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1. Program Book
Community Service Project
AP STATE COUNCIL OF HIGHER
EDUCATION
(A STATUTORY BODY OF GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

2. Program Book
for
Community Service Project
Name of the Student: S.Shabhana
P.Anuradha
P.Vasantha
S.Haritha
T.Nagamani.
Name of the College: Ravindra College Of Engineering For women
Registration Number:203T1A0596,203T1A0583,203T1A0582,203T1A0589,203T1A05A2.
Period of CSP: From: To:
Name & Address of the Community/Habitation: Raghamayuri,Dupadu,Kurnool district.

3. Community Service Project Report
Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of………….
Name of the college: Ravindra college of engineering for women
Department: Computer Science and Engineering
Name of the faculty guide: Mr. G.Fayaz Hussian
Duration of the csp; from to
Name of the student: S.Shabhana
p.Anuradha
p.vasantha
S.Haritha
T.Nagamini
Programme of study:
Year of study:III B.tech
Register number: 203T1A0596
203T1A0583
203T1A0582
203T1A0589
203T1A05A2
Date of submission:

4. Student’s Declaration
We S.Shabhana,P.Anuradha,P.Vasantha,S.Haritha,T.Nagamani,are
student of community service project Program of the Department of
computer science and engineering ,Ravindra College of engineering for
women do hereby declare that I have completed the mandatory
community service from…….. to....................................................................in
………………. (Name of the Community/Habitation) under the Faculty
Guideship of Mr. G.Fayaz Hussian, Department of in computer science and
engineering, Ravindra College of engineering for women.
(Signature and Date)
Endorsements
Faculty Guide: Mr.G.Fayaz Hussain
Head of the Department: Mr.K.Mahesh babu
Principal: Mr.k.Srinivas Murthy

5. Certificate from Official of the Community
This is to certify that ………………………. (Name of the Community Service
Volunteer) Reg. No……………… of …………………… Name of the College) underwent
community service in …………………………… (Name of the Community)
from……………… to …………………..
The overall performance of the Community Service Volunteer during his/her
community service is found to be.........................(Satisfactory/Good).
Authorized Signatory with Date and Seal

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I thank the Almighty-God, from the depth of my heart, which has been
the unfailing source of strength, comfort & inspiration in the completion of this seminar report.
I would like to extend my gratitude to my guide Asst. Pro G.FAYAZ HUSSAIN Department
of Computer Science and Engineering. Under whose able guidance I have completed my seminar report.
His contribution is immense in order to cherish and add value to a student’s career.
I would like to extend my gratitude to K. MAHESH BABU HOD of Computer Science
Department for their cooperation and valuable support in every way during the period of the seminar
report.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr K.E. SRINIVASA MURTHY, principal of Ravindra
College of Engineering for Women, Kurnool for their cooperation and valuable support in every way
during the period of the seminar report.
At last, I would like to thank Management and chairman Sri G.V.M. Mohan Kumar giving me
an opportunity to work on this seminar report and supporting me throughout the period of work at
Ravindra College of Engineering for Women, Kurnool.
SIGNATURE
S.Shabhana(203T1A0596)
P.Anuradha(203T1A0583)
P.Vasantha(203T1A0582)
S.Haritha(203T1A0589)
T.Nagamani(203T1A05A2)

7. CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Animal husbandry refers to livestock raising and selective breeding. It is the management and care of animals
in which the genetic qualities and behaviour of animals are further developed for profit. A large number of
farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood.
Animals provide us with a variety of food products which have high nutritional values. Therefore, they require
a lot of care and attention.
Animals are bred commercially in order to meet the high demand for food. Dairy products from animals like
cows, buffaloes, goats, are rich sources of protein. These animals are called milch animals as they provide us
with milk.
Another set of animals that provide nutrient-rich food are hen, ducks, goose, etc. They provide us with eggs,
which again are rich sources of protein.
Animals like chicken, duck, ox, goat, pigs, etc. are bred for meat. Other than these domestic animals we have
other sources of nutrients as well, they are marine animals. The seafood we eat has very high nutrient values.
They are sources of a variety of nutrients like fat, proteins.
The care, breeding, management, etc of animals are particularly monitored under the department of animal
husbandry. Animal husbandry is a large scale business. The animals are bred, cared, reared and sheltered in a
form or region, which are specially built form them. Animal husbandry involves poultry, milk-farms,
apiculture, aquaculture etc.
.

8. CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITY
Animal husbandry has a very long history, beginning with the taming and domestication of wild animals. The
development of productive forces made it possible to make the first significant division of labour: Animal
husbandry on one side, agricultural crop culture on the other. Cain and Abel were considered the first to
specialize. The term animal husbandry, synonymous with animal husbandry or zoo culture, comes from the
Greek word zoon1 and techne2. It was introduced to science by the Count de Gasparin, in his treatise entitled
"Course d 'agriculture" published in 1884 in Paris. Over time, there have been several attempts to specify the
term. Thus, Gasparin (1884), Sanson (1886 - the science that deals with the knowledge and exploitation of
animals), Cornevin (1891) and Cl. Bernard (1894) each tried to define animal husbandry.
Animal husbandry helps in the proper management of animals by providing proper food, shelter and protection
against diseases to domestic animals. It provides employment to a large number of farmer and thereby
increases their living standards. It helps in developing high yielding breeds of animals by cross breeding.

9. CHAPTER 3: COMMUNITY SERVICE PART
Service activities combined with facilitated means for applying the experience to their
academic and personal development” .It is a form of experiential education aimed at
enhancing and enriching student learning in course material. When compared to other
forms of experiential learning like internships and cooperative education.
A community survey is a method of collecting data from a filtered target audience to help
you understand an issue particular to them. Community service is a way for people to make
a difference in the world. Community service is crucial for people of all ages.
Community service activities help children define their values, experience empathy,
develop social skills, and learn about their community. Community service is often
organized through local areas.it may be performed for a variety of reasons including
citizenship requirements. Community service essay inspires us to help people and bring a
smile to their faces.
Needs And Importance:
Community service around the world play an important role in the development of society,
ranging from social enterprises in some of the poorest rural areas of the globe, to service
designed to enhance quality of life for the more vulnerable members of society in any
country or region. It Improves critical thinking skills.
Background:
Community Service is non-paying by one person or a group of people for the benefit of
their community or its institution it may be performed for various reason .It was in1952
that the community development project was launched by the government of india and
with wee find the emergence of a new era of community work.
• It may be required by a government as a part of citizenship requirements, like the
mandatory &quote ; Hand and hitch-up services & quote; for some municipalities
in Germany, or generally in lieu of military service or for civil conscription
services.
• It may be required as a substitution of, or in addition to, other criminal justice
sanctions – when performed for this reason it may also be referred to as community
payback.
• It may be mandated by schools to meet the requirements of a class, such as in the
case of service-learning or to meet the requirements of graduating as class
valedictorian.
• In the UK, it has been made a condition of the receipt of certain benefits (see
Workfare in the United Kingdom)

10. ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIRST WEEK
DAY
&
DAT
E
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
ACTIVITY
LEARNING OUTCOME Person
In-charge
Signature
Day
–
1
First we searched about our project what is an
Animal Husbandry.
We came to know about our
project.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day
-2
We got to know a little information about Animal
Husbandry.
We gathered the information
about our project title.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day
–
3
Finally we got a clear information about Animal
Husbandry.
Finally we came to know
about Animal husbandry
information.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day
–
4
We find out where the nearest animal care centers
are located like cows farms, poultry farm , fish
farming etc.
We searched for nearest animal
husbandry places.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day
–
5
we looked at many animal care centers and we
choose the right one. We discussed about animal
care centers which is nearer to
us.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day
–
6
We are all discussed and planned to visit the place We summarized the
information about animal
husbandry.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian

11. WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 1 (From Dt………..….. to Dt… .............. )
Objective of the Activity Done: Detailed information about Animal husbandry
Detailed Report:
our community service project is about Animal husbandry .In day one
we searched about what is Animal husbandry . The next day we got a little bit of information about
Animal husbandry The third day we got a full clarity of animal husbandry.
Animal Husbandry :
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that
are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective breeding ,and
first domesticated, from around 13,000 BC farming of the first crops. By the time of early
civilisations such as ancient Egypt, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs were being raised on farms.
In day 4 we find out where the nearest animal care centers are located like
Cows farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc., the next day we looked many animal care center a
and we choose right one. In the part of cows farming we choose Gayathri Goseva Samithi in Kurnool
District. In part of poultry farming we are going to visit the hens farming in Kurnool district,veldurthi
(mandal).In the part of fish farming we are going to visit the fish farming in bangarpeta kurnnol.
Finally the next day we are all planned to visit the place .In part of animal
Husbandry on second week we all discussed and want to go to the cows farming. On the third week
We all want go to the poultry farming .In the fourth week we all thought wee should all go to the
Fish farming. The next week we planned to do documentation. we had enough to plan for the whole
Week.

12. ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SECOND WEEK
DAY
&
DATE
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
DAILY ACTIVITY
LEARNING
OUTCOME
Person
In-charge
Signature
Day –
1
We visited the Gayatri Goshala Samithi and
talked to the supervisor
We gathered the
information from the
supervisor regarding about
cows farming.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day -
2
Types of cows We came to know about the
What type of cows in
Gayathri Goshala Samithi
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
3
Nutritious food
We came to know which
type of nutritious food are
given to the cows.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
4
Production of cows
We came to know about the
production of cows in
Gayatri Goshala Samithi.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
5
Health Hygienic
We came to know about
the health hygienic of cows
in Gayatri Goshala Samithi.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
6
summarized the information regarding the
Gayatri Goshala Samithi
We gather the information
about Gayathri goshala
Samithi.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian

13. WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 2 (From Dt………..….. to Dt… .............. )
Objective of the Activity Done: Detailed information about cows farming
Detailed Report:
In the part of animal husbandry we visited GAYATHRI GOSEVA SAMITHI in DUPADU
KURNOOL DISTRICT. Here ,620 cows and 8 sheds are there. In each shed there are 70 to 80 cows will stay.
The total place surrounded by this farm is 7 acres. There are three types of species Ongole cows, Giri cows
And Natural cows.
GIRI COWS:
The Gir is distinctive in appearance, typically having a rounded and domed forehead
being the only ultra-convex breed in the world, long pendulous ears and horns which spiral out and back.
ONGOLE COWS:
The Ongoles are large-sized animals with loosely knit frames, large dewlaps which
are fleshy and hang in folds extending to the navel flap, and slightly pendulous sheaths. They have long
bodies and short necks; limbs are long and muscular. The forehead is broad between the eyes and slightly
prominent.
NATURAL COWS:
Cattle tend to be stocky with long, rectangular bodies. Beef cattle are more
muscular; dairy cattle have a truer rectangular shape. Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) are called humped cattle;
each specimen has a hump over its shoulders. The head is small relative to body size; it has a long,
straight snout.
NUTRITIOUS FOOD:
Heifers and cows are fed grain mixed with hay, corn silage (entire corn.
plant chopped and fermented) and other feeds to create what farmers and nutritionists call a total
mixed ration, or TMR. The TMR is made in a big mixer like the one below. The TMR is important
because it ensures cows get proper nutrition
HEALTH HYGIENIC:
In animals, health may be defined as the absence of disease or the normal
functioning of an organism and normal behaviour based on the observation of a certain number of
Individuals that determine the standard and thus health.
PRODUCTS:
The various products are made with the cows they are MILK, GHEE, AGARBHATTI,
THUNDERBOLTS, FERTILIZERS…..etc

14. ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE THIRD WEEK
DAY
&
DATE
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
ACTIVITY
LEARNING OUTCOME Person
In-charge
Signature
Day –
1
We visited poultry farming
We gathered the information
from the supervisor regarding
about poultry farming.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day -
2
Different types of hens
We came to know about the
What type of hens.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
3
Food for poultry We came to know which type
of nutritious food are given to
the hens.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
4
Health Hygienic We came to know about the
health hygienic of hens .
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
5
Production of poultry We came to know about the
production of hens.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
6
summarized the information regarding the hens. We gather the information
about poultry farming.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian

15. WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 3 (From Dt………..….. to Dt… .............. )
Objective of the Activity Done: Detailed information about poultry farming
Detailed Report:
Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such
as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. Poultry – mostly chickens – are
farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chickens are killed for consumption annually.
LAYING BREEDS:
Layer poultry farming means raising egg-laying poultry birds for the purpose
of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to
be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age.
MEAT BREEDS:
The breed can influence weight, yields, and the conformation of the meat,
carcass, among other variables, as well as the pH level and the fatty acid composition of the
whereas the feed mainly affects carcass conformation and several physicochemical and
organoleptic parameters of meat quality such as proximal
DUAL PURPOSE BREEDS:
Dual-purpose breed is an animal breed such as chickens, beef/dairy as
cattle, sheep, goats, ducks, geese, pigs, hops, etc. that provide at least 2 kinds of resources (food such
meat, eggs, and milk; wool, hide) or skills (such as with some hunting dogs and pigeons).
FOOD:
Chickens are omnivores and enjoy a variety of fruits, vegetables, cereals and even table
Chickens are omnivores and enjoy a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains and even table scraps.
HYGENIC HEALTH:
Indian veterinary pharmaceutical companies develop various injections,
medicines and supplements for the betterment of livestock, poultry animals and companion animals.
with these, health and hygiene are also necessary for the best results. We will talk about poultry
animals and farms and how to secure their health and hygiene
PRODUCTION:
Ovulation (release of the yolk from the ovary) occurs every 24 – 26 hours egg was
regardless of fertilization (so a rooster is not needed). A hen ovulates a new yolk after the previous
laid. It takes 26 hours for an egg to fully form (white and shell added), so a hen will lay an egg later and later
Each day.

16. ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FOURTH WEEK
DAY
&
DATE
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
DAILYACTIVITY
LEARNING OUTCOME Person In-
charge
Signature
Day –
1
We visited Fish Farming
We gathered the information from
the supervisor regarding about fish
farming.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day -2
Different types of fishes We came to know about the
What type of fishes.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
3
Food for Fishes We came to know which type of
nutritious food are given to the
fishes.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
4
Health hygienic We came to know about the
health hygienic of fishes .
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
5
Production from fishes We came to know about the
production of fishes.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
6
summarized the information regarding
the fishes.
We gather the information about
fishes farming.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian

17. WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 4 (From Dt………..….. to Dt… .............. )
Objective of the Activity Done: Detailed information about Fish farming
Detailed Report: Fish farming or pisciculture involves commercial breeding of fish, usually for
Food, in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds.
SNAPPER: snapper, any of about 105 species of fishes of the family Lutjanidae (order
Perciformes). Snappers are found, often in abundance, throughout the tropics
BLUE FISH: The bluefish is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish.
found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean
GOLD FISH: The goldfish is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. It is
Commonly kept as a pet in indoor aquariums, and is one of the most popular aquarium fish.
FOOD: Aquarium fish feed is plant or animal material intended for consumption by pet fish kept in
aquariums or ponds. Fish foods normally contain macronutrients, trace elements and vitamins necessary to
keep captive fish in good health.
PRODUCTION: Fish are a very high source of proteins and have great nutritional value. Fish production was
initially dependent on fish capturing. However, most of the captured fish were used for industrial purposes and
were hardly consumed by man. Therefore, an alternative method to increase fish production was devised that
includes farming and husbandry of economically important aquatic organisms. This is known as aquaculture
In this, fishing is done in freshwater bodies, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and tanks. Reservoirs where.
freshwater bodies and seawater bodies join also form inland fisheries.
PRODUCTS: There are several varieties of fish which do not command a ready market as fresh fish, but are
comparable to many table fish in nutritive value and other attributes. One of the ways of ensuring effective
utilisation of such fish is to process ready-to-serve or ready-to-cook value added `convenience' products, for
which there already exists great demand from within the country as also from abroad. Fish ball is one such
product prepared using fish mince and starch that can be processed as a coated product or as a heat-processed
product in a suitable fluid medium.

18. ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIFTH WEEK
DAY
&
DATE
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
ACTIVITY
LEARNING OUTCOME Person
In-charge
Signature
Day –
1
We collected information about Animal
husbandry by using Reference (Documentation).
Started documentation Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day -
2
We divided our documentation into parts. Each part is assigned to each
member of our team.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
3
Attached the pictures which we are visited. We attached the pictures of
animal husbandry.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
4
We collect some more information by references. We collect information by
references.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
5
Documentation with proper manner. The documentation is done
with well manner.
Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian
Day –
6
Completed the document. Completed the document. Mr. G.Fayaz
Hussian

19. WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 5 (From Dt………..….. to Dt… .............. )
Objective of the Activity Done: All the collected information is being documented.
Detailed Report: Animal husbandry refers to livestock raising and selective breeding. It is the
management and care of animals in which the genetic qualities and behavior of animals are further
developed for profit. A large number of farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood.
Cow farming involves the rearing and management of two types of animals- one group for food provide
requirements like milk and another for labour purposes like ploughing, irrigation, etc. Animals which
Milk are called milch/dairy animals.
Poultry farming, raising of birds domestically or commercially, primarily for meat and eggs but also
for feathers. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are of primary importance, while guinea fowl and
squabs (young pigeons) are chiefly of local interest.
Fish farming, use tanks and net enclosures inside the body of water. In hot weather, evaporation can
cause dehydration in the pond. Therefore, pumps are installed in small ponds and lakes to ensure fish
Get enough fresh water. The water pump is useful for anyone who raises his fish in an earthen pond.
Advantages of Animal husbandry helps in the proper management of animals by providing proper food,
Shelter and protection against diseases to domestic animals
Disadvantages of Animal husbandry Animals feed on large covers of grass, thereby Spread of
Disease, depleting greenery. Excessive feeding on forest covers led to soil erosion.
Disrupts local ecosystem, Source of large amounts of methane, one of the main reasons for
Global warming

20. CHAPTER 5: OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION
Details of the Socio-Economic Survey of the Village/Habitation. Attach the
questionnaire prepared for the survey.
1) First, we asked the supervisor how much land is occupied for whole shed?
2) How many cows are living there, and their calf childs?
3) Who is manager of gayathri goseva Samithi?
4) How much food is required for the cows per day?
5) How much production is going on…?
6) What are the different species in the cow farming?
7) Which types of grasses are providing for the cows?
8) What are the products are available here?
9) What are the different species in the poultry farming?
10) How long do chickens live ?
11) How noisy are chickens ?
12) What precautions are taken when chickens are fall ill?
13) How many eggs does a hen come? Are the eggs brought to the hen hatched or are they sent to
the market for sale?
14) what kind of food are given to the chickens?
15) How are chickens are raised if not by needles but by breed?
16) How much space do you need to grow a fish ?
17) How many adult fishes are in the pond?
18) How long does it take the shellfish to grow to market size?
19) How many eggs does a fish lay?
20) What modern items can we use to fight fish diseases?
21) How many types of fish are there?

21. Describe the problems you have identified in the community
1) The water condition is not good at gayatri goseva Samithi
2) They are not getting better improvement
3) Lesser workers are available
4) Chikens are beging injected and risied
5) Inability to provide
6) The preservation of the eggs is not at all good
7) Saparete places are not providing for tne chikens
8) Lack of water bodies to harvest fish.
9) Contamination is caused by pesticides.
10) Pollution in the natural water bodies.
11) Huge market demand is comparatively greater than the production rate.

