Current Policies and Programs on Watershed in India

1. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMMES IN INDIA – CURRENT POLICIES AND PROJECTS
G E E V A C H A N D A N A | K E E R T H A N A | N A V I N
1

2. 2
WATERSHED
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
A watershed is an area that supplies water by surface or sub-surface
flow to a given drainage system or body of water. Size is not a factor in
the definition. Watersheds vary from a few hectares (or less) to millions
of square kilometres (for example, Ganga river basin).
Watershed management (WSM) is,
• The integrated use and/or management of land, vegetation, and
water in a geographically discrete drainage area
• For the benefit of its residents, with the objective of protecting or
conserving the hydrologic services that the watershed provides
• Reducing or avoiding negative downstream or groundwater impacts.
• WSM is ultimately about achieving water resources-related
objectives.
Source: Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - world resources institute study

3. 3
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN INDIA
1973-
74
•Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)
•Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
1977-78
•Desert Development Programme (DDP)
•Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
1989 -
90
•Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP)
•Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
1989
•Integrated Afforestation and Eco-Development Scheme (IAEPS)
•Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) and State Forest
Department
1990-
91
•National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas
(NWDPRA)
•Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)
1992
•Indo-German Watershed Development Programme
•National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
and the Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR)
1994 - 2001
•Guidelines for Watershed Development
•Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
2003
•Hariyali Guidelines
•Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
2006
• National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)
• Planning Commission
2008
• Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal)
released
• National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) and Planning Commission
2009
• Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
• Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
2013
• Revisions added to 2008 Common Guidelines – NEERACHAL GUIDELINE
• Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
Source: Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - world resources institute study

4. 1973-74
DROUGHT PRONE
AREA PROGRAMME
(DPAP)
Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD)
WATER POLICY
Set of guidelines and directives to the State for harnessing water resources - to cater the sectoral
(agriculture, industrial and domestic) - need in equitable way that leads to sustainable development.
4
COMPONENTS OF WATER POLICY
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Legal framework that defines the rights to
exploit/use of water resources and provisions
of award of incentives and penalties.
Administrative system responsible
for assessment and management of
water resources.
MAJOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN INDIA
1989–90
INTEGRATED
WASTELAND
DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (IWDP)
Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD)
1990–91
NATIONAL WATERSHED
DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT FOR RAINFED
AREAS (NWDPRA)
Ministry of Agriculture
(MoA)
2008
COMMON GUIDELINES
FOR WATERSHED
DEVELOPMENT -
NEERANCHAL
National Rainfed Area
Authority (NRAA) and
Planning Commission
2009
INTEGRATED
WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMME (IWMP)
Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD)
2006
NATIONAL
RAINFED AREA
AUTHORITY
(NRAA)
Planning
Commission
Source: Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - world resources institute study

5. 5
WATER POLICY
SUCCESSFUL WATERSHED POLICY IN INDIA
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1970 1980 1990 2000
PROJECT SUCCESS
HIGH
LOW
PUBLICPARTICIPATION Mainly water
conservation
Socio-economic
with water
conservation
Socio-economic
with water
conservation,
Participation
Public
participation,
Planning, design,
implementation
Source: Study by Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002
WHAT IS THE NEED FOR WATER POLICY
• Availability of water is highly uneven in both space and time
• Precipitation is confined to only few months in a year
• Rainfall Varies spatially – eg. In India: from 100 mm in the western parts of Rajasthan to over 10000 mm at
Cherrapunji in Meghalaya
• Planning and implementation of water resources projects involve a number of socio-economic aspects and issues.
• Common approaches and guidelines are necessary on these matters.
Source: Study by Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002

6. 6
WATER POLICY
• First adopted in 1987 and formulated in 2002
• It advocates water resources of the country should be brought within the category of utilizable resources to the maximum possible extent.
• Policy promotes use of non-conventional methods such as traditional water & rooftop rainwater harvesting.
• Water transfer to water scarce region.
• People’s participation - Public Private Partnership
MAIN MINISTERIAL STAKEHOLDERS
MINISTRY OF WATER
RESOURCES (MoWR)
MINISTRY OF RURAL
DEVELOPMENT (MoRD)
MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURE (MoA)
MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENT AND
FOREST (MoEF)• Formulates and reviews national water policy Identifies
research needs recommends measures to enhance
environment and for economic development of water
resources.
• Reviews water development plans submitted by national
water development agency (established in 1982).
Responsible for watershed development, the
Million Wells scheme for groundwater
development, and the Rajiv Gandhi National
Drinking Water Mission to develop drinking water
in rural areas
Research on water
management techniques Concerned with water
quality
BIOPHYSICAL STUDY,
UNDERSTANDING OF FOREST,
WATERSHED, FLOW , LINKAGES
DEMONSTRATION OF
POLICY BASED SCENARIOS
& EVALUATION
DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANISM FOR POLICY ACTION
POLICY & INSTITUTIONAL
PERCEPTIONS STUDY - INVESTIGATION
OF INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES
National Level
State Level
Community Level
Source: Study by Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002

