This ppt is about Smart Antenna which includes history, Introduction, Working of smart antenna and where this smart antennas can be used.This ppt also tells about the types of smart antenna and the main principle of working of smart antenna. Smart antennas mainly categorized as Adaptive and switched beam array.Among these two adaptive antenna is used for the efficient utilisation of frequency spectrum.

1. S.Farzana(14321A04B3)
ECE-B
Internal guide:
Ms.Fariya begum
(Assistant Professor)
Date:13-01-2018

2. Contents
• Abstract
• History
• Introduction
• Smart antennas Vs normal antennas
• Functions of smart antenna
• Types of smart antennas
• SDMA
• Testing Of Smart Antenna
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• Future scope
• References

3. Abstract:
Blooming in data-communication applications is beyond all expectations. Smart
antennas as now regarded as one of enabling technologies for next-generation
wireless communication systems with its promised performance on enhancing
network capacity. Smart antennas have received increasing interest for improving
the performance of wireless radio systems. These systems of antennas include a
large number of techniques that attempt to enhance the received signal, suppress
all interfering signals, and increase capacity, in general. The main purpose is to
describe how they can be used in wireless systems. Thus, It provides a basic
model for determining the angle of arrival for incoming signals, the appropriate
antenna beam forming, and the adaptive algorithms that are currently used for
array processing.

4. History of smart antenna
The first smart antennas were developed for military communications and
intelligence gathering.
The growth of cellular telephone in the 1980s attracted interest in commercial
applications. The upgrade to digital radio technology in the mobile phone, indoor
wireless network, and satellite broadcasting industries created new opportunities for
smart antennas in the 1990s, culminating in the development of the MIMO (multiple-
input multiple-output) technology used in 4G wireless networks.
Robert Warner, vice president of sales and marketing for "smart
antenna" chipmaker Motia.

5. Introduction
• In a cellular system the radio communication is between the user and a base
station, which provides radio coverage within a certain area, called a cell.
• The base stations are Omni directional or sectored.
• This is a waste of power as most of it will be radiated in other directions than
toward the user.
• The power radiated in other directions will be experienced as interference by
other users.
•The idea of smart antennas is to use base station antenna patterns that are not
fixed, but adapt to the current radio conditions.
• This can be visualized as the antenna directing a beam toward the
communication partner only.

7. Smart antennas Vs normal antennas
The main difference is related with the way both the systems deal with the
problems caused by multipath wave propagation
Smart Antennas can null out interference from other nodes.
Conventional antenna contains SISO where it results multipath fading at receiver
and data is erroneous.
Smart antenna contains an array of antennas elements and decide on which
elements to receive signals (or transmit on) from and how much power to use on
each element.

8. What is a smart antenna?
• A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a
signal-processing capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception
pattern automatically in response to the signal environment.
• In truth, antennas are not smart—antenna systems are smart.
Generally co-located with a base station, a smart antenna system
combines an antenna array with a digital signal-processing capability
to transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive manner.

9. Smart Antennas forms a radiation pattern towards the desired user and nullifying at
the interferers.

10. Functions of Smart Antenna
1.Estimation of Direction of Arrival(DOA):
They involve findings of a spatial spectrum of the antenna array and
calculating the DOA from the peaks of this spectrum. These calculations are
computationally intensive. Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case of real time
systems and under the correlated sources.

11. 2.Beam forming Method:
It is the method used to create the radiation pattern of the antenna array by
adding constructively the phases of the signals in the direction of the targets/mobiles
desired and nullifying the pattern of the targets/mobiles which are
undesired/interfering targets.
 This can be done with a simple FIR
tapped delay line filter.
 The weights of the FIR filter may also be
changed adaptively and used to provide
optimal beam forming and actual beam
pattern formed.
Typical algorithms are the steepest
descent and LMS algorithms.
Advantages are processing speed,
flexibility ,lower risk, cost reduction path.

12. Transceiver architecture of smart antenna

13. Types of Smart Antenna
1.Smart antennas are customarily divided as switched
beam and adaptive array.
2.Based on Analogy it is divided as Auditory and Electronic
system.
3.Based on technology, global smart antenna market can
be segmented as MIMO,SIMO,MISO.

14. Based on technology, the global smart antenna market can be segmented into
three segments, namely, SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output), MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) and MISO (Multiple Input Single Output). MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) garnered the maximum revenue in 2014. In addition, MIMO has the dual
capability of both SIMO and MISO technologies. Due to this, MIMO technology has a
significant advantage of increased capacity, when compared to its SISO and MISO
counterpart. This is the reason why this technology is becoming ubiquitous in all wireless
communication systems, in the form of Massive MIMO and Cooperative MIMO.
MIMO technology

15. Analogy based antennas:Audiotory and Electronic
Auditory:
Listeners can determine speaker’s
location without looking at him.
He hears the voice through his
acoustic sensors.
Speaker’s voice reaches to ear at
different times with time delays
Here brain acts as specialized signal
processor which computes speaker’s
location from those time delays.
Brain adds signal strength from ears.
If there is an interfere brain can tune
out unwanted voice signals and
concentrate on desired one.

16. Electronic
The receiver gets the desired signal
from antenna elements.
And the signal arrives at each
antenna at different times. Hence the
time delay occurs.
Now the Digital signal processor
computes those time delays and
tracks the desired signal through
Direction of arrival.
Dsp adds all the signals and forms
beam towards the desired user as
computed by DOA.
If unwanted user come into
picture,Adaptive antennas tunes out
the interferers .

18. Switched beam system
Multiple fixed beams with one beam turned on towards the desired
signal or a single beam that is steered towards the desired signal.