22. Short-term and long term action plan for possible solutions for the problems
identified and that could be recommended to the concerned authorities for
implementation.
The solution of the above problems
1) To keep the water clean every day by installing more boreholes
2) Maintain Pond Water Condition – One of the biggest reasons behind fish diseases is bacterial and,
fungal infections. So, it is very important to keep the water clean. Unlike other form of farming
cleanliness is something very difficult to achieve in fish farming as they release their waste on the
water and it is almost impossible to evacuate the pond, clean the water and then release the fish
again on a regular basis. So, one way of tackling it is by using optimum feed. Do not feed
excessively as the remains decompose and hamper water quality
Special Precaution during Monsoon - Monsoon is the most difficult time for a fish farmer. It is advised to
dig the pond deep just before the onset of monsoon so that it can accommodate excessive water. Also
during monsoon the pH level decreases thus making the water more acidic. As a result, add some
freshwater to the pond on a consistent basis.

23. Description of the Community awareness programme/s conducted w.r.t the
problems and their outcomes.
Awareness of Animal husbandry: society. Companionship, pleasure, service, conservation, and.
stabilization of the economy are but a few of the contributions animals make that help our society
function. Throughout our history, animals have been used to till the soil, aid in transportation, and
build structures
1)volunteer at your local animal shelter .often, when abused animals are taken to a shelter ,they are
every
Afraid of people.
2)Go orange for animals
3)report cruelty
4)self awareness,social awareness, organizational awareness
5) There is simply no humane way of extracting cow’s milk. All dairy farms cause unnecessary ongoing
suffering to cows and calves. The only way to help dairy cows and their calves is to raise awareness of
the issues rife in the dairy industry and to adopt a vegan lifestyle. With arrays for eggs or meat
chickens are widely thought to be the world’s most abused animals. Society is turning away from red
meat, causing demand for white chicken meat to continually increase. To play your part in helping shut
down the inhumane egg and chicken industry forever, choose a vegan lifestyle.

24. Report of the mini-project work done in the related subject w.r.t the
habitation/village.
A mini-project work in the related subject w.r.t the habitation/village. (For ex., a
student of Botany may do a project on Organic Farming or Horticulture or usage of
biofertilizers or biopesticides or effect of the inorganic pesticides, etc. A student of
Zoology may do a project on Aquaculture practices or animal husbandry or poultry or
health and hygiene or Blood group analysis or survey on the Hypertension or survey
on the prevalence of diabetes, etc.
The Report shall be limited to 6 pages.
ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
animal husbandry, Controlled cultivation, management, and production of domestic animals, including
improvement of the qualities considered desirable by humans by means of breeding. Animals are bred and
raised for utility (e.g., food, fur), sport, pleasure, and research. See also beekeeping, dairy farming.
DAIRY FARMING
Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed (either on
the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product. Dairy
farming has a history that goes back to the early Neolithic era, around the seventh millennium BC, in many
regions of Europe and Africa. Before the 20th century, milking was done by hand on small farms. Beginning
in the early 20th century, milking was done in large scale dairy farms with innovations including polars,
the milking pipeline, and automatic milking systems that were commercially developed in the early 1990s.
Milk preservation methods have improved starting with the arrival of refrigeration technology in the late 19th
century, which included direct expansion refrigeration and the plate heat exchanger. These cooling methods
allowed dairy farms to preserve milk by reducing spoiling due to bacterial growth and humidity.
Worldwide, leading dairy industries in many countries including India, the United States, China, and New
Zealand serve as important producers, exporters, and importers of milk. Since the late 20th century, there has
generally been an increase in total milk production worldwide, with around 827,884,000 tonnes of milk being
produced in 2017 according to the FAO.
There has been substantial concern over the amount of waste output created by dairy industries, seen
through manure disposal and air pollution caused by methane gas. The industry's role in
agricultural greenhouse gas emissions has also been noted to implicate environmental consequences. Various
measures have been put in place in order to control the amount of phosphorus excreted by dairy livestock. The
usage of rBST has also been controversial. Dairy farming in general has been criticized by animal
welfare activists due to the health issues imposed upon dairy cows through intensive animal farming
POLUTRY FARMING
Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such
as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. Poultry – mostly chickens – are
farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chickens are killed for consumption annually. Chickens raised
for eggs are known as layers, while chickens raised for meat are called broilers.
In the United States, the national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). In the UK, the national organisation is the Department for Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs (Defra).

25. Free-range poultry farming allows chickens to roam freely for a period of the day, although they are usually
confined in sheds at night to protect them from predators or kept indoors if the weather is particularly bad. In
the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) states that a free-range chicken must
have day-time access to open-air runs during at least half of its life. Unlike in the United States, this definition
also applies to free-range egg-laying hens. The European Union regulates marketing standards for egg farming
which specifies a minimum condition for free-range eggs that "hens have continuous daytime access to open
air runs, except in the case of temporary restrictions imposed by veterinary authorities". The RSPCA "Welfare
standards for laying hens and pullets" indicates that the stocking rate must not exceed 1,000 birds per hectare
(10 m2
per hen) of range available and a minimum area of overhead shade/shelter of 8 m2
per 1,000 hens must
be provided.
Free-range farming of egg-laying hens is increasing its share of the market. Defra figures indicate that 45% of
eggs produced in the UK throughout 2010 were free range, 5% were produced in barn systems and 50% from
cages. This compares with 41% being free range in 2009.
Suitable land requires adequate drainage to minimise worms and coccidial oocysts, suitable protection from
prevailing winds, good ventilation, access and protection from predators. Excess heat, cold or damp can have
a harmful effect on the animals and their productivity. Free range farmers have less control than farmers using
cages in what food their chickens eat, which can lead to unreliable productivity, though supplementary feeding
reduces this uncertainty. In some farms, the manure from free range poultry can be used to benefit crops.
FISH FORMING
Fish farming is a form of aquaculture in which fish are raised in enclosures to be sold as food. It is the fastest
growing area of animal food production. Today, about half the fish consumed globally are raised in these
artificial environments. Commonly farmed species include salmon, tuna, cod, trout and halibut. These
“aquafarms” can take the form of mesh cages submerged in natural bodies of water, or concrete enclosures on
land.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, roughly 32% of world fish stocks are
overexploited, depleted or recovering and need of being urgently rebuilt. Fish farming is hailed by some as a
solution to the overfishing problem. However, these farms are far from benign and can severely damage
ecosystems by introducing diseases, pollutants and invasive species. The damage caused by fish farms varies,
depending on the type of fish, how it is raised and fed, the size of the production, and where the farm is located.
One significant issue is that—rather than easing the impact on wild populations—the farms often depend on
wild fish species lower on the food chain, like anchovies, in order to feed the larger, carnivorous farmed
species. It can take up to five pounds of smaller fish to produce one pound of a fish like salmon or sea bass.
Overfishing of these smaller “forage” fish has repercussions throughout the ocean ecosystem.
TYPES OF COWS
(GIRI, ONGOLE, NATURAL COWS)
GIRI COWS : The Giri or Gyr is one of the principal Zebu breeds originating in India. It has been used locally
in the improvement of other breeds including the Red Sindhi and the Sahiwal. It was also one of the breeds
used in the development of the Brahman breed in North America. In Brazil and other South American countries
the Giri is used frequently because, as a Bos indicus breed, it is resistant to hot temperatures
and tropical diseases. It is well known for its milk producing qualities and is often bred with Friesian cows to
make the Giri lando breed.
The Giri is distinctive in appearance, typically having a rounded and domed forehead (being the only ultra
convex breed in the world), long pendulous ears and horns which spiral out and back. Giri are generally mottled
with the colour ranging from red through yellow to white, black being the only unacceptable colour. They
originated in west India in the state of Gujarat and have since spread to neighbouring Maharashtra and
Rajasthan.

