Quantum Computers: Its Evolution, Architecture, Working and Applications

1. Nanotechnology & its
applications
(Quantum Computers)
Mehdi Rezaie

2. Overview
 Introduction to Nanotechnology
 Objectives of Nanotechnology
 Applications
 Relation between Nanotechnology &
Quantum Computing.
 Elements of Quantum Computers
• Quantum bits
• Superposition
• Entanglement
 Limitations of Q-computing

3. What is Nanotechnology?
A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one
billionth of a metre(10-9
).
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines
and techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a specific
function.
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic
scale.
The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous professor
of physics Dr. Richard P.Feynman.
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" by Dr. Richard P.Feynman

4. Objectives of Nanotechnology
 To built machines on the scale of molecules.
Basically, nanotechnology works with materials, devices
and other structures with at least one dimension sized
from 1 to 100 nanometres.
 Examples are a few nanometres wide-motor, robot arms,
small electronic components, semiconductor devices and
even whole computer far smaller than a cell.

5. Where is it used?

6. Computer technology is making devices
smaller and smaller…
…reaching a point where classical physics
is no longer a suitable model for the laws
of physics. We have now reached the
Quantum level (Nano sized).
Nanotechnology in electronics
and computation

7. •Moore’s Law: We hit the quantum level 2010~2020.
Why bother with quantum
computation?

8. What is a quantum
computer?
 A quantum computer is a machine that performs
calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics,
which is the behavior of particles at the sub-atomic level.
 Quantum computing was first theorized less than 30 years
ago, by a physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory.
 Paul Benioff is credited with first applying quantum theory to
computers in 1981.
 A quantum computer uses quantum bits or q-bits which gives
quantum computer its superior computing power.

9. What are Qubits in
Quantum
Computing?

10. A bit of data is represented by a single electron that is in
one of two states denoted by |0> and |1>. A single bit of
this form is known as a qubit where they can be |0> or |
1> at the same time.
Quantum bits or
Qubits

12. What is Quantum
superposition &
entanglement?

13. Superposition
 Suppose Interactions of
two electrons (qubit) can
produce four possible states.
 Each state may have
number of qubits performing
each operation in the q-
computer.
 This superposition of
qubits is what gives quantum
computers their inherent
parallelism which allows a
quantum computer to work on
a million computations at
once, while a desktop PC
works on one.
A qubit in superposition is in both of the
states |1s> and |0 at the same time
Let us name the four superpositioned
states with coefficients

14. Entanglement
 Entanglement is a nonlocal property that allows a set of qubits to express
correlation than is possible in classical system.
 It is an extremely strong correlation that exists between quantum particles
i.e so strong, in fact, that two or more quantum particles can be inextricably
linked in perfect unison.
 Imagine two qubits, each in the state |0> + |1> ,We can entangle the two
qubits such that the measurement of one qubit is always correlated to the
measurement of the other qubit.

15. Why do these quantum
effects matter?
 Thanks to superposition and entanglement, a quantum
computer can process a vast number of calculations
simultaneously.
 A classical computer works with ones and zeros, whereas a
quantum computer will have the advantage of using ones,
zeros and “superpositions” of ones and zeros. Certain
difficult tasks that have long been thought impossible for
classical computers will be achieved quickly and efficiently
by a quantum computer.

16. Data Retrieval
(Classical Computers vs Quantum Computers)
Particular Quantum gates are required, so that the final result
in a unique state can be measured from its entangled state
(which requires clever manipulation).

17. Data retrieval Series
computation
Parallel
computation

18. Limitations
o Quantum Computers are still in the
development phase.
o Quantum mechanical states are always
unpredictable which makes data retrieval
difficult.
o Q-computers are not universally fast, but faster
for special type of numerous calculations.
o Requires total isolation from the classical
surroundings and difficult to attain special
quantum states.
o Currently just a hypothetical concept.

19. Quantum Computer Languages
Even though no quantum computer has been built that
hasn’t stopped the development of papers on various
aspects of the subject. Many such papers have been
written defining language specifications.
 QCL -(Quantum Computation Language) by Bernhard Omer, C
like syntax and very complete.
 qGCL – (Quantum Guarded Command Language) by Paolo
Zuliani and others.
 Quantum C – by Stephen Blaha, Currently just a specification,

20. Thank You