20. Switched beam antennas
Single beam directional antenna:
Only one beam is active
Only transceiver exists
Multiple beam directional antenna:
Example of SDMA system
Many directional antennas are used
No. of beams = No. of transceivers

21. Adaptive antenna system
•adaptive beam system can adjust its antenna pattern to enhance the
desired signal
•null or reduce interference
•collect correlated multipath power

23. Adaptive Antenna Arrays
Single user tracking:
Beam is adjusted to track a user
Single transceiver is enough since one user is active
Multi user tracking:
Different beam patterns
Simultaneous transmissions
 SDMA achieved
Multi transceiver beam pair

24. Dynamically phased array
-Dynamically phased array antenna forms a beam to a device
digitally.
-A beams are formed digitally ,same array of elements can
target beams at multiple devices on multiple frequencies
-A Direction of Arrival (DOA) algorithm is included for the signal
received from the user.
-Continuous tracking can be achieved.

25. Dynamically phased array

26. Types of Smart Antennas and their patterns

27. Adaption Algorithms:
Continuous Adaptation: Automatically adjust weights as the incoming data is
sampled and updates it such that it converges to an optimal solution, uses a reference
signal. E.g. The Least Mean Square algorithm (LMS), The Recursive Least Square
algorithm (RLS).
Blind Adaptive algorithm: Adjustment of weights without the benefit of reference
signal information. E.g. The Constant modulus algorithm (CMA).
 LMS algorithm generates better main lobes in desired user direction but do not
nullify co channel interference.
Interference rejection is better in CMA because nulls are produced towards
interfering signals. Hence nullifies co channel interference but bears maximum errors.
RLS algorithm has better response towards co channel interference, generates
better main lobe in desired direction and has faster convergence rate than LMS,
hence the best of all.

28. Space Division Multiple Access
Among the most sophisticated utilizations of smart antenna technology is SDMA.
It employs advance processing techniques to locate and track the desired user.
 This adaptive array technology achieves superior levels of interference
suppression.
 Making possible more efficient reuse of frequencies than the standard fixed
hexagonal reuse patterns.
SDMA base station radiates much less total power than a conventional base
station.
Reduction in network-wide RF pollution and power amplifier size.
First, the power is divided among the elements, and then the power to each
element is reduced because the energy is being delivered directionally.
Spatial processing dynamically creates a different sector for each user and
conducts a frequency/channel allocation in an ongoing manner in real time.

29. Space Division Multiple Access

30. Fully Adaptive Spatial Processing, Supporting Two Users on the
Same Conventional Channel Simultaneously in the Same Cell.
Space Division Multiple Access

31. Comparing Switched Beam and Adaptive Array

32. Testing of Smart Antenna
Testing of smart antenna systems is crucial to the service provider as it
permits a full understanding of the capabilities and limitations of any
candidate system.
 This testing is also key to making an intelligent decision on the selection of
the most suitable system that meets both cost constraints and improved
performance objectives.
 The main purpose of performing such testing is to allow the service
provider to gain confidence in the smart antenna system under
consideration and to become acquainted with its potential and limitations.
The main objectives of any smart antenna system are reduction of ISI,
removal of CCI, mitigation of adjacent-channel interference, enhancement of
spectrum efficiency

33. Who Can Use Smart Antenna Technology?
 Smart antenna technology can significantly improve wireless system performance
and economics for a range of potential users. It enables cellular, and wireless local
loop (WLL) networks to realize significant increases in signal quality, capacity, and
coverage.
Operators often require different combinations of these advantages at different
times. As a result, those systems offering the most flexibility in terms of
configuration and upgradeability are often the most cost-effective long-term
solutions.
Smart antenna systems are applicable, with some modifications, to all major
wireless protocols and standards.
Analog-FDMA(Frequency division multiple access).
Digital-CDMA,TDMA.
Duplex methods-FDD,TDD.

34. Smart antenna for 5G
Future generations of cellular networks will make greater use of beam forming in their
RF front-ends, regardless of the frequencies at which they operate.
Beam forming at the antenna for cellular frequencies below 6 GHz can be achieved
with antenna arrays. For signals with a bandwidth that is a small fraction of the
operating frequency, beam squint is normally obtained by feeding each element of the
array with a phased shifted analog copy of the original signal, as shown in figure.
If new generations of networks are designed for operation in the 28 GHz region
propagation losses and building attenuation will be greater than that experienced at
lower frequencies by current cellular networks. Maximizing antenna gain through the
use of beam forming techniques will be important.
It is quite likely that massive beam forming will be a key factor in the deployment of
this technology.

35. Fig: Modern topology for beam forming.
Smart antenna for 5G

36. Advantages
Increased number of users
Increased range
 Geographic Information
Security
Reduced Interference
Increased bandwidth
Reduction in transmitted power
Reduction in Handoff.

37. Disadvantages
Complex
More Expensive
Large Size
Location

38. Applications
Military applications
 Satellite communication
Mobile communication
Wireless sensor network
Radar communications

39. Conclusion
Smart Antenna offer new ways to combat and/or exploit the spatial
channel.
Smart Antennas reduce co-channel interference, improve BER
performance and hence capacity.

40. Future Scope

41. References
http://www.smartantennas.googlepages.com- Overview of smart
antenna
http://www.circuitstoday.com/smart-antennas -For types of smart
antenna
http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/2527-testing-of-smart-
antenna-systems -For testing of smart antenna
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1678168/ -for brief view of
applications of smart antenna.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_smart_antennas -For
history of smart antenna.
http://ijarcsse.com/Before_August_2017/docs/papers/April2012/Vol
ume_2_issue_4/V2I40063.pdf -For Algorithms of Smart antenna.

42. Thank you!!