26. Cows average 385 kg in weight and 130 cm in height; bulls weigh 545 kg on average, with a height of 140
cm. At birth, calves weigh about 20kg.The average milk yield for the Gir is 1590 kg per lactation, with a record
production of 3182 kg at 4.5% fat in India. In Brazil they average 3500 kg per lactation, with a world record
production of 17 120 kg by the cow Profana.
Ongole cows
Ongole cattle is an indigenous cattle breed that originates from Prakasam District in the state of Andhra
Pradesh in India. The breed derives its name from the place the breed originates from, Ongole. The Ongole
breed of cattle, Bos indicus, has a great demand as it is said to possess resistance to both foot and mouth
disease and mad cow disease. These cattle are commonly used in bull fights in Mexico and some parts of East
Africa due to their strength and aggressiveness. They also participate in traditional bull fights in Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Cattle breeders use the fighting ability of the bulls to choose the right stock for
breeding in terms of purity and strength.
Ongole cattle are famous for their bulls. Traditionally, the Ongole breed have been raised by local farmers,
fed by both the Gundlakamma, one of the rivers that originates from the Nallamala Hills, and in the plains,
the Paleru river, a tributary of the Krishna River. The Ongole occupy an area no larger than about 100 square
miles between the Gundlakamma and Musi rivers.[2]
Ongole bulls have gone as far as America,
the Netherlands, Malaysia, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Indonesia, West
Indies, Australia, Fiji, Mauritius, Indo-China and Philippines. The Brahmana bull in America is an off-breed
of the Ongole. The population of Ongole off-breed in Brazil is called Nellore and is said to number several
million. The famous Santa Gertrudis breed developed in Texas, USA have Ongole blood. This makes Ongole
breed the largest cattle breed by numbers, in the world surpassing even Wildebeest of Africa.
NATURAL COWS
Domestic cows are one of the most common farm animals around the world, and the English language has
several words to describe these animals at various ages. A baby cow is called a calf. A female calf is sometimes
called a heifer calf and a male a bull calf. A heifer is a female that has not had any offspring. The term usually
refers to immature females; after giving birth to her first calf, however, a heifer becomes a cow. An adult male
is known as a bull. Many male cattle are castrated to reduce their aggressive tendencies and make them more
tractable. Young neutered males, which are primarily raised for beef, are called steers or bullocks, whereas
adult neutered males, which are usually used for draft purposes, are known as oxen. A group of cows, cattle,
or kine (an archaic term for more than one cow) constitutes a herd. English lacks a gender-neutral singular
form, and so “cow” is used for both female individuals and all domestic bovines.
Types of Poultry
Many different breeds of chickens have been developed for different purposes. For simplicity, you can place
them into three general categories: Laying, meat-producing and dual-purpose breeds.
Laying Breeds:
These breeds are known for their egg-laying capacity. Popular laying breeds include the White Leghorn, Red
Sex Link and Black Sex Link breeds. A healthy hen will lay eggs for several years. Hens begin to lay at
approximately 16–20 weeks of age and will lay between 20–23 dozen eggs the first year. At 14 months, laying
hens usually begin to molt, the process by which they drop their old feathers and grow new ones. No eggs are
laid during this period. After molting, hens will lay larger but fewer eggs per year (about 16–18 dozen).
The Ancona is a fairly prolific layer, producing an average of 200 eggs a year. This bird, which was first bred
in Italy but is now popular in the UK, is a good choice as a layer, but his nervous and jumpy nature means that
the Ancona is not a good choice as a pet. It is known for escaping, too, so will need regular clipping of its
flight wings.

27. Meat Breeds:
Meat-producing breeds are very efficient at converting feed to meat, producing approximately one pound of
bodyweight for every two pounds of feed they eat. A popular meat-producing breed is the Cornish breed. The
Cornish game hen is a cross between the Cornish and the New Hampshire or Plymouth Rock breeds. Meat-
producing chickens are broad breasted and larger than the laying breeds. They grow and feather rapidly and
will weigh five pounds or more at eight weeks. Broilers and fryers are butchered at 31/2 to 5 pounds, while a
roaster is butchered at 6 to 8 pounds.
The Cornish Cross is one of the most well-known meat chickens. More often than not, the chicken meats
packaged in grocery stores are often various types of Cornish Crosses.
These broiler chickens were bred to grow quickly for harvesting. To this day, they’re popular and favored
amongst commercial producers because they grow and gain weight much faster than many other chicken
breeds.
Cornish Crosses can also grow as backyard chickens but caring for them can be a bit of a challenge. They’re
rather slow and not very hardy. They’re also not the best free-range chickens, so they need a lot of extra
protection. These chickens also eat a lot of food in a short period of time, so they’re more suited for large
commercial environments.
The Bresse is a popular chicken breed because of its delicious taste. They can be expensive, but the cost is
often worth it because of the quality of the meat.
Bresse chickens are very social and do well in large flocks. They don’t really enjoy being handled by humans,
but they’re not known to be aggressive. They just prefer to be left alone to forage with the rest of their flock.
The Bresse originated from France, and it’s still a cherished bird to this day. In fact, a chicken is only
considered a true Bresse if it was raised in the Bresse region.
• Weight: 5-7 pounds
• Ready for Harvest: 16-20 weeks
•
Dual-Purpose Breeds:
The dual-purpose breed is the classic backyard chicken. These breeds are hardy, self-reliant and fairly large
bodied. Most lay large brown-shelled eggs. Examples include Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire breeds.
Some laying and dual-purpose hens tend to get broody, which means they will want to sit on and hatch eggs.
Because broody hens don’t lay eggs, egg production will be affected. Consult with your local extension agent
or other poultry expert to help you choose the right breeds.
TYPES OF FISHES
Fish are aquatic vertebrates. They usually have gills, paired fins, a long body covered with scales, and tend to
be cold-blooded. “Fish” is a term used to refer to lampreys, sharks, coelacanths, and ray-finned fishes, but is
not a taxonomic group, which is a clade or group containing a common ancestor and all its descendants.
Instead, there are 3 main classes, groups, or types of fish: bony fish (Osteichthyes), jawless fish (Agnatha),
and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes). Fish are the most diverse group among the vertebrates, with over
33,000 different types of fish species.
Fish are a group of vertebrate animals that live in water. They are characterized by having skulls made of hard
bones (what are known as craniate animals), having fins, breathing through gills, and digit-less limbs.

