PPT on theories of learning

1. Learning
DR GANESH INGOLE
RESIDENT PSYCHIATRY
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2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Biology of memory
• Theories of memory
• Forgetting
• Disorders of memory
• Improving memory
• Conclusions
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3. Learning
• Any relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as a result of practice or
experience.
• Important elements
1.Change in behavior
2.Through practice or experience
3.Relatively permanent
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4. Types of Learning
• Nonassociative Learning
1.Habituation
2.Sensitisation
• Associative Learning
1.Classical Conditioning
2.Instrumental Conditioning
3.Complex Learning
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5. Nonassociative Learning
• Habituation- decreased behavioral
response to innocuous stimulus
• Sensitization- Increased behavioral
response to an intense stimuli
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6. • Unconditioned Response- Unlearned
Response
• Unconditioned Stimulus- Stimulus
automatically elicits response without prior
conditioning
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7. Classical Conditioning
• Previously neutral stimulus becomes
associated with another stimulus through
repeated pairing
• Pavlovian Experiment
• Sight of food causes salivation in dog
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8. Instrumental Coditioning
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9. Instrumental/Operant
Conditioning
• Learners' behavior is important
• Change is Reward
• Response is repeated
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10. Theories of Classical
Conditioning
• Stimulus substitution:-
• CS substitutes US
• Bond formation between CS and US
• Reflex response
• CR should be same as UR
• Freezing
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11. Properties of Learning
• Acquisition:-Strength of association
between CS & US increases after
repeated pairing
• Extinction:-CS presented alone
• Strength of CR decreases
• Inhibition –CS ceases to be signal for US
• CS becomes neutral stimuli
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12. Spontaneous Recovery
• Increased response after rest
• Learning is rememberd
• Reconditioning is fast
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13. • Stimulus Generalization:- Similar
response to different stimuli
• Greater response with similar stimuli
• Unpaired stimuli
• Discrimination:-Different response to
different stimuli
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14. Theories of Classical
Conditioning Cont…
• Information And Expectation:-
• CS Signals US
• Recent memory for CS
• Link forms between CS and US
• Expectation of future event
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15. Reinforcer
• An envirnomental event that is the
consequence of an instrumental response
and that makes the response more likely
again
• Positive Reinforcer- Increased likelihood of
response
• Omission of reinforcer –Positive renforcer
is withdrawan
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16. • Negative Reinforcer- Cessation of event
increased likelihood of response
• Punishers:-Event decreases likelihood of
response
Responses tend not to be repeated
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17. 20
Positive Reinforcement
(Increased likelihood of
response)
Punishment
(Decreased Likelihood Of
Response)
Omission of Reinforcement(
Decreased Likelihood Of
Response)
Negative Reinforcement
(Increased likelihood of
response)

18. Shaping Behavior
• To speed up operant conditioning
• To condition complex response
• Method of Successive Approximations
• Auto shaping
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19. Conditioned Positive
Reinforcers
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Primary Reinforcers Secondary
Reinforcers
1. No previous special training
required
Previous special training
required
2. Work Naturally Does not work naturally
3. No extinction Extinction

20. Schedule of Positive
Reinforcement
• Continuous
• Fixed Ratio
• Fixed interval
• Varied interval
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21. Escape Learning
• Noxious stimuli are avoided
• Instrumental learning based on negative
reinforcement
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22. Avoidance learning
• Noxious stimulus is avoided before its
occurrence
• Latency of response early
• Safety signals
• Extinction is slow
• Species typical defense mechanism
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23. Punishment
• Intensity
• Consistency
• Closure to time & place of response
• Adaptation
• Simultaneous use of Positive
Reinforcement
• Should be used sparingly
• May lead to US for fear
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24. Latent Learning
• Learning not evident until favorable
conditions
• Occurs without reinforcement
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25. Programmed Learning
• Used in Psychological therapy
• Small easy steps
• Reinforcement on completion of each step
• Response at own pace
• Useful in learning facts, rules and formulas
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26. Insight Learning
• Sudden solution to a problem
• Perceptual reorganization
• Generalization of a solution
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27. Imitation
• Imitation of behavior
• Species typical
• Learner pays attention to models behavior
• Remember
• Able to reproduce behavior
• Motivated to do so
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28. Cognitive Learning
• Past experiences changes memory of
events
• New pairing between stimuli and response
• Stored in memory
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29. Prepared Behavior
• Certain species predisposed to learn some
things easily
• Language learning in earlier stages
• Species typical defense mechanism
• Phobias – Certain phobias more common
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30. • Unprepared Behavior:-
Learned with moderate difficulty
• Contra prepared Behavior:-
Learned with great difficulty
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31. Personalized system of
instructions
• Broken into steps
• Each step is to be mastered before
moving into next step
• Performance at own pace
• Increase in prductivity
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32. Behavior Therapy
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• To treat psychological disorders
• Reinforce socially adaptive behavior
• Extinguishing maladaptive behavior
• Pairing of stimuli

33. Learning & Brain
• Hebbian Learning rule- repetition of same
responses lead to permanent changes at
the synopses
• Increased neurotransmitters
• New neuron formation
• Site - Cortex
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34. References
• Clifford T. Morgan, Richard A. King, John R Weisz, John
Schopler,1993,Emotion and stress, Introduction To
Psychology, 7th edition,181-223
• Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Barbara L. Fredrickson,Geoff
Loftus, Introduction To Psychology,15th ed,228-269
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35. THANK YOU
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