7. 7
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS / POLICIES
YEAR PROGRAM/POLICY/
GUIDELINE
MAJOR OBJECTIVE(S) RELEVANT
INSTITUTION
PROJECTS &
AREA
BUDGET
1973–74 Drought Prone Area
Programme (DPAP)
Promote economic development and
mainstreaming of drought prone areas
through soil and moisture
conservation measures.
Ministry of Rural
Development
(MoRD)
6515 projects -
30 lakh hectares
Avg Project size:
500 Hectares
Rs. 1191crore
Avg Project cost: Rs. 20
lakhs
1989–90 Integrated Wasteland
Development
Programme (IWDP)
Regenerate degraded non-forest land
through silvipasture and soil and
water conservation on the village and
micro-watershed
scale.
Ministry of Rural
Development
(MoRD)
32 m.hectares Rs.6000 per hectare -
Rs.19,200 crores – avg.
Rs.360 crores annually
DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME (DPAP) INTERGRATED WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IWDP)
• Project period of 5 years.
• 155 districts in 13 States are covered
• STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
and West Bengal.
• The expenditure on DPAP was being shared equally by the
central and State Governments on 50:50 bases
• Project period of 5 years.
• From 1999-2000 new Integrated Wastelands Development
Programme projects are prioritized for sanction in consultation
with the State Government.
• STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal .
• The IWDP Scheme is 100% Grant-in-Aid from Government of India.
Source: Working paper on Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - World Resources Institute study

8. 8
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS / POLICIES
YEAR PROGRAM/POLICY/
GUIDELINE
MAJOR OBJECTIVE(S) RELEVANT
INSTITUTION
PROJECTS &
AREA
BUDGET
1990–91 National Watershed
Development
Project for Rainfed
Areas (NWDPRA)
Promote sustainable natural resource
management, enhance agricultural production,
restore the ecological balance, reduce
regional disparities, and create sustained
employment opportunities in rainfed areas.
Ministry of
Agriculture
(MoA)
15730 Micro
watersheds
Over 2.97
Lakh hectares
4500 crores
Annual budget
upto 300 crores
1994
2001 – R1
2008 – R2
2011 - R3
2013 - R4
Common Guidelines
for Watershed
Development
(Neeranchal)
Regenerate degraded non-forest land through
silvi pasture and soil and water conservation on
the village and micro-watershed scale.
Promote a fresh framework to guide all WSD
projects in all departments and ministries.
Ministry of Rural
Development
(MoRD)
45062
projects
sanctioned –
323 lakh
hectares
7739 crores
NATIONAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR
RAINFED AREA (NWDPRA)
COMMON GUIDELINES FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
(NEERANCHAL)
• Project period of 5 years.
• Implemented in 2479 watersheds covering 350 districts
spread over 25 states and 2 Union Territories
• The area of a watershed is 500 to 1000 hectares
• STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Garhwal region of Uttar Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Jharkahand and Chhattisgarh.
• The project will be implemented from 2016-17 to 2021-22
• 9 participating states - 400 sub-watersheds of about 5,000 ha each
• STATES: Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana
• 50/50 cost-sharing ratio - International Development Association
(IDA) financing and Government of India
Source: Working paper on Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - World Resources Institute study