28. Fish can live in a variety of environments, from saltwater deep seas to freshwater tropical rivers. They are
mostly cold-blooded animals that overwhelmingly lay eggs (though some species, like sharks, give birth to
live young). A number of fish (but not all) have scales.
Fish are distinct from reptiles and amphibians in that they are (for the most part) completely aquatic and have
fins; they differ from mammals in that they do not have hair or mammary glands, and they are not like other
terrestrial creatures in that they use gills to breathe.
FOOD OF ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
COWS
Animals used as livestock are predominantly herbivorous.The herbivores can be divided into "concentrate
selectors" which selectively feed on seeds, highly nutritious young foliage, "grazers" which mainly feed on
grass, and "intermediate feeders" which choose their diet from the whole range of available plant material.They
digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way, and then regurgitating the semidigested
cud to chew it again and thus extract the maximum possible food value. The dietary needs of these animals is
mostly met by eating grass. Grasses grow from the base of the leaf-blade, enabling it to thrive even when
heavily grazed or cut.
In many climates grass growth is seasonal, for example in the temperate summer or tropical rainy season, so
some areas of the crop are set aside to be cut and preserved, either as hay (dried grass), or as silage (fermented
grass). Other forage crops are also grown and many of these, as well as crop residues, can be ensiled to fill the
gap in the nutritional needs of livestock in the lean season.
Extensively reared animals may subsist entirely on forage, but more intensively kept livestock will require
energy and protein-rich foods in addition. Energy is mainly derived from cereals and cereal by-products, fats
and oils and sugar-rich foods, while protein may come from fish or meat meal, milk products, legumes and
other plant foods, often the by-products of vegetable oil extraction. Pigs and poultry are non-ruminants and
unable to digest the cellulose in grass and other forages, so they are fed entirely on cereals and other high-
energy foodstuffs. The ingredients for the animals' rations can be grown on the farm or can be bought, in the
form of pelleted or cubed, compound foodstuffs specially formulated for the different classes of livestock,
their growth stages and their specific nutritional requirements. Vitamins and minerals are added to balance the
diet. Farmed fish are usually fed pelleted food.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is the ratio of inputs to outputs; it is the inverse of "feed efficiency" which is the
ratio of outputs to inputs. FCR is widely used in hog and poultry production, while FE is used more commonly
with cattle. Being a ratio the FCR is dimensionless, that is, it is not affected by the units of measurement used
to determine the FCR.
FCR a function of the animal's genetics and age, the quality and ingredients of the feed, and the conditions in
which the animal is kept, and storage and use of the feed by the farmworkers
As a rule of thumb, the daily FCR is low for young animals (when relative growth is large) and increases for
older animals (when relative growth tends to level out). However FCR is a poor basis to use for selecting
animals to improve genetics, as that results in larger animals that cost more to feed; instead residual feed
intake (RFI) is used which is independent of size. RFI uses for output the difference between actual intake and
predicted intake based on an animal's body weight, weight gain, and composition.
The outputs portion may be calculated based on weight gained, on the whole animal at sale, or on the dressed
product; with milk it may be normalized for fat and protein content.
As for the inputs portion, although FCR is commonly calculated using feed dry mass, it is sometimes calculated
on an as-fed wet mass basis, (or in the case of grains and oilseeds, sometimes on a wet mass basis at standard
moisture content), with feed moisture resulting in higher ratios.
HENS

29. Feeding your hens (or chickens), a complete and balanced diet is essential to making sure they stay happy and
healthy. Layer hens are omnivores so can eat a wide variety of different foods.
A good quality commercial poultry feed should be the main component of your hens’ diet to make sure they
get all the nutrients they need. These feeds can come in pellet, mash or crumbed forms and are made up of a
mix of grains (corn, oats, soybeans), grit (ground oyster shell or limestone) and vitamins (calcium). Feed can
be provided in a feed dispenser or container, and other seeds and grains (such as wheat and corn) could also
be scattered in the environment to supplement their diet and encourage natural foraging behaviour.
Hens should never be fed food scraps that contain anything high in fat or salt, and do not feed them food that
is rancid or spoiled. Specific types of food that hens should not be fed include raw potato, avocado, chocolate,
onion, garlic, citrus fruits, uncooked rice or uncooked beans [2]. If you are unsure about whether a type of
food is safe to feed your hens it is best to check first with an expert.
FISHES
Aquarium fish feed is plant or animal material intended for consumption by pet fish kept
in aquariums or ponds.Fish food normally contain macronutrients, trace elements and vitamins necessary to
keep captive fish in good health. Approximately 80% of fishkeeping hobbyists feed their fish exclusively
prepared foods that most commonly are produced in flake, pellet or tablet form.[1]
Pelleted forms, some of
which sink rapidly, are often used for larger fish or bottom feeding species such as loaches or catfish. Some
fish foods also contain additives such as sex hormones or beta carotene to artificially enhance the color of
ornamental fish.
Dry foods
Flake food is a type of proprietary or artificially manufactured fish food consumed by a wide variety of tropical
and saltwater fish and invertebrates. It is ideally suited to top dwellers and mid-water fish though numerous
bottom dwelling species consume flake food once it has settled on the bottom. Flake food is baked to remove
moisture, ensuring a longer shelf life. Generally the more moisture a particular example of fish food contains,
the more readily it will deteriorate in quality.
Dry foods are also available as pellets, sticks, tablets, granules, and wafers, manufactured to float or sink,
depending on the species they are designed to feed.
Vacation food
Vacation foods, also known as "food blocks" (or "weekend blocks" for smaller versions), are designed to be
placed inside the aquarium to forgo feeding while the owner is absent. These blocks release small amounts of
food as they dissolve. Food blocks can be a good choice for smaller tropical fish, but can pollute the water if
the tank is neglected for too long.[3]
Medicated fish food
Medicated fish food is a safe and effective method to deliver medication to fish. One advantage is that
medicated food does not contaminate the aquatic environment and also, unlike bath treatments, does not
negatively affect fish, filtration and algae growth in the aquarium. The parasites will get treated spot on by
medicated food, because the fish is ingesting it
PRODUCTION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
For a dairy cow on a factory farm, infertility can be a death sentence. Because cows must give birth to produce
milk, an infertile cow becomes a financial liability and will quickly be removed from the herd and killed. Even
a decrease in fertility can be lethal. Some cows experience reproductive issues, requiring them to be bred less
frequently. But decreases in production are something most factory farms will not tolerate. Low-producing
cows are often the first to be sent to slaughter.

