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Increasing Forest Cover Through Agricultural Restoration
- 1. Techniques of increasing the forest cover on agricultural areas 1 AS2016078
- 2. Outline • Introduction • Globally Forests • Land use change • Drivers of conversion from forest to Agriculture • Restore the landscapes • Restoration options and techniques • Woodland islets • Management of Forests on active agricultural land • Management of trees on fallow agricultural land • Forest landscape restoration (FLR) • Sri Lanka Case • Conclusion • Reference 2
- 3. Introduction • Forests covered 3 454 million ha= 26.6 % • Agriculture land 40% of the planet's land surface • Degradation of land as a consequence of agriculture is 12400000 KM2. (Lepers et al. 2005) & (Foley et al. 2005). 3
- 4. Globally Forests • Protection from extreme weather • Host 80% of the earth biodiversity : 2/3 of plants, ¾ birds, 80% of amphibians, 68% of the mammals • Supports 100 of millions of people: 9/10 of people in extreme poverty get at leas t some of their living form forests, 1 billion people eat wild food, more than 86 million people employed in the forest sector • Forests are the worlds best carbon sponges, trapping and storing CO2, Globally tropical forest sequester 1.4 billion tonnes of CO2 annually • Deforestation continue, with an area size of Portugal destroyed each year. Source: WEF 4
- 5. Crop Lands • Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable (temporary meadows for pasture, kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow), under permanent crops, and under permanent pasture land. (FAO) 5
- 6. Land use change Natural vegetation Land change to Agriculture 6 Fallow land
- 7. Drivers of conversion from forest to Agriculture • Population growth • Changing food consumption patterns • Agricultural developments, such as changing markets, technological improvements and active policy interventions; • Land-tenure security; and the governance of land use change. 7
- 8. Global Partnership on Ecological Restoration The Bonn Challenge150m ha New York Declaration 350m ha WEF 1trillion trees Key stakeholders :Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Global Environment Facility, The World Bank, Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration (GPFLR), ITTC 8
- 9. Restoration options and techniques Restoration options Traditional forestry and silvicultural treatments Natural regeneration of formerly forested land and Protected land Agricultural land : Establishment and management of trees on fallow agricultural land Agroforestry : Establishment and management of trees on active agricultural land 9
- 10. Ecological Restoration Options “Passive restoration” • Whereby abandoned agricultural land undergoes secondary succession • Slow • Owing to biotic and abiotic limitations. “Active restoration” • Management techniques such as planting, weeding, burning, and thinning are undertaken with a particular image of desired structure, composition, or pattern • Transplant whole agricultural to increase species richness 10
- 11. Woodland islets land is abandoned Woodland islets used for cultivation If the surrounding land is abandoned, the islets act as sources of woodland species and seed, which can accelerate woodland development. If the surrounding area is used for cultivation or pasture, the islets will increase the conservation value of the land and offer the potential for income generation 11
- 12. Agroforestry : Establishment and management of trees on active agricultural land 12
- 15. • Windbreak and Shelterbelt 15
- 17. • Sloping agricultural land technology (SALT) 17
- 18. Abandoned Agricultural land : Establishment and management of trees on fallow agricultural land 18
- 19. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) • Is the ongoing process of regaining ecological functionality and enhancing human well-being across deforested or degraded forest landscapes. Forests : Increasing the number and/or health of trees in an area Landscapes : Watersheds, jurisdictions, & land uses interact Restoration: Bringing back the biological productivity • FLR is more than just planting trees – it is restoring a whole landscape to meet present and future needs and to offer multiple benefits and land uses over time. 19
- 20. Increased forest cover examples Niger, 1990 Niger, Today • 5 million ha restored, 2.5 millions benefitted 20
- 21. 21 South Korea, 1960 South Korea, 2000 • Forest density increased x14, economy x25
- 22. Sri Lanka.. • The forest cover is approximately 2.1 million ha. • Agricultural land was reported at 43.69 % in 2016 • Target to increase the national forest cover from 29.7% to 32% by 2030 (UNFCCC) • NFP Objective: To increase tree-cover and productivity of the forests • Policy: Developing Agro Forestry Systems 22
- 23. Conclusion Forest Degraded or Under- Utilized Land Agriculture Climate Smart Agriculture Techniques of increasing the forest cover on agricultural areas Forest Restore & sustain productivity Restore ecosystem services Reversing the paradigm of degradation 23 Restore the forest cover
- 24. References • Nrcs.usda.gov. 2020. Agroforestry | NRCS Washington. [online] Available at: <https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/wa/technical/ec oscience/agronomy/?cid=nrcseprd1178607> [Accessed 5 September 2020]. • Tradingeconomics.com. 2020. Sri Lanka - Agricultural Land (% Of Land Area) - 1961-2016 Data | 2020 Forecast. [online] Available at: <https://tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/agricultural-land-percent- of-land-area-wb-data.html> [Accessed 7 September 2020]. • Fao.org. 2020. [online] Available at: <http://www.fao.org/3/a- i5588e.pdf> [Accessed 7 September 2020]. 24
Editor's Notes
- Conversion to agricultural land, has resulted in major environmental problems, compromising ecosystem services. loss of biodiversity, Soil erosion, mobilization of stored carbon and soil nutrients, depletion of usable water resources due to run-off, contamination of waterways, lowering of water tables (Schroeter et al. 2005).
