2. medicinal plants that are now found in every home
garden sometimes described as genetic gardens (FAO,
1999). Women knowledge in and conservation of genetic
material could assist in identifying and promoting species
adaptability and domestication to face the challenges
posed by adaptation to and mitigation of climate change
(World Bank, 2008). Ethiopia; Home gardens offer a
practical response to the following challenges: massive
degradation and depletion of forest resources; the rural
energy crisis; optimum utilization of already scarce land
and environmental improvement and landscape
enhancement (Uddin, et.al, 2001, Tesfaye, 2005, Akhter,
et.al, 2010). In Sub Saharan Africa degradation of natural
resources leads to soil erosion and flooding, reducing
productivity and enhance contribute to decrease water
availability and increase the burden of women.
The direct effect of deforestation as fuel wood is an
important on which the women in the households are
responsible to collect. The twigs, branches of most forest
species and the bushes and other wastes are collected
from the forests and used for the fuel purpose by
households constituted 39% of the total forest products in
terms of both biomass and money value (Malhotra et al.
1992). Thus, the development and encouragement of
Home gardens should be one aim of the general policy
with regard to natural resource conservation and
management (Uddin, et.al, 2001, Akhter, et.al, 2010). In
Ethiopia, Home gardens are maintained by 20 million
populations in south and south east represent one
possible strategy for biodiversity conservation (Kindu,
2001; Kaber et.al, 2008) and It play a vital role in
providing firewood, fodder, medicine, fruit, and timber
(Tadese, 2002, Tesfaye, 2005, Zeben, 2003).
Home garden agroforestry have been practice in
densely populated area of Africa and South East Asia.
(Tadese, 2002, Tesfaye, 2005). Study in Ethiopia shows
that more than 600 persons per sq. km for well managed
Home gardens of Gedio and Sidama has been
authenticated respectively (Tadese, 2002, Tesfaye,
2005). In most areas, the farmers adopt practices for long
time because of highest social utility is attained by
generating the highest rate of return to all available
resources, including all costs and benefits (Soyuma,
2004). They used for subsistence purposes of the
households to generate cash income (Christanty, 1990;
Torquebiau, 1992; Mendez et al., 2001). They usually
provide between 50 and 80% of total agricultural income
of villagers (Mary and Michon, 1987; Peyre et al.1993).
The diversity of income sources, as well as the
secondary domestic production to meet the household’s
subsistence needs is essential assets in the economic
security and welfare (Tesfaye, 2005). the objectives
were:
(i) To assess the contribution of women's in traditional
home garden management
Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 104
(ii) To assess women in control of home garden
resources
(iii) To identify the role of women in conservation of bio-
diversity in traditional home garden agro-forestry .
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The sites
The study was conducted in Boricha and Wondo Genet
woredas which represent dry and humid lands of Sidama
zone, SNNPRS of Ethiopia, respectively. Sidama
administrative zone is located within 5º45’- 6º45’ N
latitude and 37.92º-39.19º E longitude, covering a total
area of 6981.8 square kilometers (SZFEDD, 2009). In
Boricha the farming system is completely rain-fed
agriculture and subsistence oriented, where as in Wondo
Genet, irrigation based farming as cash crop is also
practiced. The main farming systems are the crops and
livestock based farming.
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
Six kebeles and 90 respondent women farmers were
randomly selected from two woreda participated in the
Home garden agro forestry management practices. There
also two focus group discussions which include men and
elder people formed to study in detail. Primary data were
collected using a prepared questionnaire for respondents.
Structured and semi-structured interviews were
administered to document informants’ attributes and
enumeration was made through vegetation inventory. In
the semi-structured interview, all interviewees were
asked on one-to-one basis, using open- and close-ended
questions. Then, following the answers, a series of
specific questions were asked on the subject of interest.
The plant inventory was performed by using a structured
format which included common and botanical names of
plants and their abundances. Women reflections on
species preferences were directly assessed through
individual interview. Besides, pair-wise rankings to
prioritize the most preferred species using the method
described in Udofia (2010). Most of the recorded species
were identified on the spot by using tree identification
manual of flora of Ethiopia (Azene, 2007). For species
which could not be confirmed on the spot voucher
specimens were collected and checked and identified at
Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resource
herbarium.
