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- 1. History Protein Represented by Habib Ur Rahman Major Classes definition Sources Amino Acid Different Bonds Protein Structure Typesof Protein Functio n
- 2. History definition Sources Amino Acid Bonds Proteins were discovered by J.J Berzelius in 1838 .The word "Protein" is derived from a Greek word "protas" meaning "of primary importance," because of the fundamental role of proteins in sustaining life.
- 3. Historydefinition Sources Amino Acid Protein is a substance that has amino acids as basic building block compounds and carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and is found in many foods. An example of a protein is the type of nutrient found in meats
- 4. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino Different Bonds Protein Structure Protein General Structure Amino acids are molecules used to build proteins due to which the Amino acid are called the building block of protein. All amino acids have a central carbon atom surrounded by a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH2), and an R-group. It is the R-group or side chain that differs between the 20 amino acids.
- 5. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino Different Bonds Protein Structure Protein Types of Amino Acid Essential Amino Acids Non-Essential Amino Acids Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body so you must get them from your diet. Non-Essential amino acids can be made by the body e.g. e.g. Histidine Isoleucine Valine Methionine Alanine Arginine Glutamic Glycine
- 6. HistoryMajor Sources Amino Acid 7 Major Classes of Proteins • Structural e.g. hair. • Contractile e.g. Actin(muscle cells) • Storage e.g. egg whites. • Defense e.g. antibodies. • Transport e.g. hemoglobin. • Signaling e.g. hormones • Enzymes e.g. lactose
- 7. HistorySources Amino Acid Different Bonds Structure • Poultry and fish • eggs • dairy products like milk, yoghurt and cheese • seeds and nuts • Beans and legumes (such as lentils and chickpeas) Some sources of dietary Protein include:
- 9. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino Different Protein Structure Typesof Protein Functio n Typical bonds in protein molecules • Peptide bond • Covalent bonds • Disulfide bond • Hydrogen bond • Non-covalent bonds • Ionic bond • Hydrophobic interactions
- 10. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino Different Protein Structure Typesof Protein Functio n Peptide Bonds (covalent in nature) • Amino Acids Are Linked by Peptide Bonds to Form Polypeptide Chains. • Proteins are linear polymers formed by linking the α- carboxyl group of one amino acid to the α-amino group of another amino acid with a peptide bond (also called an amide bond)
- 11. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino Different Protein Structure Typesof Protein Functio n Hydrogen bonds • The hydrogen-bond also play a very important roles in proteins' structure because it stabilizes the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins which formed by alpha helix, beta sheets, turns and loops. • The hydrogen-bond connected the amino acids between different polypeptide chains in proteins structure.
- 13. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino Different Protein Structure Typesof Protein Functio n Ionic Bonds Electrostatic interactions occur between two oppositely charged molecules. Disulfide Bridges A disulfide bond can be form between two cysteines ( C3H7NO2S)through oxidation. These are also the strongest covalent bonds within a protein's tertiary structure. Hydrophobic Interaction • The hydrophobic interaction originates from the tendency of non-polar molecules to minimize their interactions with water. • When non-polar molecules interact with water, these molecules tend to cluster together in the center to form a micelle.
- 14. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProtein Typesof Protein Functio n Structural Organization • Primary Structure • Secondary Structure • Tertiary Structure • Quarterly Structure
- 15. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProtein Typesof Protein Functio n Primary structure • Describe the number and sequence of Amino acid in the protein molecule • F.Sanger first describe the sequence and the number of the amino acids in the protein molecule • He concluded that • Insulin is made up of 51 amino acid in two chain • These two chains are held together by Disulphide Bond • Hemoglobin is made up of four chains two alpha and two beta • Alpha chains contain 141 amino acid and each beta chains contains 146
- 16. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProtein Typesof Protein Functio n The size of the protein molecule is determine by the type of the amino acid and the number of the amino acids present in the structure of the protein.
- 17. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProtein Typesof Protein Functio n Secondary structure • Within the long protein chains there are regions in which the chains are organized into regular structures known as alpha-helixes ,beta-pleated sheets • These are the secondary structures in proteins. • It forms the spiral formation of the basic polypeptide chain • The helix is uniform throughout the structure containing 3.6 amino acid in each turn • These secondary structures are held together by hydrogen bonds. • The beta plated sheet is formed by the folding back of the polypeptide
- 19. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProtein Typesof Protein Functio n Tertiary structure • Polypeptide chain bends and folds upon its- self forming globular protein • Structure is maintained by the different types of the bonds • Ionic, covalent, and disulphide bond • The three-dimensional structure of a protein or nucleic acid • Amino acids form secondary structures such as alpha helices, beta sheets, and random coils, which in turn fold on themselves to form the tertiary structure of the protein
- 21. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProtein Typesof Protein Functio n Quaternary structure • Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. • Quaternary structure is the only one, which involves multiple protein subunits • A variety of bonding interactions including hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds hold the various chains into a particular geometry.
- 23. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProteinTypesof Functio n Fibrous protein • Contain one or more polypeptide in the form of fibrils • Insoluble in water • Secondary structure is the main component • They are elastic in nature • Play vital role in the maintenance of structure of the cell and cell organelles Example • Silk fiber (from the silk warm and spider web) • Myosin (in muscle cells) • Fibrin (of blood cells) • Keratin (nail and hair)
- 24. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProteinTypesof Functio n Globular protein • These are spherical or elliptical in structure this is because of the multiple folding of the polypeptide chain • A variety of bonding interactions including hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds hold the various chains into a particular geometry. • Tertiary structure is most important • Globular proteins are somewhat soluble in the aqueous solution of acids, salt and aqueous alcohol • They change their structure when structure or physical or physiological changes takes place Example • Enzyme • antibodies • hormones • hemoglobin
- 25. HistorydefinitionSourcesAmino DifferentProteinTypesofFunctio Important Functions of Protein in Your Body • Growth and Maintenance. Your body needs protein for growth and maintenance of tissues. ... • Causes Biochemical Reactions. ... • Acts as a Messenger. ... • Provides Structure. ... • Maintains Proper pH. ... • Balances Fluids. ...(Across the membrane) • Bolsters Immune Health. ... • Transports and Stores Nutrients.
Editor's Notes
- Forf example charmomosomes Conatain about 60% protiren
- House Almond Dalyen
- Due to R there are different types of the protien
- Alpha helex and beta palted sheet