9. 9
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS / POLICIES
YEAR PROGRAM/POLICY/
GUIDELINE
MAJOR OBJECTIVE(S) RELEVANT
INSTITUTION
PROJECTS &
AREA
BUDGET
2006 National Rainfed Area
Authority (NRAA)
Create common guidelines for all WSD
schemes under the different ministries
for the development of rainfed farming
systems.
Planning
Commission
78 m.ha.
64 per cent of
the country's
net sown area
2009 Integrated Watershed
Management
Programme (IWMP)
Consolidated three programs: IWDP,
DPAP, and DPP. Programs adopted a
cluster approach focusing on a cluster
of micro-watersheds (1000 ha to 5000
ha scale).
Ministry of Rural
Development
(MoRD)
6622 projects -
31.29 million
hectare
Rs.8240.61 crore
NATIONAL RAINFED AREA AUTHORITY (NRAA) INTERGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (IWMP)
• STATES NOT INCLUDED IN THE STUDY: The districts that are
not part of this study are: districts of Jammu & Kashmir,
districts of north-eastern region except Assam, districts of
Goa, and Union Territories.
• Totally urban districts like 2 Prioritization of Rainfed Areas in
India Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata and Hyderabad were also
excluded.
• 2009-10 to 2013-14
• The Department of Land Resources has sanctioned 6622
projects covering an area of 31.29 million hectare.
• STATES: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Assam,
West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar.
Source: Working paper on Watershed development in India: Economic valuation and adaptation considerations - World Resources Institute study

10. OBJECTIVES
1. Bring about institutional changes in watershed
and rainfed agricultural management practices
in India
2. Build systems that ensure watershed
programmes and rainfed irrigation
management practices are better focussed,
and more coordinated, and have quantifiable
results
3. Devise strategies for the sustainability of
improved watershed. Management practices
in programme areas, even after the withdrawal
of project support
4. Through the watershed plus approach,
support improved equity, livelihoods, and
incomes through forward linkages, on a
platform of inclusiveness and local
participation.
10
CURRENT / FUTURE POLICIES : Neeranchal Watershed Program
Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (Watershed Development Component) (WDC-PMKSY)
GOI for water conservation and its management formulated PMKSY to increase irrigation coverage and improving water use efficiency with
end to end solution on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities. PMKSY has been approved for
implementation across the country with an outlay of Rs. 50,000 crore in five years.
• Neeranchal is a World Bank assisted National Watershed Management Project.
• Neeranchal is designed to further strengthen and provide technical assistance to
the Watershed Component of PMKSY, in particular and all components of PMKSY,
in general, to enhance its delivery capacity.
• The programme is being implemented in nine participating states – Andhra
Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana.
• The total project cost is USD 357.0 million. The project will be financed through
Investment Project Financing (IPF) at a 50/50 cost-sharing ratio, with USD178.5
million in International Development Association (IDA) financing, and an
equivalent from GoI (in Indian rupees) of USD178.5 million, outside of WDC-
PMKSY.
• The project will be implemented from 2016-17 to 2021-22.
Source: http://dolr.gov.in/programme-schemes/neeranchal-national-watershed-management-programme

11. 11
INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Gujarat (2012 – 2017)
A CASE STUDY ON PARTICIPATORY SCIENTIFIC WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT STATE
As per recent estimate by Government of Gujarat, rain-fed areas of 85 million hectares out of the 142 million hectares of net cultivated
area have suffered neglect in the past in-spite of having scope for much higher productivity and income potential through agriculture
and allied activities.
AIM
1. Restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural
resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water in a holistic and sustainable manner
2. Initiate demand driven and need based watershed planning with active participation of
community members
3. Preventing soil run-off and regenerating of natural vegetation with low cost
technological solution complemented by indigenous knowledge
4. Recharge the ground water table through rain water harvesting inculcating a sense of
conservation among the community.
5. Enable multi-cropping and the introducing diverse agro-based activities, which help to
provide sustainable livelihoods to the people residing in the project area
6. Promote eco-friendly and locally suitable activities with the required capacity building of
the stakeholders
7. The present case study depicts the experience on a participatory and scientific watershed
management in the state of gujarat.
Source: https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Watershed_Mngmnt_case.pdf

12. 12
A CASE STUDY ON PARTICIPATORY SCIENTIFIC WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT STATE
INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Gujarat (2012 – 2017)
Source: https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Watershed_Mngmnt_case.pdf

13. 13
A CASE STUDY ON PARTICIPATORY SCIENTIFIC WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN GUJARAT STATE
INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Gujarat (2012 – 2017)
Source: https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Watershed_Mngmnt_case.pdf