30. Domestication was not a single event, but a process repeated at various periods in different places. Sheep and
goats were the animals that accompanied the nomads in the Middle East, while cattle and pigs were associated
with more settled communities.
The first wild animal to be domesticated was the dog. Half-wild dogs, perhaps starting with young individuals,
may have been tolerated as scavengers and killers of vermin, and being naturally pack hunters, were
predisposed to become part of the human pack and join in the hunt. Prey animals, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle,
were progressively domesticated early in the history of agriculture.
Pigs were domesticated in the Near East between 8,500 and 8000 BC, sheep and goats in or near the Fertile
Crescent about 8,500 BC, and cattle from wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around
8,500 BC.
A hen is born with all of her eggs, regardless whether or not a rooster is involved. Can a hen lay an egg without
a male rooster. Technically, yes. However, fertilization of these eggs can only occur with the help of a rooster.
If not, the egg will remain an egg and no chick will be born from it. Read on to discover how to chickens mate.
Hens go through oviparous reproduction, which refers to the laying of eggs. A bird’s reproductive system is
very different from a mammals, specifically because they don’t have penises or vaginas. Instead, bird sex
organs include testes and ovaries, which are located in the cloaca (a chamber inside of a bird’s body). A
rooster, for example, has a small hole through which it moves the sperm to the hen’s oviduct to be fertilized,
this process is also referred to as a ‘‘cloaca kiss’’.
The chicken mating ritual begins with a rooster prancing and clucking around a hen before mounting her.
Therefore, if you notice your rooster dancing around a hen, he is courting her. Once mounted, he will give the
hen a cloaca kiss, impregnating the hen.
For more, we recommend reading our article where we discuss everything you need to know about oviparou
mammals.
PRODUCTSFROM ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
Animals are raised for a wide variety of products, principally meat, wool, milk, and eggs, but also
including tallow, isinglass and rennet. Animals are also kept for more specialised purposes, such as to
produce vaccines and antiserum (containing antibodies) for medical use. Where fodder or other crops are
grown alongside animals, manure can serve as a fertiliser, returning minerals and organic matter to the soil in
a semi-closed organic system.
Cow dung soaps, shampoos, toothpaste, shaving creams, sunscreens, face washes, teas, incense sticks and bio
fertilisers are the major cow dung and cow urine products which are present in the market and are now even
marketed by many online websites like Amazon, flip kart etc The cow dung is utilized for fields, plants as
fertilizer. The cow dung is used for gas plants. The cow-dung is an efficacious disinfectant and often used as
fuel in lieu of firewood in India. Cow …

31. When you mention the term 'poultry products' one typically thinks for chicken meat and eggs, but there are a
number of different food-related poultry products to consider.
Poultry meat and eggs are excellent sources of protein and other nutrients, but the production of food products
from any animal always carries the risk of food-borne pathogens. While all poultry producers make every
effort to produce as 'clean' a product as possible it is important that consumers follow proper food
handling guidelines.
While chickens are the most recognized source of poultry meat and eggs, other poultry species can also provide
these products. Ducks can be raised for either meat or eggs just as there are chicken broilers and egg layers.
Turkeys and geese are typically raised only for meat production. Game birds (pheasants, chukars, guinea fowl,
etc.) can be raised for slaughter or for release into hunting preserves.
Consumer and producer guide to organic and natural meats(University of Kentucky)
Consumer trends and opportunities (University of Kentucky)
Making eggnog at home (University of Kentucky)
Poultry meat and eggs are excellent sources of protein and other nutrients, but the production of food products
from any animal always carries the risk of food-borne pathogens. While all poultry producers make every
effort to produce as 'clean' a product as possible it is important that consumers follow proper food
handling guidelines.
ANIMAL HUSBANDARY HEALTH
All livestock farmers have an existential interest in ensuring that their animals are healthy (Fig. 1a). Better
animal health can greatly improve the safety and quality of products of animal origin (especially milk, meat
and eggs), increase productivity and reduce animal mortality. Pastoral societies have acquired in-depth
knowledge about livestock diseases over generations and have developed their own classification, terminology
and treatments. Basis for good animal health in agropastoral and pastoral systems is the use of local livestock
breeds which are adapted to a particular location and which have developed a certain resistance to endemic
diseases. This can considerably reduce the use of medication as well as the danger posed by antimicrobial
resistance. However, for bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis and brucellosis, modern diagnostics and
treatment approaches are required to combat them. There are over 200 known types of infectious diseases
worldwide which can be mutually transmitted between humans and other animals (both domestic animals and
wildlife). Roughly 60% of all infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin and can be traced back to close c
contact between humans and animals and with products of animal origin. Around 80% of the zoonoses
affecting humans are found in low and middle-income countries. The huge increase in livestock densities,
above all of pigs and poultry, is considered to be responsible for the development of a large number of zoonotic
diseases, such as bird flu, Nipah virus and swine flu. In order to prevent such zoonoses, general principles of
hygiene are essential – primarily, but not only, in the food sector.
SNO COW PRODUCTS QUANTITY COST SELLING
1. MILK 1 LITRE 60/-
2. GHEE 2 LITRES 1500/-
3. FERTILIZERS 1 TRACTOR 4000/-
4. DRIED COW DUNG 10 PIECES 100/-
5. AGARBATHI 1 PACKET 40/-

