR BACKGROUND
MANGANTONIO
A citizen who lives in a
barangay where the
presence of drugs addicts
is a problem
ATTY.MACARAIG
A lawyer and a
citizen
MRS.LOPEZ
A housewife
whose family
lives in a
community
FATHERGOMEZ
A priest
MR.TOLENTINO
A father whose
daughter was raped
and murdered by drug
addicts.
MRS.ALONZO
A mother whose son
is
a drug addict.
80. Figuring out the backgrounds of the people
who made the statements allows us to
undertand the context by which they formed
their views and opinions on the issue.
86. Which among the opinions is most similar to your
own personal bias regarding the issue of the drug
addicts?
87. PHILOSOPHY CAN HELP US EXAMINE VARIOUS VIEWS
ON RELEVANT ISSUES AND OUR LIVES. AN OBJECTIVE
EVALUATION OF OPINIONS AND AN AWARENESS OF OUR
OWN PERSONAL BIASES CAN HELP US MAKE WISE
CHOICES RAGRDING THE MOST ACCEPTABLE VIEWS TO
ADOPT AND THE RIGHT ACTIONS TO UNDERTAKE.
87
88. How will you determine the truth from an opinion?
89. How do we evaluate truth from opinions in
different situations?
