Lymphatic Immune system anatomy physiology yoga ghantali thane ghatkopar diploma education

1. Lymphatic System
Immune System
Ghantali Mitra Mandal,Ghatkopar
Diploma in Yoga Education

2. Blood, lymph And Immune system

3. Functions of each system
• Circulatory System -Transportation of
gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide,
chemical substances, Regulation of the
body fluid, Protection of the body from
infection.
• Lymphatic System - Cleansing the cellular
environment, Returning proteins and
tissue fluids to the blood (drainage),Fat
absorption, Defending the body against
diseases.
• Immune System - Defending the body
against disease via the immune response

4. The Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system is a vast collection of cells and
biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels
• It is a network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids
• It is closely associated with the cardiovascular system
• It transports excess fluid away from the interstitial
spaces
• It transports fluid to the bloodstream
• It transports fats to the bloodstream
• It helps defend the body against diseases

5. Lymphatic Pathways

6. Lymphatic Capillaries

7. Lymphatic Capillary
Microscopic view

8. Major Components
of
Lymphatic System

9. • The walls are similar but thinner than those
of veins
• Lymphatic vessels are composed of three
layers:
• An endothelial lining (inner)
• Smooth muscle (middle)
• Connective tissue (outer)
• Larger vessels lead to lymph nodes and then
to larger lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic Vessels

10. Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts
•The trunks drain lymph from the
lymphatic vessels
•They are named for the regions
they serve such as lumbar,
intestinal, intercostal,
bronchomediastinal, subclavian,
and jugular
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Lymph nodes Thoracic duct
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Right internal jugularvein
(a)
(b)
Area drained
by right lymphatic duct
Right lymphatic
duct
Lymphatic
trunks
Lymphatic
vessels
Left internal
jugularvein
Left subclavian
vein
Cisterna
chyli
Right subclavian
vein
Axillary lymph
nodes
Lymphatics of
mammary gland

11. Afferent lymphatic vessel
Collecting duct
Subclavian vein
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic capillary
Lymph node
Lymphatic trunk

12. The Lymphatic System
• Original word Latin: Lymph meaning clear water
• Lymph is essentially tissue fluid that has entered a
lymphatic capillary
• Lymph formation depends on tissue fluid formation

13. Tissue Fluid Formation
• The resulting fluid has:
• Much the same
consistency as plasma
• Contains water and
dissolved substances
• Contains smaller
proteins which create
plasma colloid osmotic
pressure
• Capillary blood pressure filters water and small
molecules from the plasma

14. Lymph Function
Lymphatic vessels play a role
in:
• Absorption of dietary fats
• Delivering fats to the
bloodstream
• Collecting of excess
interstitial fluids
• Delivering excess fluids
to the bloodstream
• Delivering foreign
particles to the
lymph nodes
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Flow of lymph
Epithelial
cell
Filaments
anchored to
connective
tissue
Movement of
tissue fluid

15. Lymph Movement
• Hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the lymph
into the lymphatic capillaries
• Muscle activity largely influences the movement of
lymph through the lymphatic vessels via:
o Action of skeletal muscles
o Respiratory movements
o Smooth muscle in the larger lymphatic vessels
o Valves in the lymphatic vessels

16. Lymph nodes distribution & Drainage
• The lymphatic system is like a sewage system, an
intricate, underground network tied to every house
in town (body cells), that keeps the body healthy
• Lymph nodes or lymph glands are located along the
lymphatic pathways
• There are 500-600 Nodes
• They contain lymphocytes and macrophages to fight
invading pathogens

17. Structure of a Lymph Node
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display.
Lymph flow
Sinus
Capsule
Nodule Hilum
Lymph flow
Artery
Vein
Afferent
lymphatic
vessel
Germinal
center
(B cells)
Subcapsule
(macrophages, B cells)
Medulla
(macrophages, T cells)
Efferent
lymphatic
vessel

18. • Lymph nodes are found in groups or chains along
the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout
the body, including the: Thoracic
lymph
node
Axillary
lymph
node
Cervical
lymph
node
Supratrochlear
lymph node
Abdominal
lymph node
Pelvic lymph
node
Inguinal
lymph
node
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Locations of Lymph Nodes
• Cervical region
• Axillary region
• Supratrochlear region
• Inguinal region
• Pelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Thoracic cavity

19. • Lymph nodes have two primary functions:
• Filter potentially harmful particles from
the lymph
• Act with immune surveillance provided
by macrophages and lymphocytes
• Along with the red bone marrow, the lymph
nodes are centers for lymphocyte production
Functions of Lymph Nodes

20. Tonsils

21. Tonsils
 Collection of lymphoid tissue.
 Total 5 – 2 - Lingual at the root of tongue
 2- palantaine near phyarinx And
 1-Adinoid in the nasophyarix in the nasal cavity.
 They provide first line of defense against ingested
or inhaled pathogens
 Produce T cells or T lymphocytes.
 Become inflamed in response to infection.

22. Peyer’s Patches

23. Peyer’s Patches
 Organized lymphoid follicles (Approx 100)
 Appearance similar to lymph nodes
 More at lower end of small intestine
 Large variations in size, shape etc
 Once the antigens of a pathogen are detected, the
T and B cells spread and prepare the body to fight
a possible infection.

