3. • In
the
sixteenth
century,
the
religious
unity
of
the
Catholic
Church
in
Western
Europe
was
challenged
by
the
emergence
of
the
Protestant
Reforma3on.
This
movement
came
about
as
a
result
of
the
contempt
felt
towards
the
pope
and
the
clergy,
and
the
abuses
of
the
Churh.
Among
other
reasons.
4. 1
Luther’s
reforma3on
• The
reforma3on
began
in
Germany
with
the
Augus3nian
monk
Mar3n
Luther,
when
he
cri3cised
the
sale
of
indulgences
(
document
that
forgave
sins),
in
95
theses
that
were
published
in
1517.
5. • The
indulgences
had
been
promoted
by
the
Pope
Leo
X
in
order
to
pay
for
construc3on
work
in
the
Va3can.
• The
Pope
condemned
and
excomunicated
Luther,
who
based
his
doctrine
on
the
idea
of
that
faith
alone
should
be
enough
to
obtain
salva3on.
1
Luther’s
reforma3on
6. • Luther
also
believed
in
the
free
interpreta3on
of
the
Bible.
Lutheran
doctrine
spread
rapidly
in
certain
german
states,
and
in
parts
of
central
and
northern
Europe.
1
Luther’s
reforma3on
7. 2
The
calvinist
and
Anglican
reforms
• Calvinism
began
to
be
preached
by
John
Calvin
in
1536,
in
Geneva.
One
of
Calvinism’s
central
beliefs
is
predes3na3on,
which
claims
that
people
are
des3ned
by
God
to
be
saved
or
condemned
regardless
of
their
ac3ons.
This
doctrine
was
very
popular
in
the
Netherlands,
Switzerland,
Scotland
and
France
8. • In
England
on
the
other
hand,
Anglicanism
was
established,
when
King
Henry
VIII
rejected
the
Pope’s
authority,
and
proclaimed
himself
head
of
the
Church
of
England
in
1534,
when
his
divorced
from
Catherine
of
Aragón
was
not
accepted.
2
The
calvinist
and
Anglican
reforms
9. 3
The
Catholic
reform
or
the
Counter-‐
Reforma3on
• To
avoid
the
spread
of
the
Protestant
Reforma3on,
the
Catholic
Church
reacted
by
ins3ga3ng
its
own
reform,
known
as
the
Counter-‐Reforma3on.
• Its
main
instrument
were:
1
The
Council
of
Trent
2
The
Society
of
Jesus
10. • The
Council
of
Trent
(
1545-‐1536)
This
was
an
organisa3on
that
defined
Catholic
doctrine,
which
was
then
promoted
through
the
catechism.
The
Council
also
established
seminaries
to
train
priests.
3
The
Catholic
reform
or
the
Counter-‐
Reforma3on
11. 3
The
Catholic
reform
or
the
Counter-‐
Reforma3on
• The
Society
of
Jesus
is
a
religious
order
that
was
founded
by
St
Igna3us
of
Loyola
in
1540.
Its
members
made
a
special
vow
of
obedience
to
the
Pope,
received
me3colous
theological
training,
and
were
devoted
to
preaching
and
educa3on.
12. ACTIVITIES
1) Talk
about
the
reasons
why
the
Protestant
Reforma3on
arose:
2) Where
did
the
Reforma3on
start
and
who
started
it?
3) What
instruments
did
the
Catholic
Church
use
during
the
Counter-‐
Reforma3on?
13. ACTIVITIES
4)
Read
one
of
Luther’s
theses
and
try
to
describe
its
main
points
in
your
own
words:
Theses:
21:
Therefore,
those
preachers
of
indulgences,
who
say
that
by
the
Pope’s
indulgences
a
man
is
free
from
every
punishment
are
wrong.
14. ACTIVITIES
5.
Associate
each
religion
with
one
of
the
sentences
below
1
Catolicism
a
Reject
the
authority
of
the
pope
2
Lutheranism
b
Council
of
Trent
3
Calvinism
c
Predes3na3on
4
Anglicanism
d
Jus3fica3on
by
faith
15. 6)
Indicate
whether
the
sentences
are
true
or
false.
a)
Luther
cri3cised
indulgences
and
was
excomunicated
by
the
pope.
b)
The
documents
are
indulgences
that
forgive
sins.
c)
Calvinism
arose
in
England
d)
Henry
VIII
declared
himself
head
of
the
Anglican
church.
e)
Predes3na3on
is
one
of
Calvinism’s
central
beliefs.
ACTIVITIES