- Fao defined
- Production, degradation,
- Underlying factors affecting forest conversion include. Conversion to agricultural land, has resulted in major environmental problems, compromising ecosystem services. loss of biodiversity, Soil erosion, mobilization of stored carbon and soil nutrients, depletion of usable water resources due to run-off, contamination of waterways, lowering of water tables (Schroeter et al. 2005).
- Forest landscape restoration
- “Woodland islets" as an alternative way to achieve ecological restoration in extensive agricultural landscapes, particularly in low productivity environments Planting of many small, dense blocks of native trees .
- An efficient and integrated land use management system by raising of certain agricultural crops, forest tree species and or animals simultaneously
- Alley Cropping requires the planting of trees in rows with wide spacing between rows creating alley ways within which companion crops are grown.
- Multi-Storied Cropping is often call Forest Farming where the overstory trees are managed for one set of products and the understory vegetation is managed for other products (such and floral greens, Holiday ornamental and decorative products, handicraft materials, botanical and medicinal herbs, and edible foods.
- single or multiple rows of trees and shrubs constructed in linear fashion to form a structure to control impacts from wind, reduce noise, odor, and improve visual aesthetics of an operation. Windbreaks/Shelterbelts can also reduce soil erosion, protect farmsteads, livestock, wildlife and plants, create a microenvironment to improve plant growth, manage snow deposition, and increase carbon storage and reduce energy use in buildings.
- Silvopasture Establishment is designed to produce high value timber products while providing short term cash flow from livestock production. Silvopasture as a practice will establish a compatible combination of trees and shrubs with livestock forages on the same acres. Silvopasture requires the deliberate and intensive management of three systems simultaneously: timber, forage and livestock.
- is a system in which dense hedgerows of fast growing perennial nitrogen-fixing tree or shrub species are planted along contour lines thus creating a living barrier that traps sediments and gradually transforms the sloping land to terraced land.
- It is long-term because it requires a multi-year vision of the ecological functions and benefits to human well-being that restoration will produce although tangible deliverables such as jobs, income and carbon sequestration begin to flow right away. majority of restoration opportunities are found on or adjacent to agricultural or pastoral land. In these situations, restoration must complement and not displace existing land uses; this results in a patchwork or mosaic of different land uses including: agriculture, agroforestry systems and improved fallow systems, ecological corridors, areas of forests and woodlands, and river or lakeside plantings to protect waterways.
- Complexities in the governance of land-use change could be reduced with BETTER COORDINATION between policies on forests, agriculture, food, land use, rural development, water and climate change. Such coordination would include setting cross-sectoral priorities or strategic targets for land-use change, and appropriate institutional arrangements LEGAL FRAMEWORKS for the conversion of forest to agricultural land are often complex, and informal local practices may have a strong influence where implementation and law enforcement is weak. The role of customary law, based on traditional rights, is especially important for vulnerable groups
- Conversion to agricultural land, has resulted in major environmental problems, compromising ecosystem services. loss of biodiversity, Soil erosion, mobilization of stored carbon and soil nutrients, depletion of usable water resources due to run-off, contamination of waterways, lowering of water tables (Schroeter et al. 2005).