Data were analyzed and interpreted by using SPSS
version 17 software. Descriptive statistics such as
means, frequency, percentage and standard deviation
were used in the study. Household incomes from home
garden were calculated by using whole farm budget
3. Gabiso et al. 105
Figure 1. Map of study site.
analysis method. To analyze the role of women in the
management and decision the time spent and the income
collected by men and women were recorded separately.
The economic data were analyzed by using basic
economic methods of benefits and costs comparison,
where
Net Financial Worth of home gardens = B-C
Where, B = benefits and C = costs
The share of income by women was calculated by
summation of those crops, animals and tree products
which are controlled by women. Therefore, women
income share equal to net financial worth of home
gardens minus resources which women control.
RESULTS
Women in home garden activities
Characteristics of the respondents
Most of the respondents were middle aged from 30-50
years while the remaining 11.11% of them are from 51-60
years. All the respondents owned Home gardens were
located between0.25ha to 1ha. from Homes while 21% is
own greater than a hectare.
Role of Women in management of home garden
Labor is the major input in traditional labor intensive
home garden activities and women contributed about half
of it (Figure 2). Overall, men accounted for less than 40%
labour requirement in Home gardens, but there were
difference in control of home garden resources. Women
spend most of their time in pre-harvesting activity. The
average time they spend in the home garden is 4-6
hour/day while men spend 2-3 hours a day. This agrees
with Lemlem et al. (2010) who reported the women’s
work to be between 10–12 hours per day, half of which is
spent on household tasks such as fetching water and
firewood, preparing and cooking food, and caring for
children. Gender studies on division of labor in
agricultural sector in Ethiopia by Almaz (2000), revealed
that up to 40% of farming activities are done by women,
especially in food production and processing. Similarly,
World Bank (2008) has reported that women play a
significant role in agricultural productivity carrying out an
estimated 40% to 60% of all agricultural labor. Women
involved in activities closely associated with their
household responsibilities, such as storage, processing
and value adding. When timeliness is of the essence,
particularly weeding and harvesting, women and men
work together with other household members. Activities
like land preparation, pruning, and planting species are
done by men, while watering, fertilizing, weeding, and
fencing were mainly done by women. Soil fertility of
Home gardens is maintained by manure of livestock and
kitchen waste and it’s the responsibility of women
(Appendix 1). It also participated in fertilizing the soil with
organic manure (84.44%); land preparation (33.33%) of
crops especially vegetables and medicinal crops. The
rest of activities such as sowing, weeding, pest
4. Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 106
Figure 2. Proportion of women labour input in traditional home garden of Boricha and wondo Genet.
Table 1 Average annual net income and women’s share in home gardens of Boricha and Wondo Genet
Area (Ha) Mean HG income Mean annual cost Mean net income Women share percent
<0.5 8180 1101 7080 3346 41
0.51-1 12841 2149 13966 4350.7 33.88
1.1-1.5 18571 3085 15487 5663.2 30.5
1.51-2.5 29441 2513 26928 7355 24.98
>2.5 29478 4862 24616 8586 29.12
management and land management were the role of men
but women equally participated in harvesting of crops like
enset, vegetable and medicinal crops. In wondo Genet,
irrigating vegetable is the main duty of women and
children. Most of the harvesting is carried out by women
for home consumption and supply to local market. Fruits,
tuber crops, fuel wood, vegetables, and spices are
harvested as needed. Men are generally responsible in
the heavier tasks (land preparation, fence building, well
digging and tree harvesting), while women manage the
day-to-day maintenance tasks. These agree with Marsh
(1999), who showed that women typically care for day to
day activities.
