A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits. Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds. But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved. The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing. A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat. It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule. Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.

1. Submitted to: Sir Gulam Sarwar
Submitted by:Alisha Fatima
Class:Bs hons Botany
Smester:5th Evening
Roll no:46
The Islamia university bahawalpur

2.  A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is
the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants
of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).
The biological function of a flower is to effect
reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the
union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate
outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different
individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm
and egg from the same flower). Some flowers
produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy).
Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where
gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds.
Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so
as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.

3.  Vegetative (Perianth)
 Collectively the calyx and corolla form
the perianth.
 Calyx: the outermost whorl consisting of
units called sepals; these are typically green
and enclose the rest of the flower in the bud
stage, however, they can be absent or
prominent and petal-like in some species.
 Corolla: the next whorl toward the apex,
composed of units called petals, which are
typically thin, soft and colored to attract
animals that help the process of pollination.

5.  Androecium :The whorl sometimes multiplied into
several whorls consisting of units called stamens.A
stalk called a filament topped by
an anther wherepollen is produced by meiosis and
eventually dispersed.
 Gynoecium: The innermost whorl of a flower,
consisting of one or more units called carpels.
The carpel or multiple fused carpels form a hollow
structure called an ovary, which produces ovules
internally. Ovules are megasporangia and they in turn
produce megaspores by meiosis which develop into
female gametophytes. These give rise to egg
cells.The relationship to the gynoecium on the
receptacle is described as hypogynous (beneath a
superior ovary), perigynous (surrounding a superior
ovary), or epigynous (above inferior ovary).

7.  Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
 Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or
more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer
(which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is
the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of
the flower and surrounds the seeds.
 But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible
portion is not derived from the ovary. For
example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the
edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple
several tissues from the flower and stem are
involved.
 The outer covering of a seed is tough because
the parent plant needs to protect the plant
growing.

8.  In berries and drupes, the pericarp forms the
edible tissue around the seeds. In other fruits
such as Citrus stone fruits (Prunus) only some
layers of the pericarp are eaten. In accessory
fruits, other tissues develop into the edible
portion of the fruit instead, for example
the receptacle of the flower in strawberries.

9.  The pericarp is typically made up of three distinct layers:
the epicarp, which is the outermost layer; the mesocarp,
which is the middle layer; and the endocarp, which is the
inner layer surrounding the ovary or the seeds. In a citrus
fruit, the epicarp and mesocarp make up the peel.
 Epicarp:
 Epicarp is a botanical term for the outermost layer of the
pericarp (or fruit). The epicarp forms the tough outer skin
of the fruit, if there is one. The epicarp is sometimes
called the exocarp, or, especially in Citrus, the flavedo.
 Flavedo:
 Flavedo is mostly composed of cellulosic material but also
contains other components, such as essential oils, paraffin
waxes,steroids and triterpenoids, fatty
acids, pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls, flavonoids),
bitter principles (limonene), and enzymes.

10. Mesocarp:
 The mesocarp is the fleshy middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit; it is
found between the epicarp and the endocarp. It is usually the part of
the fruit that is eaten. For example, the mesocarp makes up most of
the edible part of a peach, and a considerable part of a tomato.
"Mesocarp" may also refer to any fruit that is fleshy throughout.
Endocarp:
 Endocarp is a botanical term for the inside layer of the pericarp (or
fruit), which directly surrounds the seeds. It may be membranous as
in citrus where it is the only part consumed, or thick and hard as in
the stone fruits of the family Rosaceae such
as peaches, cherries, plums, and apricots.
 In nuts, it is the stony layer that surrounds the kernel
of pecans, walnuts, etc., and that is removed prior to consumption.

12. The grains of grasses are single-seed simple
fruits wherein the pericarp (ovary wall) and
seed coat are fused into one layer. This type
of fruit is called a caryopsis. Examples
include cereal grains, such as wheat, barley,
and rice.

13.  A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective
outer covering known as the seed coat.
 It is a characteristic
of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plan
ts) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs
after fertilization and some growth within the mother
plant. The formation of the seed completes the
process of reproduction in seed plants (started with
the development of flowers and pollination), with
the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed
coat from the integuments of the ovule.
 Seeds have been an important development in the
reproduction and spread
of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.

14.  Seeds consist of three genetically distinct
constituents:
 (1) the embryo formed from the zygote,
 (2) the endosperm, which is normally triploid,
 (3) the seed coat from tissue derived from the
maternal tissue of the ovule. In angiosperms, the
process of seed development begins with double
fertilization, which involves the fusion of two
male gametes with the egg cell and the central
cell to form the primary endosperm and the
zygote.

15.  The Ovule:
 Gymnosperm ovule on left, angiosperm ovule (inside
ovary) on right
 After fertilization the ovules develop into the seeds. The
ovule consists of a number of components:
 The funicle (funiculus, funiculi) or seed stalk which
attaches the ovule to the placenta and hence ovary or
fruit wall, at the pericarp.
 The nucellus, the remnant of the megasporangium and
main region of the ovule where the megagametophyte
develops.
 The micropyle, a small pore or opening in the apex of
the integument of the ovule where the pollen tube
usually enters during the process of fertilization.
 The chalaza, the base of the ovule opposite the
micropyle, where integument and nucellus are joined
together).

16.  A typical seed includes two basic parts:
 an embryo
 a seed coat