Sperm abnormalities

3. Introduction
Synchronization of estrus refers to the
manipulation of the oestrus cycle or induction
of oestrus to bring a large percentage of a
group of females into oestrus at a short, pre-
determined time.

4. Objectives
• To eliminate the need of labour for estrus
detection in a large herd.
• Prerequisite for application of embryo transfer
technology.
• Culminates in short intensive period of AI
(timed AI).
• Creating a more uniform calf crop.

6. Hormones
1. Prostaglandins and its analogues as luteolytic
agents.
2. Exogenous progesterone
3. Combined PG and Estrogens
4. Progestational agents combined with
oestrogens or gonadotrophins
5. Combined Progestational agents and PG

7. Oestrous synchronization protocols
1. Prostaglandin based protocols
2. Progesteron/PG /GnRH based protocols
3. Prostaglandin/estrogen based protocols

9. I. Prostaglandin based protocols
Detection of estrus and AI
0 Day
(b/w 6-11 days post
ovulation when a
functional CL is
present)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note: PG is administered only to those animals with active CL.
PG
1. First synchronization protocol using prostaglandin

10. Detection of estrus and
AI
0 Day 1-10
days
11 12 13-16 day
PG PG
2. Second synchronization protocol using prostaglandin
Note: Two doses of PG are administered 11 days apart.
Prostaglandin based protocols

11. 0
Day
1-10
days
11
day
72-80hours
Timed AI
PG PG
3. Third synchronization protocol using prostaglandin
Prostaglandin based protocols

12. Detection of estrus and AI
0
Day
1-10
days
11
day
13day/48hours 13-16 day
PG
PG Estradiol Benzoate
Prostaglandin and Estradiol based protocols
4. Forth synchronization protocol using prostaglandin

13. Detection of estrus and AI
0
Day
1-10
days
11
day
13day/48
hours
13-16 day
PG
PG
Prostaglandin and GnRH based protocols
5. Fifth synchronization protocol using prostaglandin

14. 1. OVSYNCH
Prostaglandin and GnRH based protocols
0 Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
PG
Timed AI
Note: Ovsynch synchronises ovulation rather than oestrus.

15. 0 Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Timed AI
PG
Note: It is a specific form of ovsynch in which the timed AI occurs with second GnRh injection
Prostaglandin and GnRH based protocols
2. Co-SYNCH

16. 0 Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9day/
48h
10d/72h 11d/96
h
PG
Timed Artificial Insemination
Note: Second dose of GnRH not administered.
Prostaglandin and GnRH based protocols
3. SELECT -SYNCH

18. 0 Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9day/48
h
10d/72
h
11d/96
h
CIDR
PG
CIDR insertion +
Timed Artificial Insemination
CIDR removal +
Prostaglandin, progestin and GnRH based protocols
3. SELECT SYNCH plus CIDR

19. 0 Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 56h 10d/72h
CIDR
Timed AI
CIDR Removal
+
PG
CIDR insertion
+
Prostaglandin, progestin and GnRH based protocols
5. CIDR SYNCH

20. 0 Day 1 2 14 6 7 8 31 day 33 & 34
day
MGA
Note: Melengesterol Acetate in feed @ 0.5mg/animal/day
Timed AI
PG
MGA
Prostaglandin and progestin(MGA) based protocols
6. MGA-PG

21. Management considerations
1. Cattle must be on good nutritional status and
herd health programmes.
2. Adequate cattle handle facilities must be
available to restrain cattle for injections, vaginal
insertions and breeding.
3. Attention must be paid for safety of people
handling the drug.
4. Injections should be administered using proper
technique and dosage.

23. Superovulation
Superovulation is a pharmacologic technique
applied to increase the ovulatory response in
a female animals.

24. Objectives
• To increase the number of
oocytes released by an
animal at ovulation.
• Prerequisite for
application of embryo
transfer technology.

25. Hormones used for superovulation
• FSH (pFSH)
• PMSG/Ecg
• rbST (recombinant bovine somatotrophin)
• Active immunisation against inhibin

26. Superovulation protocols in cattle
0 day
GnRH
9 day 10 13 14
11 12 15 21
AM PM
AM AM
PM PM
FSH
FSH
PG AI AI
Embryo
collection
eCG
or
FSH
0 day
GnRH
P4 implant
7 8 9 10 11 12 18 19
eCG
or
FSH
FSH
FSH
P4
remov
AI AI Embryo collection
1.
2. PG

27. Superovulation protocol in Sheep and Goat
0 day
MAP
9 day 15 18
16 17
AM AM
PM PM
pFSH
Mating
MAP
removal
0 day
FGA
P4 implant
12 13 14 17
eCG
or
FSH
FSH
FSH
P4
removal
1.
2.
pFSH
pFSH
eCG
or
FSH
P4 pessary
P4 pessary
Mating
21
Sheep
Goat

28. Factors influencing
superovulatory response
1. Intrinsic factor: The dominant functional follicle
may exert a delitirious effect on superovulatory
response and thus decrease the no. of embryos
recovered.
2. Extrinsic factor: undernutrition and lactation
can exert a harmful effect on pulsatile LH
secretion and follicular development.

29. PROTOCOLS FOR EMBRYO TRANSFER
Day of Treatment Day of Donor's Cycle Donor Treatment Recipient Treatment
1 (0) Heat PG
10 (10) FSH AM / PM NIL
11 FSH AM / PM PG Noon
12 FSH + PG AM / PM NIL
13 FSH AM / PM Observe Estrus
14 (0) Heat AM
AI PM
Observe Estrus
15 AI AM Observe Estrus
21 (7) Flush Transfer