24. • These are two other lymphatic organs with
functions similar to those of the lymph nodes
Thymus and Spleen

25. Thymus
The thymus is:
• A small triangular gland situated
behind the Sternum and anterior to
the Heart.
• Larger in infancy and during puberty
• Small in an adult
• Replaced by fat and connective tissue
in the elderly
• Site of T lymphocyte (or T cell)
production
• Secretes protein hormones
called thymosin
The loss or lack of the thymus results in
severe immunodeficiency and
subsequent high susceptibility to
infection
Thymus
in fetus
Thymus
in adult

27. Spleen
• A flattened, oval-shaped organ in the upper left quadrant of the
abdomen. Made up of a dense fibrous connective tissue with red and
white pulp.
The main functions :
• To produce immune cells to fight antigens
• To remove aged blood cells, mainly erythrocytes
• To produce blood cells during fetal life. Up to the fifth month of prenatal
development the spleen creates red blood cells. After birth the bone
marrow is solely responsible for hematopoiesis
• The spleen stores red blood cells and lymphocytes. Up to 25% of
lymphocytes can be stored at any one time.
• A funeral place for RBCs & birth place for WBCs.

29. Diseases of lymphatic System
 Lymphadynopathy or Lymphoma Causes
enlargement of lymph nodes.
Cause may be –
 Bacteria
 Viruses or
 Cancer.

30. Immune System
 Low Immunity

31. Types of Immune Response.
 Non specific: Natural barriers e.g.
skin
 Highly specific: e.g. Response of
antibodies

32. Non- Specific Response
 Skin – A primary boundary between Germs
and body. The epidermis contains cells called
Langerhans.Skin also secrets antibacterial
substance.
 Nose, Mouth and eyes – Tears & mucus With
the help of Lysozyme and saliva with
antibacterialproperty, in the nasal mucosa
with the mucus and the cillia the entry of the
bacteria is prevented.

33. Non specific response
 Chemical barriers e.g. tears
 Inflammatoryresponse e.g. after injury
 Interferons: Release of proteins after viral
attack

34. Specific response (Antigen-Antibody response)
Antigens – the causative factors
 Bacteria
 Toxins
 Malignant cells
 Foreign tissue
Antibody
 Substances released in the body in
response to antigens

35. White Blood Cells – The main functional unit.
 Also known as leucocytes
 Cells of the immune system
 Produced & derived in bone marrow,
Spleen and in Thymus gland
 Found in blood & lymphatic system
 They have nucleus unlike RBCs & platelets

36. Two types of White Blood Cells
 Granulocytes –
 Polymorphonuclear
Leucocytes
 Varying shapes of
nucleus
 Agranulocytes –
 Mononuclear
Leucocytes
 One lobed nucleus

37. White Blood Cells

38.  Neutrophil: 60-70%
 Defend against bacterial & fungal infection
 Eosinophil: 2-4%
 Rise in allergies (e.g. asthma), parasitic infection etc
 Few in blood but plenty in respiratory & lower urinary
tract
 Basophil: 0.5%
 Release histamine & heparin

39.  Lymphocyte:
 More common in lymphatic system than in blood
 B lymphocytes make antibodies & destroy pathogens
 T lymphocytes help B cells to recognize the invader &
make antibodies
 Monocyte:
 Largest of the WBCs
 Share phagocytosis with neutrophils
 Once out of the blood stream into the body tissues,
they are known as macrophages

40. Role of T & B cells.
 B cells produced by red bone marrow are
responsible for production of antibodies.
 T cells helps B lymphocytes to recognize &
produce antibodies against foreign antigens.
 There are also Helper, Suppressor T cells and
Cytotoxic T cells.

41. What is Immunity ?
Adequate biological defenses to fight
Against
 Infection/Disease
 Unwantedbiological invasion
And
Adequate tolerance to
 Avoid allergy &
 Autoimmune disorders

42. Types Of Immunity
Natural (innet)
 Passive (Maternal)
 Active (Infection)
Adaptive Immunity
 Passive (Antibody transfer)
 Active (Immunization)

43. Role Of Yoga
 Stress plays a big role
- Yoga known to reduce stress
 Various Yoga practices release endorphins
(Natural pain killers)
 With regular Yoga practice endurance rises

44. Lymphatic System & Yoga
Shuddhi kriyas e.g. Jal Neti, Kapal bhati
Asanas – Sukshma vyayam, Suryanamaskar.
Sarvangasana,Shirshasana, Vipritkarani mudra
 Pranayama – Abdominal breathing – produces -
ve pressure in chest & abdomen helps
lymphatic drainage
 Uddiyana
 Agnisara

45. Immunity & Yoga
Many viruses and bacteria quietly reside
within us until something within the body's
internal environment becomes unbalanced
and then they rally into action and attack.
Yoga helps lower stress hormones that
compromise the immune system, while also
conditioning the lungs and respiratory tract,
stimulating the lymphatic system to oust
toxins from the body, and bringing
oxygenated blood to the various organs to
ensure their optimal function

46. Immunity & Yoga
 Immunity closely linked to Endocrine and ANS
 All Yogic Practices ---Integration and Balances
 Continuous(निरन्तर) and Long Term
(दीर्घकाल) is very important
 Daily Sadhana helps in Autoimmune disorders,
Immune deficiency disorders and Allergic
reaction
 Stress is the biggest enemy. Yoga helps lower
stress hormones that compromise the
immune system

47. Immunity & Yoga