Women are heavily involved in all aspects of home
garden agro forestry production, from the selection of
land to decisions regarding which crops to grow and to
harvest. They cultivate vegetable crops for commercial
purposes in their Home gardens. Most of the crop seed
selection is performed by women. This agree with Habib,
(1996); ESCAP, (1996); Ahmed & Hussain, (2004), in
that rural women play a key role in agricultural sector
production by working with full passion in production of
crops right from the soil preparation till post harvest and
food security activities. Study also finds that men manage
commercial crops like avocado, sugarcane, coffee and
tomato where as women manage others of home
consumption. Women and Men share equally the
management responsibilities of livestock's. Dairy is
another marketable commodity where women have close
engagement in the production and marketing of products.
It is the women who sell milk and butter and control the
income from dairy products. Similarly Butt et al (2010)
noted that rural women along with men play an important
role in the livestock production sector.
Role of women in home garden utilization
In both woredas women control home garden products
that are used on day to day needs of house members.
The role of women and men were highly different over
the control of resources and responsibility for each crop
or tree and animals and their products in study site.
Products of home garden that are used for home
consumption and low daily income had been managed by
5. Gabiso et al. 107
Figure 3. Percentage of women control role in home gardens.
women. Women control less than men in home garden
resources management. The results agree with Rays et
al (2010), men and women also differed in how they
reportedly use garden products, with women favoring
household consumption versus sale or gifting.
Low market-value crops or tree product are controlled
and managed by women , where as cash crops like chat
(Catha edulis), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum),
tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum) and avocado (Persea
americana) are produced or marketed by men (Table 3).
Therefore, Women income in study sites were more
dependents on vegetable, enset, medicinal, spices and
other food crops than cash crops. Traditionally
vegetables around home are called women crop in both
sites. Most medicinal plants like Ruta chalepensis, Allium
sativu. and spices (Ocimum basilicum) are controlled by
women. Similarly women use cash crops for daily
consumption with closely control by men within
households. the study finds that women control 25-41%
of home garden income according to farm size. Only 33%
were controlled by women and searching food to feed
household members and feed for animal is her
responsibility. Similarly Tieja Rays (2008) reported that
Women in Tanzania have not been allowed to control the
use of such resources as land, cash crops and animals.
Women have controlled only the use of crops with low
monetary value.
Most of tree and tree product were controlled by
sharing with house members than exclude the others. If
the women control the product are very small and
subsistence need for daily consumption and sell. For
example, few fruit tree grow in Boricha and the income
controlled by women, where as large number of avocado
and mango trees in Wondo Genet and controlled by men.
In this case when commercialization of home garden may
endanger women control role. in addition women rarely
participated in marketing and controlling the benefits from
the sales of large livestock.
A regression analysis was found that an increase in
home garden income increase women income share by
0.191 and the result was significant at 0.05% level.
The estimated result of the regression model is presented
below:
Y=1971.32+0.191x
Where;
Y=total women income gain from home garden X=total
annual income of home garden
Women control only processed products such as milk,
butter, poultry and eggs, while men control income from
the sale of cattle, sheep, goats and others (Appendix 1).
This is similar with study in Ethiopia (Lemlem, 2010,
Rocheleau, 1995) shows that subsistence and semi-
subsistence farming systems, where crop-livestock
integration is very common and husbands take care of
large animals while wives take care of goats, sheep and
poultry
The income of women was determined by different
factors. The regression analysis made to identify
determination of womens annual income showed that
income from home garden and numbers of species in the
home garden have strong correlation with women’s
annual income at P>5 % (Table 2). this implies that The
women income is more dependent on home garden than
6. Scholarly J. Agric. Sci. 108
Table 2. Socio-economic factors influencing the women’s annual income.
Determinants Coefficient Std dev. t-ratio Probability
(Constant) 1427.37 2908.63 -0.993 0.323
Education level 185.33 1.06 0.954 0.342
HG income 0.19 12529.57 11.92 0.000**
Off farm income 0.06 3715.11 1.133 0.26
No of spp in HH 87.52 6.04 2.548 0.012**
Number of cattle 31.03 2.26 0.343 0.732
Distance to market 33.5 0.5 0.076 0.939
Farm size 253.87 0.84 1.075 0.285
Family size 16.3 2.43 0.218 0.827
Age 20.69 8.63 0.905 0.367
R
2
=32%, **significant at 5%..
other alternatives. There also increase the number of
species may increase the control resources for women
because of men control only those high market cash
crops.
