3. The Research Proposal
TITLE
“The Implementation of Dipolog
City Ordinance No. 11-226, Series
of 2011 “Protection Hours for
Minors”
4.
5. CHAPTER 1 - THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Minor curfews are local ordinances prescribing minors,
generally within a specified age range, from occupying public
areas and streets during particular times. It is enacted by a
local or state government that restricts certain people from
being in public places at specified times of the day. Many
cities and towns have a curfew law in place to prevent
teenagers from being out at certain times, typically spanning
the late hours of the night or school hours during the day. Any
teenager caught out after curfew can face a fine or even jail
time, depending upon the specific laws of the town.
6. Youth crime is a major and growing problem, often involving both
drugs and violence. Imposing youth curfews can help to solve these
problems, as they keep young people off the street, and therefore out of
trouble, and prevent them from congregating in the hours of darkness.
The use of curfews on minors can help to protect vulnerable children
for not all parents are responsible and inevitably their children suffer, both
from crime and in accidents, and are likely to fall into bad habits. Society
should ensure that such neglected children are returned home safely and
that their parents are made to face up to their families.
Dipolog City
7. Section 4 of Ordinance 11-226, s. 20011 states that the hours from eleven
(11:00) o’clock in the evening until four-thirty (4:30) o’clock in the
morning of the next day are hereby declared as protection hours for
minors, and as such, during this inclusive period, all minors roaming
around or loitering in the streets, or milling about in street corners, or are
inside or in the vicinity of bars, drinking or entertainment establishments,
or in public places shall be urged or assisted to go home or return to their
residences or usual places of abode, by law enforcement authorities, their
auxiliaries, or appropriate government officers, or are provided with
safekeeping services, refuge, or safe haven for their protection and safety
during the said period, or pending return to their respective residences or
places of abode.
Section 4 of Ordinance 11-226, s. 20011
8. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study is focused on the assessment on the ordinance of
curfew on Minors in Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte.
The researchers confined their study at Barangay Sta. Isabel,
Dipolog City. This study covered the perceptions of
Barangay Tanods, Barangay officials and employees, Purok
employees and parents in the implementation of curfew for
minors in Dipolog City, particularly in Barangay Sta. Isabel.
9. Theoretical Framework
The researchers were guided by the concept that if curfew is imposed on
minors, they can be prevented from engaging crimes in the future.
Curfews are built upon the idea that “restricting the hours when young
people may be in public should limit their opportunities to commit crimes or
become victims” (McDowall, revised-2016). With this underlying motivation,
such policies can take a variety of forms, including variations in targeted age
groups, hours of operation, exceptions to the policy, and sanctions for
violations.
10. Given that curfew laws reduce the amount of time that
teenagers spend out of their homes, curfew laws have
been marketed to have the strong potential to limit both
the rate of crimes, such as homicide both committed by
and inflicted on teenagers. It has also been proposed that
curfew laws have the potential to strengthen parental
control by making it easier for parents to limit the amount
of time that their children are allowed to spend out of the
house.
11. Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce victimization and to deter crime and
criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce
crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. Crime prevention is any
initiative or policy which reduces or eliminates the aggregate level of
victimization or the risk of individual criminal participation. It includes
government and community-based programs to reduce the incidents of risk
factors correlated with criminal participation and the rage of victimization, as
well as efforts to change perceptions. One of the priority goals of the
government is to establish a harmonious, peaceful, and stable environment
conducive to attain over-all development here in our county. For one, the impact
of a sound and healthy environment greatly affects the welfare of every
individual and the overall status of the economy in the nation (Southern Illinois
University, 2018).
12. The conceptual framework of the study was based on the concepts of crime prevention, adhering to the archaic saying stating that: “An ounce of
prevention is worth a pound of crime. Much of the anguish, losses and damage caused by crime can be simply avoided by preventing its source”
(Tradio,2015).
