This slides about Wireless sensor network MAC protocol,
There are bunch of MAC protocol in research field.
It classify the MAC protocol and summarize the feature of typical sensor network MAC protcol
Circuit switched network in Optical Fiber CommunicationTanvir Amin
Its about a short description of circuit switched Network. Its working system. Its symmetric diagram, classification. Its give anyone an overall short description about switched network.
Optical Line Protection Switch:
Optical Line Protection Equipment is developed by our company for the application of optical line backup protection system. It adopts the most advanced auto-switching optical line module, which is widely used for the interchange switch between main and backup lines and can automatically identify the signal from the main line or backup line.
Active Fiber Monitoring System:
Active Fiber Monitoring (AFM) provides specialized data protection on optical links.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
This slides about Wireless sensor network MAC protocol,
There are bunch of MAC protocol in research field.
It classify the MAC protocol and summarize the feature of typical sensor network MAC protcol
Circuit switched network in Optical Fiber CommunicationTanvir Amin
Its about a short description of circuit switched Network. Its working system. Its symmetric diagram, classification. Its give anyone an overall short description about switched network.
Optical Line Protection Switch:
Optical Line Protection Equipment is developed by our company for the application of optical line backup protection system. It adopts the most advanced auto-switching optical line module, which is widely used for the interchange switch between main and backup lines and can automatically identify the signal from the main line or backup line.
Active Fiber Monitoring System:
Active Fiber Monitoring (AFM) provides specialized data protection on optical links.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Survivability-2.ppt
1. 1
Protection in SONET
• Path layer protection scheme: operate on
individual connections
• Line layer protection scheme: operate on
the entire set of connections at once
3. 3
Point-to-Point Links
• 1+1 protection
– Traffic transmitted simultaneously on two
separate fibers from the source to the
destination
– Destination simply selects one of the two fibers
for reception
– Fast protection
– Require no signaling protocol between the two
ends
4. 4
Point-to-Point Links
• 1:1 protection
– Traffic transmitted over only the working fiber
– If the working fiber is cut, the source and destination
both switch over to the protection fiber
– An APS protocol is required
– Not as fast as 1+1 protection
• Advantages over 1+1 protection
– Under normal operation, the protection fiber can be
used to transmit lower-priority traffic
– Can extend to 1: N protection where N working fibers
share a single protection fiber
5. 5
Self-Healing Rings
• A ring is the simplest topology that is 2-
connectedresilient to failures
• Much of the carrier infrastructure today uses
SONET rings called self-healing rings
– Can automatically detect failures and reroute traffic
away from the failed links/nodes rapidly (within 60ms)
• Three ring architectures: UPSR, BLSR/4, BLSR/2
– Unidirectional ring: carry working traffic in only one
direction of the ring
– Bidirectional ring: carry working traffic in both
directions
6. 6
Unidirectional Path-Switched
Rings (UPSR)
• Two fibers: one working and one protection
• Traffic transmitted simultaneously on the working
fiber in the clockwise direction and on the
protection fiber in the counter clockwise direction
• For each connection, destination node monitors
both the working path and the protection path and
selects the better signal
• Traffic switch-over done on a connection-by-
connection basis
• Essentially path layer 1+1 protection
7. 7
Unidirectional Path-Switched
Rings (UPSR)
• Simple to implement
• Require no communication between the nodes
• Protection capacity = working capacity
• No sharing of the protection bandwidth between
connections
– Each bidirectional connection uses up capacity on every
link in the ring and has dedicated protection bandwidth
• Popular in access networks
8. 8
Bidirectional Line-Switched
Rings (BLSR)
• Working traffic carried on both directions
• Four-fiber BLSR (BLSR/4)
– Two working fibers and two protection fibers
– Employ both span switching and ring switching
• Span switching: when a transmitter or receiver on a working
fiber fails, the traffic is routed onto the protection fiber
between the two nodes on the same link
• Ring switching: in case of a fiber cut, the traffic is rerouted
around the ring on the protection fibers
• Two-fiber BLSR (BLSR/2)
– Two fibers, both carry working traffic, half the capacity
on each fiber reserved for protection purposes
– Employ ring switching, not span switching
9. 9
Bidirectional Line-Switched
Rings (BLSR)
• Operate at the line layer
• Protection bandwidth can be used to carry low-
priority traffic during normal operation
• Allow protection bandwidth to be shared between
non-overlapping connections
• Widely deployed in long-haul and interoffice
networks
– Most metro carriers have deployed BLSR/2s
– Many long-haul carriers have deployed BLSR/4s
10. 10
Bidirectional Line-Switched
Rings (BLSR)
• Handling node failures
– The failure of a node is seen by all its adjacent nodes as
link failures
– Errors can occur if each of the adjacent nodes performs
restoration assuming single link failure
– Solution:
• Nodes adjacent to the failed node exchange messages to
determine if they have both recorded link failures
• If so, don’t restore any traffic that originates or terminates at
the failed node (squelching)
• Slower restoration time
11. 11
Ring Interconnection
• Simple way: connect the drop sides of two ADMs
on different rings back to back
– The interconnection is broken if one of the ADMs fails
or the link between the two ADMs fails
• Solution: dual homing
– Use two hub nodes to perform interconnection
– Connections are setup between the originating node and
both the hub nodes using the drop-and-continue feature
in the ADMs
12. 12
Protection in IP Networks
• Slow failure detection
– Adjacent routers send hello packets every 10 sec and
declare the link down if miss 3 successive hello packets
• Slow failure restoration
– IP uses dynamic, hop-by-hop routing of packets based
on the routing table maintained by the routers
– When a failure occurs, the routing protocol updates the
routing table at each router in a distributed manner
• Routing table convergence time: several seconds
• During convergence, packets could be lost or loop within the
network
13. 13
Protection in IP Networks
• Use Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) to
achieve faster restoration
• MPLS allows label-switched paths (LSPs) to be
set up between nodes
– Packets can be sent along the LSPs
• Protection schemes can be implemented within the
MPLS layer
– E.g., precompute a backup LSP for each working LSP,
reroute packets onto the backup LSP when a working
LSP fails