Women in agro biodiversity management of Home
garden
Home gardens had high crop biodiversity which women
mange most of them for daily needs than men. This
agrees with Victoria Rays et al (2010) who argues that
gardens managed mainly by women had a larger
diversity of uses for species and a larger diversity of
species per unit area. On-farm preservation of species
within home garden was a highly effective method that
benefits the people. Women in study sites were
conserving a variety of fruits, vegetable, medicinal plants
and spices in their Home gardens. The study showed
that 90% of crop and 10% tree species were preferred by
women to be cultivated within home gardens. About 49%
of the women believed that women play a larger role than
men in home garden agro-biodiversity conservation,
while 38% believed that men played a larger role than
women, and 13% believed that men and women play
equal roles. The study finds that the absence of women
the diversity of plant species is highly endangered
especially those medicinal plants, spices and
ornamentals. This agrees with Robert (2007) who noted
that women are more familiar with both the field identities
and the medicinal values of the local flora than men.
Lemlem et al. (2010) has also indicated that women’s
preferences for crop varieties differ from that of men.
Women opt to produce types or varieties which are
mainly used for domestic consumption, whereas men
prefer crop varieties which have high market demand and
fetch high prices. For example, women rank first the
spices, medicinal, vegetable and fuel wood crops which
are grown near to house and controlled by themselves.
The plant species which are preferred by women are
listed in Table 3. According to FAO (1999) men and
women have often developed different expertise and
knowledge about the local environment, plant and animal
species and their products uses and management. These
gender-differentiated local knowledge systems play a
decisive role in the in situ conservation, management and
improvement of genetic resources for food and
agriculture.
DISCUSSION
Home garden play a vital role in the predominantly bio
resource based economy of the region. Proper care is
necessary for the development of the home gardens to
face the challenges in the new millennium. The proper
nurturing of home gardens has remained ignored or little
explored in research activities. The issues include
appropriate choice of species and different components
of home gardens. To mitigate the problem of drought and
nutrition farmers plant different tree and crop which have
grown under water stress condition. This is true for
Boricha; they are subsistence oriented farming and
hence different food crops and trees are adapted to the
dry climatic conditions which provide basic food supply to
the households. At Wondogent, the favorable climatic
condition and good market infrastructure have motivated
the farmers to focus on high-value cash crops, and earn
more income. The change of traditional agroforestry
system to cash oriented monoculture crop increase the
income of farmers.
Women play key role in all activities, contributing to
51% of the labor in home gardens, but they control 25-
40% of the household. Commercialization of home
garden product is incentive to plant cash crops, but it has
negative effects on agro biodiversity and the benefits of
women by decreasing in percentage but not amount of
money earned.. Therefore, appropriate management
practices are essential for proper conservation and
sustainability of agro-biodiversity. From home garden
resources, cash crops are mostly controlled by men and
7. Gabiso et al. 109
Table 3. Homestead species abundance and preferred by women in the study area.
Commen name Botanical name Abundance Preference Uses
Cabbage Brasica integrifolia(West) O.E.schulz c xxx v
Harcot bean Phaseolus Vulgaris L. fc xx f
Cucmber Cucurbita pepo L. r xx v
Potato Solamum tuberosum L. fc xx v
Maize Zea mays L. c x f
Head cabbage Brassica oleracea var.capitata fc xx v
Clambing bean Phaseolus lunatus L. r xx f
Rhu Ruta chalepensis L. fc xxx me
Taro Colocasia esculenta( L.) schoot. r xxx v
Rhamnus Rhamnus prinodes L.herit r xxx in
Damakase* Ocimum gratissimum L. r xxx me,sp
Michi medhant* Rosmarinus officinalis fc xxx me
Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam c xx f
Pepper Capsicum frutescens L. c xx f,in,sp
Koseret* Lippoia adonensis Hochst.Ex Walp. r x sp
Sweet basi Ocimum basilicum L. r xxx sp,me
Soy bean Glax max r x f
Enset Enset ventricosum Walw.Cheesman c xxx f,fo
Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum L. c x in,fo
Rose mary Rosmarinus officinalis L. fc xx sp
Banana Musa paradisiaca L. c xx fr
Chat Chata edulis(Vahl.) Forssk.ex endl. c x in
Tomato Daucus carota L. fc xx v,in
Carrot Daucus carota L. fc xx v
Red beat Beta vulgaris L. fc xx v
Shallot Allium cepa L. r xx v
Coffee Coffea arabica L. c x in,f
Peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch c x fr
Papaye Carica Papaya L. fc x fr
Zeytuna Psidium guajava L. fc xx fr
Avocado Persea americana Mill. c xxx fr,t
KEY: C= Commen, Fr= Fruit * = name not identified
Fc= Fair commen, T= Timber;
R= Rare, Me= Medicine
xxx= Very good, F = Food
xx= Good, Fo= Fodder
x= Fair good V= Vegetable
*= Local name SP= Spices
food crops, small animals and animal product by women.
