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1. THE IMPACT OF CURFEW HOURS ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF RIOTS IN
BARANGAY 105 ZONE 8, DISTRICT 1, TONDO MANILA
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of Criminology and Criminal Justice
PHINMA Saint Jude College Dimasalang,
Don Quijote St. Sampaloc, Manila
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
By:
Calma, Edge Andrei B.
Cruz, Jersidan G.
Henson, Justine A.
Mongas, Math Arnei P.
Pendon, John Owen S.
August 2023

2. CHAPTER 1
The Problem and It’s Background
Introduction
Local and national security is emphasized a social need in which the
government has done its best to implement laws and ordinances responsive to
promote peace and order in the community. Furthermore, local officials have been
proposed and approved laws and ordinances that will benefit citizens in its massive
implementation to help the community responsible, participative and cooperative in
all phenomena and situations. Thus, the implementation of curfew hours in National
Capital Region is a relevant social need to promote security and to maintain
Manila Mayor Isko Moreno Domagoso signed the memorandum implementing
City Ordinance No. 8547 or the ordinance establishing protection and discipline
hours for children and wards in the Philippine capital on Monday. Under the
memorandum, individuals who are below 18 years old are prohibited from loitering,
wandering or standing by in public areas within Manila from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m. The
memorandum cited that “police reports and statistics showed that breach of peace
and order of the city at this time are caused by minors roaming around the city.”
Teen curfew laws restrict the hours that juveniles may be on the streets or in
public places at night. A teen curfew is justified in many cities or municipalities as a
simple method to not only reduce opportunities for teens to commit crimes but also
to protect them from becoming crime victims. Curfews are promoted as beneficial to
law enforcement; they give police additional control over the presence and behaviour
of juveniles on the street during curfew hours. They are also endorsed as a valuable
complement to parental supervision; they provide community support to parents
placing limits on the hours that their children may be out at night (Sutphen & Ford
2001).
According to Balangen, C. (2011), implementing ordinances to the residents
especially the youth which comprises the majority of the population are deemed
important not only to secure their safety and maintain peace and order but as well as

3. to strengthen their discipline. These ordinances are laws set forth by a governmental
authority, specifically a municipal regulation. It is in disseminating such policies or
information where communication is needed to call the attention of the people and
for them to make immediate actions abiding to such policies.
Background of the Study
The location of this study will be Barangay 105, Zone 8, District 1, Tondo,
Manila. Including Manila Police District Police Station 1 Tondo Manila, The Local
Government Unit and the Department of Social Welfare and Development.
Manila Police District Police Station 1 Tondo Manila, that are responsible
to enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order, and
ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community.
Law Enforcement. Maintain peace and order. Prevents and investigates crimes and
bring offenders to justice (RA 6985 December 13, 1990).
According to the 2015 Census, Barangay 105, Zone 8, District 1, Tondo
Manila. Barangay 105 is a barangay in the city of Manila, under the administrative
district of Tondo. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 24,971. This
represented 1.35% of the total population of Manila. Combining age groups together,
those aged 14 and below, consisting of the young dependent population which
include infants/babies, children and young adolescents/teenagers, make up an
aggregate of 38.10% (8,841). Those aged 15 up to 64, roughly, the economically
active population and actual or potential members of the work force, constitute a total
of 60.66% (14,076). Finally, old dependent population consisting of the senior
citizens, those aged 65 and over, total 1.25% (289) in all.
The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) provides social
protection to vulnerable groups such as orphans, abandoned children, streets
children, persons with disabilities, elderly persons, women, and indigenous peoples.
The department also provides relief assistance during times of calamity and disaster.

4. Figure 1.1 Map of Barangay 105 Zone 8, District 1 Tondo Manila
Theoretical Framework
Theoretical models have been created for this study to explain how riots and
curfew hours relate
Morgan (2017) discussed the importance of curfew that keeps minors off the
street and reduces loitering and crime. Minor of age children during the
implementation of curfews must be indoors or accompanied by an adult or their legal
guardian. Curfew in general, no matter where minors are located must remain
indoors. Minors are required to follow ordinance or resolution by the city where they
live. Curfew as discussed by Richie (2006) helped the teens to set schedule which
they routinely follow to develop important time management skills that they can carry
out into adulthood. To manage time is useful in a variety of situations. Setting curfew
also helped teens to be able to get to sleep at a decent time, which leads to
subsequent focus in schooling and studies. This ultimately led to better grades rather
than having distractions like after class gimmicks.
In connection to the theory on the study of street crimes by Lundman (2012),
Research on deterrence has shown a lot of interest on street crimes. There is a
significant correlation between curfew laws and the reduction or deflection of deviant
criminal activities. In other words, “strict curfew enforcement follows deterrence