32. ANIMAL HUSBANDARY ENVIRONMENT IMPACT
Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of
animal products have increased rapidly. Over the past 50 years, meat production has trebled, whereas the
production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold. Meanwhile, meat
consumption has also nearly doubled worldwide. Within that increased overall consumption of meat,
developing countries had a surge in meat consumption particularly in the portion of monogastric livestock.
Being a part of the animal–industrial complex, animal agriculture is the primary driver of climate change,
ocean acidification, biodiversity loss, and of the crossing of almost every other planetary boundary, in addition
to killing more than 60 billion non-human land animals annually. It is responsible for somewhere between 20
and 33% of the fresh water usage in the world, and livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy
about a third of the Earth's ice-free land. Livestock production is a contributing factor in
species extinction, desertification, and habitat destruction. Animal agriculture contributes to species
extinction in various ways and is the primary driver of the Holocene extinction. It is estimated that 70% of the
agricultural land and 30% of the total land surface of the Earth is involved either directly or indirectly in animal
agriculture. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for animal
grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted and hunted because of a perceived threat to
livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry is responsible for up to 91% of the deforestation in the
Amazon region. In addition, livestock produce greenhouse gases. Cows produce some 570 million cubic
metres of methane per day, that accounts for 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.,
livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions of nitrous oxide.
As a result, ways of mitigating animal husbandry's environmental impact are being studied. Strategies include
using biogas from manure, genetic selection, immunization, rumen defaunation, outcompetition of
methanogenic archaea with acetogens, introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen, diet
modification and grazing management, among others. It has been suggested that beef products finished in
feedlot are less resource intensive than those pastured beef products. A diet change (with Asparagopsis
taxiformis) allowed for a reduction of up to 99% of methane production in an experimental study with three
ruminants
AGRICULTURE REVOLUTION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
Selective breeding for desired traits was established as a scientific practice by Robert Bakewellduring
the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century. One of his most important breeding programs was with
sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous
wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the
subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with
straight top lines.[19]
These sheep were exported widely and have contributed to numerous modern breeds.
Under his influence, English farmers began to breed cattle for use primarily as beef. Long-horned heifers were
crossed with the Westmoreland bull to create the Dishley Longhorn.[20]
The semi-natural, unfertilised pastures formed by traditional agricultural methods in Europe were managed by
grazing and mowing. As the ecological impact of this land management strategy is similar to the impact of
such natural disturbances as a wildfire, this agricultural system shares many beneficial characteristics with a
natural habitat, including the promotion of biodiversity. This strategy is declining in Europe today due to the
intensification of agriculture.
Advantages of Animal Husbandry
Animal husbandry has the following advantages:
1. Animal husbandry helps in the proper management of animals by providing proper food, shelter and
protection against diseases to domestic animals.
2. It provides employment to a large number of farmer and thereby increases their living standards.
3. It helps in developing high yielding breeds of animals by cross breeding. This increases the
production of various food products such as milk, eggs, meat, etc.
4. It involves the proper disposal of animal waste and promotes a healthy environment

33. Origin of Animal Domestication and Husbandry - World History
It has a long history when animals were initially domesticated during the Neolithic revolution. Earlier, cattle,
goats, sheep, and pigs were raised on farms on a low scale. After the 18th century, agriculturalists rapidly took
animal husbandry to the next level and yielded more meat, wool, and milk day by day. A wide variety of
species like horses, rabbits, guinea pud, and water buffalo were also used in some parts of the world.
Aquaculture of molluscs, crustaceans, and fish was on the rise and insect farming was also adopted.
Contemporary methods to define animal husbandry depend on the type of land available and production
systems adapted to these. Intensive animal farming that involves maximum production with minimum cost
has been adopted by the modern methods that make available thousands of chickens and high-density feedlots.
This helps in increasing the yield per area of land with an investment of a good amount of money and labor.
Modern methods involve intensive animal farming which seeks maximum production at minimum costs. This
has led to exploitation and growing vulnerability in the existing livestock resources.
Role of Animal Husbandry in Agriculture
The role of animal husbandry in human welfare can be described as follows:
• Dairy products producing animals like cows, sheep, and goats are the major sources of milk and milk
products including butter, cheese, yogurt, cottage cheese, etc.
• Many animals including chicken, goat, duck, pigs, and buffaloes are used for their meat because of
their highly nutritious value.
• Livestock is used to control the growth of weeds on agricultural land as the dry shrubs that are prone
to fire are eaten up by various animals. This reduces the risk and harm that can be faced.

34. CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE MINI PROJECT
Today are concerted efforts towards increased milk production through promotion of dairying in high potential
areas. Unfortunately there is no parallel effort directed towards post production handling of surplus milk. With
the collapse of the TDL, this development endeavour has been threatened with stagnation. Milk consumption
level has dropped. High prices and falling standard of living seem to be the most important contributing factors.
We need to address this situation at earliest possible time. Milk processing and marketing strategies has to be
developed. Small scale producers need to be mobilized to form producer - processor cooperatives at grass root
level. MOA has a vital roll to play; using its Cooperative department in mobilizing farmers. Deliberate efforts
need to be undertaken to encourage private enterprenuers to invest.
Animal husbandary is protecting , sheltering , breeding , to animals for our livelihood.Animal husbandary
plays an important role in our country in mostly villages.Rearing of cattle which is a traditional practice along
with agriculture to get yields of milk , meat . eggs and for other purposes.
In our country many products are being manfactured daily by milk , meat....etc.
So Some animals are also useful for agricultural purposes like Ox.
So we need to take care of them and maintain animal Husbandary forever.
There are many industries which rears animals for the food purposes.
Ex.Poultry , Milk production centres , Pisiculturing industries , Apiculturing persons.

35. Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project
Please rate your performance in the following areas:
Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank
1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3) Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5
4) Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5
5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5
6) Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5
8) Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5
9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5
10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5
11) Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5
12) Time Management 1 2 3 4 5
13) Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5
14) Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5
15) OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5
Date: Signature of the Student
Student Name :S.Shabhana
P.Anuradha
P.Vasantha
S.Haritha
T.Nagamani
Registration No:203T1A0596
203T1A0583
203T1A0582
203T1A0589
203T1A05A2
Period of CSP: From: To:
Date of Evaluation:
Name of the Person in-charge:Mr. G.Fayaz Hussian
Address with mobile number:

36. Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation
Please rate the student’s performance in the following areas:
Please note that your evaluation shall be done independent of the Student’s self-evaluation
Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank
1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3) Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5
4) Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5
5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5
6) Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5
8) Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5
9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5
10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5
11) Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5
12) Time Management 1 2 3 4 5
13) Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5
Student Name :S.Shabhana
P.Anuradha
P.Vasantha
S.Haritha
T.Nagamani
Registration No:203T1A0596
203T1A0583
203T1A0582
203T1A0589
203T1A05A2
Period of CSP: From: To:
Date of Evaluation:
Name of the Person in-charge:Mr. G.Fayaz Hussian
Address with mobile number:

37. 14) Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5
15) OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5
Date: Signature of the Supervisor

38. PHOTOS AND VIDEO LINKS