Women are more knowledgeable than men in many
aspects of home garden management, but the family
does not recognize their role and their access to various
resources is limited. Giving due respect to their
indigenous knowledge and encouraging them in more
home garden activities, low interest credit facilities should
be provided to them by the government and NGOs, so
that besides managing home gardens they can invest in
income-generating activities. Generally, to increase the
benefits from home gardens, access to resources,
education, extension, information, training, credit service
and appropriate technologies need to be improved. There
is no any polices and plan in home garden development
in national level. Therefore, clear governmental policies,
strategies, and plans need to formulated for enhance the
benefits of home gardens to women as well as
households at all.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The financial support of the Norwegian Development Aid
(NORAD) Project in Hawassa University is gratefully
acknowledged. We also thanks to Sidama Zone
Administration and the staff of Agriculture office in study
districts who helps during the survey.
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APPENDIX
Appendix 1. Role of household members in managing and utilizing home garden.
Type of product Control or sell of resource Responsibility to manage Labour
Animal and their products
Milk F F F
Butter F F F
Hide & skin M M M
Honey/Bee hives M M M
Egg F F F,C
Cow M F,M C,F,M
Ox M F,M C,F,M
Goat M,F F,M C,F
Sheep M,F F,M C,F
Hen F,C F C,F
Crop products
Maize M F,M F,M
Enset F F F
Coffee M M,F F,M
Chat M M,F F,M
Sugare cane M M,F F,M
Rhamnus F M,F F,M
Cabbage F F F
Carrot M M,F F,M
Potato M M,F F,M
Sweet potato M M,F F,M
papper M,F M,F F,M
Tomato M M,F F,M
Red beet M M,F F,M
onion F M,F F,M
Forest and their products
Fuel wood M,F F F,M
Construction wood M M,F M
Fruit M,F M,F F,M
Appendix 2 Table 3 Respondents perception on role of household members on major operation.
Women Men Children Shared
Operation No of HHs % No of HHs % No of HHs % No of HHs %
Land preparation 30 33.33 40 44.4* 0 0 20 22.22
Sowing/seedling 20 22.22 30 33.33 0 0 40 44.4*
Weeding 14 4.44 44 48.8* 0 0 42 42.44
Organic fertilizer 76 84.44* 0 0 10 11.1 4 4.44
Artificial fertilizer 0 0 90 100* 0 0 0 0
Pest &disease mang’t 12 13.33 31 34 0 0 44 48.7*
Tree plantation 38 42.22 42 46.6* 4 4.44 6 6.66
Thinning 12 13.33 64 71.1* 0 0 14 15.44
Pollarding 24 26.66 56 62.2* 6 6.66 4 4.44
Pruning 14 15.55 20 22.22 12 13.33 44 48.7*
Harvesting 50 55.55* 28 31 8 8.88 12 13.2
Rearing in grazing land 42 46.66* 12 13.33 10 11.11 26 27.77
Forage supply 20 22.22 20 22.22 6 6.66 44 48.8*
Milking 88 97.77* 0 0 0 0 2 2.22
Marketing 5 5.6 8 8.88 0 0 77 85.55
Storage 20 22.22 30 33.33 2 2.22 40 44.4*