14. 14
Source: http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i6/SUB155106.pdf
INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Sangola-Maharashtra (2013-15)
Sangola is a small city in Solapur district of state of Maharashtra. It is facing acute water scarcity problem due to
insufficient rainfall every year. Watershed development techniques like rain water harvesting, checkdam, vanarai
bandhara, farm pond etc. are suggested to make the city self sufficient in case of water demand.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
• Average annual rainfall of
Sangola is very less i.e. 460 mm
• Silting of existing water
resources like Lake, Wells.
OBJECTIVES
• To analyse sources of water resources available, in Sangola.
• To analyse the socio-economic condition of people,
• To compute the water demand and analyse the supply.
• Results & interpretation.
• Guideline for watershed development
METHODOLOGY
• The proposed work is planned in following phases.
PHASE I- LITERATURE SURVEY.
• In this phase, literature survey of watershed development techniques will be carried out by internet browsing & referring journals like
ASCE, NICMAR journal of construction and management, Journal of civil engineering and construction review, Common guidelines for
watershed development given by Government of Maharashtra etc.
PHASE II – GENERAL SURVEY. WATER RESOURCES AND REQUIREMENT.
• Socio- economic survey.
• To know the population, number and types of animal.
PHASE-III -WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT MEASURES:
• Calculation for design and approximate cost required for watershed development measures.

15. 15
Source: http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i6/SUB155106.pdf
INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM : Sangola-Maharashtra (2013-15)
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Social Aspects the Awareness regarding usage of available water should be
developed. As per government rule maximum depth of bore well is 200 feet. If
this rule is followed then ground water level is maintained. Select the
crops/fruits which require minimum water. If drip irrigation and mulching film
are used for crops/fruits then 50% of water is saved.
SILT REMOVAL FROM LAKES AND WELLS
• Due to excessive silting of lakes and wells, water storage capacity has
depleted. There is 8 to 10 feet silt deposited. Removal of silt at proper
interval is necessary to increase water storage capacity of lakes, wells and
reservoirs. It also increases ground water level considerably. Solid waste
and silt must be cleaned and wells should be protected against such
pollution so as to make use of available water.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
• Rain water harvesting can be implemented so as to conserve available rain
water. It can be utilized as and when necessary
CHECK DAM
• There are insufficient check dams across the stream, and they are not in
condition. They require regular maintenance.
FORESTATION
• Planting of trees in a methodical and planned manner and using them wisely,
to minimize the effect of reckless deforestation can be adopted as a tool here.

16. 16
PROJECT : Karnataka Watershed Management (World Bank Financed)
OVERALL OBJECTIVE:
Strengthen capacity of communities within project cycle & of
implementing department for participatory management within a
watershed planning framework
MICRO-WATERSHED SELECTION CRITERIA:
• Extent of waste lands (20 points)
• Silt index & erosion hazard (20 points)
• Extent of irrigated/dry area (10 points)
• Rainfall (20 points)
• Schedule Castes (SC)/ Schedule Tribes (ST) population (20 points)
• Proportion of agricultural laborers (10 points)
Source: World Bank Project Appraisal Documents.
SCALE
Micro-watershed (500 ha) to sub-watershed (5,600 ha)
ISSUES ADDRESSED
• Land management
• Soil & moisture conservation
• Productive revegetation with perennials
• Establish watershed societies
TOTAL PROJECT COST (USD MILLION)
PROJECT ID: P067216, P122486
160.40 USD Million
YEAR APPROVED
Project 01: 2001
Project 02: 2012

17. 17
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT : Karnataka (World Bank Financed)
Source: Ministry of Water Resources

18. 18
PROJECT : Karnataka Watershed Management (World Bank Financed)
KARNATAKA WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (2001)
• Central objective to improve productive potential and
strengthen community/institutional arrangements for
natural resource management.
• Focus on participatory watershed planning, development,
and protection; participatory farmer-driven research and
extension processes; improved practices for agriculture,
horticulture, silvi-pasture; extension; livestock improvement
and health services; and alternative income generation
activities.
• Institutional strengthening for M&E, environmental, and
social assessments, development of a GIS database; and
project management and coordination.
Source: World Bank Project Appraisal Documents.
PROJECT ID: P067216, P122486
EXAMPLE: SUJALA WATERSHED
• Sujala is a multi-actor, multilevel, multisector and
multidisciplinary watershed based developmental program
that works through public-private-civil society partnerships

19. 19
Thank you