5. theory, which argues that certain, swift, and severe punishments will cause juveniles
to rationally weigh consequences and commit fewer criminal acts”
Conceptual Framework
The independent variable showed the profile of the respondents, deterrent
effects of curfew, the benefits of curfew which are manipulated problems of research
and also the effectiveness of implementing curfew hours based on the House Bill no.
1016 also known as the “ National Curfew Act” that introduced by Rep. Bernadette
Herrera-Dy. A direct relationship is shown between independent variable and
dependent variable that the latter pertaining to the respondent’s views on deterrent
effects of curfews in their community related to the riots and other reported cases.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Enhanced
awareness on
the incident in
riots
 Enhanced
awareness on
the level of
effectiveness
of curfews as
set ordinance
of the
community
 Conduct
orientation for
the youth and
their parents in
Brgy. 105
Tondo Manila
 Profile of the
respondents
 Determine the
deterrent
effects of
curfew
 Determine the
effectiveness
of curfews that
based on
House Bill
1016
 Determine the
benefits of
curfew
 Survey
Questionnaire
 Statistical
Treatment
 Result of
discussion
 Data Analysis
 Informal
Interview
Feedback Mechanism

6. Statement of the Problem
The following are the main concerns of the respondents and will seek
appropriate response on the given statement of the problem:
1. What are the perceptions of the three (3) groups respondents (police,
residents and Barangay officer) in the influence of curfew measure on the
occurrence of riots?
2. How do the three (3) groups of respondents (police, residents and
Barangay officer) define their level of awareness in terms of the
implementation of curfew hours in the relationship of riots in Barangay
105, Tondo Manila?
3. What recommendation can be propose to enhance curfew or suggest
alternative methods on the prevention of riots of the community in
Barangay 105, Tondo Manila?
4. How effective is the implementation of curfew in lessening riots and
maintaining public order in the upper mention area?
5. What is the frequency and intensity of the riots that occur in Barangay 105
Tondo Manila?
Hypotheses of the Study
This study examines based on the following null hypotheses.
1. There is no significant impact of curfew hours on the relationship of riots in
Barangay 105 zone 8 Tondo Manila in the three (3) group of respondents
(police, residents, barangay officer).
2. There is no correlation between the implementation of curfew hours and
the frequency and intensity of riots incidents in Barangay 105 Tondo
Manila.
This study also test the alternative hypotheses
1. The significant relationship of implementing curfew hours in lessening riots
and maintaining public order in Barangay 105, Tondo Manila.

7. Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study was conducted in Barangay 105 Zone 8, District 1,Tondo
Manila particularly on the impact of curfew on the relationship in riots. It also focused
on the selected sections of youth that has direct involvement in riots and also
affected by curfew hours. Further, on the level of acceptance / participation of the
identified respondents in Barangay105 Zone 8, District 1,Tondo Manila. It would be
limited only for this first semester of school year 2023 to 2024.
Significance of the Study
This research is made with the aim to provide crucial information and
knowledge regarding the chosen topic from the respondents, recent studies or
theses, and related sites needed for the expected importance to the individuals as
follow:
Community. The result of this study will be a great value to the people in
the community especially on the youth, parents and other people to become more
knowledgeable about the impact of curfew hours.
Professors. This research will aid them their discussions regarding related
lessons. It will be easier for them to tackle related topics about this research.
Police Officer. The result of this study is beneficial to the police officer on
the data gathered in the study. They could possibly formulate efficient and effective
policies that would not only improve the curfew system but would also to reduce the
incident of riots.
Students. The study would also provide students better understanding and
awareness on the impact of curfew on minors, its effects, importance or significance
and problems that may arise as well as the level of acceptance of the people
towards it. With the result of the study, students could appreciate not only the value
of law but how the law provides order and peace; hence, avoid victimization and
protect children from potential harms as the state has moral duty towards children in
providing brighter future.

8. Criminologist People. This will serves as a provider and analyse the
causes of crimes, which can be used towards crime reduction policies and initiatives.
It helps understand the mindset of criminals.
Future Researchers. It has been looked forward that the study would
serve as reference material when other researchers would be conducting similar and
related studies.