It is one of the fundamental duties of the elected officials to see to it that the society in their jurisdiction should be a place conducive to stay,
which means peaceful society. So, it is one duty of the elected official to make and enact laws which help prevent the commission of crimes so as
to maintain peace and order in their respective jurisdiction, one of which is the implementation of curfew for minors in Dipolog City, Zamboanga
del Norte. This study aimed to determine the level of attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors, level of implementation of curfew for
minors and the degree of seriousness in the implementation of curfew for minors in the City of Dipolog, specifically in Brgy. Sta. Isabel. Thus,
after the root cause were properly identified, the necessary measures were recommended and formulated to solve the problems.
Conceptual Framework
13. The schema of the study
The schema of the study describes the coverage and the direction of
the study. Under the independent variables, the following are
determined. The curfew operation on minors is dependent on the
assessment of the level of attainment of the objectives of curfew on
minors, the level of implementation of curfew on minors and the
problems encountered in the implementation of curfew on minors.
Differences in the perceptions among Barangay Officials and
Employees and Purok Officials may exist and may affect the result of
assessment.
15. Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of the study is to assess the operation of curfew on minors in the City of Dipolog particularly in
Brgy. Sta. Isabel, Dipolog City. Specifically, it seeks answers to the following:
1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of?
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Position
2. What is the level of attainment of the objectives of curfew on minors?
3. Is there a significant difference on the level of attainment of the objectives of curfew on minors when data is analyzed according to
profile?
4. What is the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation of curfew hours?
16. 5. Is there a significant difference on the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation of curfew hours when
data is analyzed according to their profile?
6. What is the level of implementation of curfew on minors?
7. Is there a significance difference in the level of implementation of curfew on minors when data is analyzed according to profile?
8. Is there a significant relationship between the perceived level of attainment of the objectives of curfew on minors and the level of
implementation of curfew on minors?
9. Is there a significant relationship between the perceived degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation of
curfew hours and the level of implementation of curfew on minors?
17. Hypotheses of the Study
•H0: There is no significant difference in the level of attainment of the objectives
of curfew on minors when analyzed according to profile.
•H0: There is no significant difference in the level of implementation of curfew on
minors when data is analyzed according to profile
18. • H0: There is no significant relationship between the perceived level of attainment
of the objectives of curfew on minors and the level of implementation of
curfew on minors
• H0: There is no significant relationship between the perceived degree of
seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation of curfew
hours and the level of implementation of curfew on minors
19. Importance of the Study
This result of the study will benefit the barangay tanods, barangay officials and employees, City of Dipolog, future researchers
and the researchers themselves.
• For the Barangay Tanods, the result of the study will help them to upgrade and enhance its capabilities of implementing the
Enforcing Strategic Action Plan in Barangay Sta. Isabel, Dipolog City.
• For the City of Dipolog, the result of the study will be one of the sources for making this city a better place.
• For the respondents, the outcome of the study would serve as tools that will assist them to improve their current techniques
through the provision of significant data imparted by the study.
• For the future researchers, the result of this study would help future researchers who would like to conduct a similar study.
• Finally, on the part of the researchers, during and after the phase of the study, the researchers who are currently taking
Criminology subjects will also be benefitted. They would gain essential knowledge about research and the implementation of
curfew on minors which is very relevant in their job.
20. Definition of Terms
Minor. It refers to a juvenile who is under the age of eighteen.
Curfew. It is an order or law that requires people to be indoors after a certain time at night. It is the period of time when
such an order or law is in effect.
Barangay Tanod. It refers to a community brigade composed of civilian volunteers duly appointed by the Punong Barangay
upon recommendation of the Barangay Peace and Order Committee (BPOC).
Juvenile delinquency. It refers to the habitual committing of criminal acts or offenses by a young person, especially one
below the age at which ordinary criminal prosecution is possible.
Business Establishment. It refers to businesses offering liquors or any intoxicating beverages, those which offer amusement
services such as billiards, internet café and the like.
Patrol. This refers to an act done by police personnel or barangay auxiliaries passing along a road, beat, etc., or around or
through a specified area in order to maintain order and security.
21. CHAPTER 2 -
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
Curfews appear to have important effects on the criminal behavior of youth. The arrest data suggests
that being subject to a curfew reduces the arrest of juveniles below the curfew age by approximately
10% in the years following the enactment. Arrest of adults also appear to fall in response to enactment
though the intensity and timing of the effect appears to be similar across exempt age-groups,
suggesting that statistical discrimination has little to do with any spillover effects. However, the
precision of the estimated effects on older age-groups is poor and we cannot rule out small and
potentially important discrimination effects. It is interesting to note that these findings are in keeping
with the perceptions of those subject to curfew policies. As Adams Kenneth (2015) notes, public
opinion shows overwhelming support for curfews. The primary basis for this support is the conviction
that curfews reduce crime and make the streets safer. Though this analysis cannot uncover the exact
mechanism through which curfew affect crime, the large statutory results suggest youth crime is
imperfectly substitutable across time and that temporal targeting of law enforcement policies may be
effective. An alternative rationalization of the evidences is that parents play an important role in the
enforcement of curfews over and above that of police or barangay tanods. If municipal curfews act as
focal points in the establishment of household policies, a curfew with modest one could lead to large
changes. In the behavior of youth.
22. Youth curfews have become a popular tool in combating juvenile delinquency. A survey by Ruefle and Reynolds (2014)
found that Cities with population above 100,000 had curfew laws on the books, with some having enacted or revised their
ordinances between 1990 and 1995. A subsequent study by the U.S. Conference of Mayors found that 80% of the 347 cities
with population over 30,000 had youth curfews. Despite their popularity with local governments, existing studies find little
evidence to support the notion that curfews are effective at reducing crime.
(Males and Macallair, 2015; McDowell et al., 2016; Reynolds et al., 2016) A key contribution is the separate
assessment of the impact of curfew ordinances, which normally only apply to youth under the age of 16 or 17, on arrests of
youth subject to the curfew law and those above the city is statutory maximum curfew age. Analyzing both sets of impacts is
important because curfew policies can be thought of as constituting two treatments, each applying to a different set of age
groups. The First treatment, the statutory treatment, is that of being subject to a curfew citation. One, temporary detention,
or whatever punishment is statutorily prescribed for curfew violations by minors. This treatment only affects those youth
under the statutory curfew age. The second treatment, the statistical discrimination treatment, is that of being subject to
lower standards of probable cause as a result of one is perceived youth. Constitutional issues aside, both treatments should
be of interest to economists. The statutory treatment represents the deterrent effect of the curfew is statutory sanctions.
Identifying this effect tells us how much crime could be reduced by raising penalties or increasing enforcement of curfew
ordinances.
23. (Feld, 2017; Krisberg, Schwartz, Litsky, and Austin, 2015; Ruefle and Reynolds, 2015).
Legal challenges have prompted lawmakers to rethink and re-shape curfew laws to
address and protect essential juvenile rights. Comprehensive and precise language
defining the key terms in these laws is intended to provide clear definitions of
prohibited behavior.
Indeed, the research literature is nearly bereft of studies examining the effects of
curfews on crime, the community, or youth offenders (Ruefle and Reynolds, 2015). The
claims in several high profile cities such as Metro manila, Taguig, Makati and Pasig that
serious juvenile crime decreased 30 to 60 percent in their areas following the adoption
of curfew laws have been based on anecdotal evidence, rather than systematic data
collection and analysis as Interior and Local Government Secretary Eduardo Aňo said in a
study.
24. • (Miguel, Lourence, 2018). In the Philippines, the most recent figures indicate that curfew/loitering violations had reached
183,000 in 2015, more than double the rate from 2013 (Miguel, Lourence, 2018). Critics of teen curfews have argued that they
have little impact on serious juvenile crimes, citing statistics indicating that most of these offenses occur in the after-school hours
before parents return home from work (Miguel, 2018). Approximately 57 percent of all violent juvenile crime occurs on school
days; 20 percent of it occurs between 12:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. serious violent crimes by juveniles’ peaks at 5:00 p.m. on school
days, and it peaks in the evening between 11:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. on non-school days.
• (Miguel, Lourence, 2018). The curfew law applies to all youth 17 years of age and younger, from 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. week
nights, and from 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. on weekend nights, times may vary depending on the implementing cities all over Philippines.
The law contains several exceptions to violations including youths who are: accompanied by a parent or other authorized adult;
exercising first amendment rights (religion, speech, assembly); cases of reasonable necessity; standing on the sidewalk in front of
their residence; returning home within an hour of a school, religious, or voluntary activity; engaged in employment activity; in a
motor vehicle with an authorized driver; operators or passengers of a motor vehicle in direct route to a destination within or out
of the city limits; married; or homeless and using a public place as an abode. The law also contains a provision to cite the parents
of youth violators if they permit the youth to violate the curfew or fail to prevent the youth from violating the curfew.
Enforcement of this provision is left to the discretion of the police officer or designate enforcers within specific city or barangay.
26. This section discussed the methods and procedures
used in this study. Specifically, it discusses the
research design, methodology, the population and
locale of the study, the data gathering tools and the
treatment of data.
27. Research Design
In this study, the descriptive survey method of investigation was used in
the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data. The descriptive
method is the collection, presentation, and description of data. It described
the curfew for minors in the Barangay of Sta. Isabel City of Dipolog.
Specifically, the study described the level of implementation of curfew for
minors, the level of attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors and
the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation
of curfew for minors in the Barangay of Sta. Isabel City of Dipolog.
28. Research Environment
•The focus of this research is on the assessment of the level of attainment and implementation of curfew on minors in
Dipolog City, Province of Zamboanga del Norte. The investigation looks into the relationship of level of attainment and
level of implementation in order to access and overcome crises in an effective and efficient manner and to enhance
operations amongst barangay officials and employees.
• The study will be conducted in Zamboanga del Norte, which is a province of the Philippines located in the Zamboanga
Peninsula region in Mindanao. Its capital is Dipolog City and the province borders Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga
Sibugay to the south and Misamis Occidental to the east. The Sulu Sea lies to the northwest of Zamboanga del Norte.
• This study will focus in the province of Zamboanga del Norte, specifically in Barangay Sta. Isabel, Dipolog City.
29. Population of the Study
The respondents of the study are Barangay Officials and employees,
Purok Officials and parents to be interviewed to validate their responses
in the said location. No sampling technique applies since complete
enumeration of the respondents’ employs but the researchers treats only
these data that are made available from the recovered instruments.
30. Research Instrument
• The study utilized the questionnaire-checklist with Likert-type scale served as
the main gathering tool. The questionnaire was adopted from the unpublished
Thesis “Curfew for Minors in Bontoc, Mountain Province” by Rommel Fedcha of
University of Baguio. Thus, the instrument is deemed valid and reliable. On the
other hand, the researchers had shown the said questionnaires to the adviser for
comments and suggestions.
31. Scoring Procedure
• To draw out the respondents’ responses, the 4 point Likert
scale format is employ as follows:
32. The following scales were used on the level of attainment of
objectives of curfew on minors as perceived by the respondents:
33. On the determination of the level of implementation of curfew on minors in
Barangay Sta. Isabel, Dipolog City as perceived by the respondents, the following
scales were used:
34. On the determination of the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the
implementation of curfew on minors in Barangay Sta. Isabel, Dipolog City as
perceived by the respondents, the following scales were used:
35. Data Gathering Procedures
Prior to the gathering of data, the researchers sought permission from the office of the City
Mayor, Sangguniang Panglunsod of Dipolog City, and Barangay Chairman of Sta. Isabel. The
researchers and their enumerators will personally administer the questionnaires and give an overview,
explain briefly the purpose and importance of the study to the respondents.
After retrieving the questionnaires, the responses will be tallied, tabulated and treated
statistically.
36. Statistical Treatment of Data
• Frequency counting, percentage and cumulative frequency
percent are used to find the profile of the respondents in terms of age,
sex and years of service. Percent is calculated by getting the frequency
of each category divided by the total number of respondents.
37. In answering problems, weighted mean was used. The
formula (Oasan, 1995) is:
Weighted mean is employed to assess the indicators. Computation is
performed by getting the product of the weight of the scale and the frequency of
each scale divided by the total respondents using the formula:
