Introduction Literature Review Objectives & Methodology Result and Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations References

1. Presented by: Ankaj Kumar
Roll Number: 202304
Registration no: 2020-TTC-138
Under the guidance of: Dr. Hemant Sood
EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON M25 & M30
CONCRETE WITH CONSTRUCTION &
DEMOLITION (C&D) WASTE

2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Objectives & Methodology
4. Result and Discussion
5. Conclusion and Recommendations
6. References

3. 1. INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE….
Concrete is a very strong and versatile mouldable construction material. It consists
of cement, sand and aggregate (e.g., gravel or crushed rock) mixed with water.
The cement and water form a paste or gel which coats the sand and aggregate.
Three basic properties of concrete are:
o Workability,
o Strength, and
o Durability
Amount of useful internal work necessary to overcome the internal friction to
produce full compaction is termed as Workability.

4. Continue….
The factor influencing the Strength are:
 Quality of cement,
 Water-cement ratio,
 Grading of aggregates,
 Degree of compaction,
 Efficiency of curing,
 Curing Temperature,
 Age at the time of testing,
 Impact and fatigue

5. Continue….
Durability
Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its
desired engineering properties. Different concretes require different
degrees of durability depending on the exposure environment and
properties desired.

6. CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines construction and
demolition (C&D) waste as waste materials consist of the debris generated
during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings, roads, and
bridges. C&D materials often contain materials that include: concrete,
asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum, plastics and salvaged building components.
 Associated with the continuing increase of construction activities such as
infrastructure projects, commercial buildings and housing programs, World
has been experiencing a rapid increase of construction and demolition
(C&D) waste.

7. Continue….
As per Asian institute of technology, Thailand had conducted a survey in various Asian countries and
prepared a report regarding the construction and demolition waste management in May 2008.

8. Continue….
Typical Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste composition in India (CPCB, 2017)

9. Continue….
According to information obtained from Central Pollution Control Board, the annual quantity of
construction and demolition waste in India is approximately 120,00,000 tons. Management of such high
quantum of waste puts enormous pressure on solid waste management system. Quantity of different
constituents of waste that arise from Construction Industry in India is estimated as follows:
Constituent Million Tons Per Annum
Soil, Sand & Gravel 4.20-5.14
Bricks & Masonry 3.60 -4.40
Concrete 2.40-3.67
Metals 0.60-0.70
Bitumen 0.25-0.30
Wood 0.25-0.30
Others 0.10-0.15

10. WHY C & D WASTE PREFERRED IN CONCRETE
 Cost-effective
 Environment-friendly
 Easily and locally available
 Reusable material.
 Cheaper source of aggregate than newly mined
 Reduction of landfill space required for concrete debris
 Using recycled material as gravel reduces the need for gravel mining.

11. 1.2 NEED OF STUDY
 Overall, C&D waste generation exceeds 3 billion tonnes (Akhatar et al.
2018) around the world which if managed properly can save the huge amount
of energy and can help to improve the economy.
 The largest contributor in this scenario is China, India, and USA with
collective waste output more than 2 billion tonnes.
 India is the second largest producer of C&D waste after china.
 In developing countries like India and Pakistan, the production growth rate is
more as compared to other developed countries.

12. Globally India
 The volume of construction waste
generated worldwide every year will
nearly to exceeds 3 billion
tonnes (Akhatar et al. 2018)
around the world .
 As per New Delhi, August 25, 2020:
According to the Building Material
Promotion Council (BMPTC), India
generates an estimated 150million
tonnes of construction and
demolition (C&D) waste every year.
But the official recycling capacity is
a meagre 6,500 tonnes per day.
C &D WASTE PRODUCED IN

13. Continue….
 Estimated annual growth rate of 6.6% for the construction of building areas in
India during the period 2005 to 2030.
Projected increase in building areas in India
(Source: Maithel, 2013)

14. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
S. No. Author Review
1 Ergun et al. (2011) The Concrete Containing 5% Waste Marble Powder As
Partial Replacement By Weight For Cement With A Super
Plasticizing Admixture Had Higher Compressive Strength
Than That Of The Control Concrete Specimens.
Consequently, The Replacement Of Cement With
Diatomite And Waste Marble Powder Separately Or
Together Could Be Used To Improve The Mechanical
Properties Of concrete.
2 S.P. Gautam et al
(2012)
It is observed that when fine aggregate is replaced by
10% glass waste, the compressive strength at 7 d is
found to increase by about 47.75% on average However, it
is evident that increase in compressive strength at 28 d is
only 3.30% at same replacement level.

15. Continue….
S. No. Author Review
3. N.
Gurumoorthy
(2014)
The Compressive strength, Split Tensile strength and Flexural strength
are increased with addition of waste marble dust up to 25% replace
by weight of cement.
Further any addition of waste marble dust the compressive strength,
Split Tensile strength and Flexural strength are decreased.
Therefore , we conclude that the most suitable percentage replacement of
marble dust in concrete is 25%.
 Thus we found out the optimum percentage for replacement of marble
dust with cement and it is almost 25% cement for cubes, cylinders and
prisms.
 Result of this investigation that marble dust could be conveniently used
in making good quality concrete and construction materials

16. Continue….
S. No. Author Review
4. Mecha Gajhi et al
(2014)
Worked on the behaviour and strength characterstics of concrete
containing recycled concrete aggregate and found that selected type of
RAC show a real possibility for use as aggregate in concrete when
concrete with RCA replacement of 100% was comapre with
NAC 100% there was a small decline in strength , but when
concrete with a RCA replacement of 30% was compared with
NAC 100% the result should almost equal strength. A slight
reduction in durability performance was found for RAC 30% compared in
terms of specific creep and drying shrinkage was measured for RAC 30%
and NAC 100%.

17. Continue….
S. No. Author Review
5. Malpani et al
(2014 )
It Is Observed That Mix Containing 40% Sand, 40% Marble Sludge
Powder, 20% Quarry Rock Dust Had The Best Compressive Strength And
Mix Containing 50% Quarry Rock Dust, 50% Marble Sludge Powder And
20% Sand ,40% Quarry Rock Dust, 40% Marble Sludge Powder Had The
Best Values For Split Tensile Strength Of Concrete.
6. A Vishkar et al
(2016)
In this paper , design a M25 concrete with replacing of C & D waste (RCA)
30-100% . He found at 30% replacement the compressive
strength increase but the strength of RAC gradually decrease up to
100% replacement of NA by RCA using same amount of water and
cement as used in controlled concrete.

18. Continue….
S. No. Author Review
7. Muhammad ali K. et al (2016) In this study recommended C&D waste is used as the coarse aggregate in
new concrete. It is shows that 0 % to 40% replacement of recycled
aggregate give a good comparatively results.
8. Hiremath et al. (2018) From the investigation, the following conclusions were drawn.
The RCBA are considered as comparatively less weight aggregates
but not light weight aggregates.
 As increase in the percentage of replacement of RCBA the strength
also gets reduces and density also reduces.
 For 25% is found to be better substitute for concrete with respect to
strength.
The 25% replacement of RCBA is considered as the best in
view of strength and economy, hence we use it in
moderately loaded structures.
50% replacement of RCBA can be used wherever load coming
chances are less.

19. Continue….
S. No. Author Review
9. Vicky Gupta et al (2018) In this paper , up to 30% replacement of fine aggregate
and 20% of coarse aggregate with DCA concrete as
equivalent to conventional concrete.

20. Continue….
S. No. Author Review
10 O M Ofuyatan et al
(2019 )
The addition of waste marble dust as a constitutive material of
concrete had a good slump of fresh concrete. At 25%, marble
dust had a strength greater than the control at 56days.
However, the addition of waste marble dust increased the
tensile strength by 17% at 25%
11. Dr. P. Muthupriya et.al
(2020)
In this paper they investigate on M20 concrete with
demolition waste ( replacement 10%, 20%,30%,40%,50% and
100% ) and checked Compressive Strength , split tensile
strength , flexural strength. He found good increment in
Compressive Strength replacing the coarse aggregate by
demotion concrete waste from 15% to 30% in conventional
concrete without adding any admixtures.

21. Continue….
S. No. Author Review
12. A. Gupta et al. (2020) From the study
Recycled concrete aggregates may cause a reduction in
compressive strength if it is used beyond 40%.
It also increases creep and drying shrinkage of the concrete.
 Absorption of water of recycled aggregate increases from 1.5%
to 4.6% causing more water demand but some artificial
plasticizers can be used to overcome this loss of water.
 From the study, it is evident that the strength of such
concrete made up of recycled aggregate is not lesser of 90% in
contrast to conventional concrete
13. Prachi Sohon et al.
(2015)
The compressive strength achieved at 28 days for FA and RA
was 14.6 and 13.4 N/mm2 respectively. Hence a 9% reduction
of strength was observed at 100% replacement of FA by the
RA. The study shows that fresh aggregates can be replaced by
the recycled aggregates. Recycled aggregate concrete can
minimize the waste disposal problem and can reduce the cost of
concrete. Further the studies may be conducted for the use of

22. 2.2 RESEARCH GAP
• As per study, experimental work done with the different percentage of construction and demolition waste
from 0 to 100 percentage in replacement of natural fine and coarse aggregate in concrete.
 In addition to this marble waste also used from 0 to 100 percentage replacement of natural fine aggregate
and cement in concrete but no one compare the effect of adding both construction and demolition waste and
marble combine in the normal concrete.
 So in this study marble and of construction and demolition waste will be used in replacement of fine and
coarse aggregate with different percentage and study the effect of these on compressive strength, tensile
strength and fresh properties of concrete.

23. 3. OBJECTIVE & METHODOLOGY
This dissertation has the following main objectives:-
 To design M25 and M30 grades of concrete with natural aggregates for fresh and
hardened properties.
 To design M25 and M30 grades with variable percentage of construction and demolition
waste replacing normal aggregates.
 To study the variation in properties of concrete for both grades of concrete.
 To compare, evaluate and analyze the strength and draw conclusions for field application
and viability.
Methodology
 Methodology is the overall approach that underpins the project. The following
representation shows the methodology being used.

24. I. Collection of materials
II. Study on properties of materials
III. Testing of materials : Testing of Fine and coarse aggregates
including : specific gravity, sieve analysis, water absorption.
IV. Mix Design
V. Preparation of concrete specimen
VI. Curing
VII. Testing on mechanical properties :
slump test, compression test
VIII. Result and conclusion

25. I. COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste processing plant, Chandigarh

26. MECHANICAL SORTING PROCESS OF C&D WASTE
Inflow
Bar Screening
Disk Screening (large gravel , sand ,
soil )
Magnetic Seperation (ferrous metal)
Air Classification (plastic or other
lightweigh materials)
Manual Seperation ( wood, non ferrous
or other avilable material and bricks ,
rock , marble tiles or concrete)

27. II. CONSTITUENTS MATERIALS
CEMENT
 The cement used was ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 (Source: Ultra tech Cement) that complied with IS: 8112-
1989. IS 4031-1968 was used to test the cement. The cement's test results are listed in below table.
S. No Properties Observed
values
Values specified by
IS:8112-1989
1 Fineness % (90 µm I.S. Sieve) 4.15 Not more than 10
2 Soundness (mm) (Le Chatelier
Method)
1.02 Not more than 10
3 Normal Consistency (%) 29 …………..
4 Initial Setting Time (minutes) 225 >=30
5 Final Setting Time (minutes) 315 <=600
6 Compressive Strength (MPa)
3days
7days
26.29
31.56
>23
>33
7 Specific gravity 3.15 …………..

28. III. NATURAL FINE AGGREGATE
 Natural Fine Aggregate ( Sand)
 This experiment employed natural river sands. It was sourced locally and met Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 383-
2016 requirements. According to IS: 383-1970, the sand is zone II.
 Waste Marble Dust
 Marble dust is a by-product of the marble manufacturing process. During the cutting operation, a huge amount of
powder is created. As a result, around a quarter of the initial marble mass is lost to dust. The waste marble dust was
collected from Chandigarh's Dhanas Marble Market.
Natural Fine Aggregate
Waste Marble Dust

29. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF NFA( SAND ) & WMD

30. Physical Properties of Natural Fine Aggregate(NFA) & WMD
S.No Property NFA ( SAND) WASTE MARBLE
DUST (WMD)
1 Bulk Density (Loose),
kg/m3
1679 1420
2 Bulk Density
(Compacted), kg/m3
1882 1660
3 Specific Gravity 2.65 2.63
4 Free Moisture % 1.51 1.51

31. NATURAL COARSE AGGREGATE
Natural Coarse Aggregate
 The coarse aggregate sizes used were 10mm and 20mm. The Physical Properties of Natural
Coarse Aggregate coarse aggregate discussed in next slide.
Recycled concrete aggregate
 After demolition of old roads and buildings, the removed concrete is often considered worthless
and disposed of as demolition waste. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is created by collecting
and breaking up used concrete The Recycled aggregate was collected from Chandigarh's C& D
Plant.
Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste processing
plant, Chandigarh
Natural Coarse Aggregate

32. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL COARSE
AGGREGATE & RECYLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE
S.No Property NCA RCA
1 Bulk Density
(Loose), kg/m3
10mm 20mm Maxi 20mm
1309 1473 1126
2 Bulk Density
(Compacted), kg/m3 1465 1551 1293
3 Specific Gravity 2.67 2.655 2.42
4 Free Moisture % 0 0 2.09
5 Water Absorption % 0.56 0.34 5.43

33. Continue….
 Water: The potable tap water at room temperature conforming to the requirement of water for
mixing and curing as per guidelines given in IS 456: 2000 will be used.
 Chemical Admixture: BASF India limited with brand name of MasterGlenium SKY 8632 was
used in the present research work as shown in figure.
MasterGlenium SKY 8632

34. IV. MIX DESIGN RATIO OF M25
Sr.No Mix Proportion Ratio kg/m3
1 Cement Content 1 371
2 Fine Aggregates Content 1.85 689.97
3 Coarse Aggregates
Content
3.09 1147.22
4 Water 0.48 178.16

35. 4. MIX DESIGN RATIO OF M30
Sr.No Mix Proportion Ratio kg/m3
1 Cement Content 1 395
2 Fine Aggregates Content 1.7 671.54
3 Coarse Aggregates
Content
2.09 1145.59
4 Water 0.45 178

36. REPLACEMENT DETAILS

37. V. MIX PREPARATION
 The mixes were made in a rotary mixer. The inside of the mixer was first cleaned with a dry towel to
eliminate any filth. Batching of all materials is done with the help of weighing balance machine and was
kept in the desired trays.
.
Rotary Mixer

38. CASTING OF SPECIMEN
Moulds used in the casting of specimens were checked and fixed according to BIS 10086 -1982
requirements. Mold side plates were tight enough to prevent warping and spreading. Before pouring
concrete into the mould, all of these joints were meticulously tested for leaks. To ensure that no water
escapes, a thin film of grease was added to the connections between the mould halves at the bottom surface
of the mould and its base plate.
Specimen of cube, beam & cylinder

39. CASTING OF SPECIMEN
Casting of cube, beam & cylinder

40. VI. CURING OF SPECIMEN
 The molded specimens were stored at 18°C for 24 hours after casting in a concrete laboratory. After this
time, the specimens were demoded and placed in the air for ten minutes to vaporize any remaining
moisture on the surface. The specimens were then immersed in clean water in a curing tank, as illustrated
in Figure. For this experiment, the specimens are cured for 7 and 28 days. It's important to make sure the
samples are thoroughly submerged in water for the appropriate amount of time.
Samples in curing tank

41. VII. TESTING OF CONCRETE
 WORKABILITY
 Consistency of plain concrete and modified concrete were determined by carrying out slump test
accordance to IS: 1199-1959.
 Slump Test: Slump testing is a laboratory or on-site method of determining concrete
consistency. The slump test indicates the consistency of concrete in different batches. The shape
of the concrete slumps reveals information about the concrete's workability and quality. A few
tamping or blows with a tapping rod on the base plate can also be used to assess the features of
concrete in terms of segregation propensity. Because of the simplicity of the apparatus and
process, this test has been used since 1922. The Slump cone's shape demonstrates concrete's
workability.

42. SLUMP TEST
Slump cone test

43. Continue….
Compressive Strength Test
Flexural strength test
Split tensile strength test

44. 4. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Workability of Concrete Mixes
 Workability is considered to be that property of plastic
concrete which indicates its ability to be mixed, handled,
transported and most importantly, placed with a minimum
loss of homogeneity. More precisely, it defines that it can
be fully compacted with minimum energy input.

45. SLUMP VALUE OF M25 & M30 GRADE CONCRETE
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
56 54 53 52
48 46
55 53 52
49 47 45
M25 Grade M30 Grade
% Replacement
Slump
value

46. WORKABILTY
 The workability of concrete continuously decreases with increase in
the percentage of construction and demolition waste. The decrease
pattern value shown by slump test is by 3.57%, 5.35%, 7.1%, 14.2%
and 17.8% for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percentage construction and
demolition waste respectively.
 The workability of concrete continuously decreases with increase in the
percentage of construction and demolition waste. The decrease pattern value
shown by slump test is by 3.63%, 5.45%, 10.90%, 14.54% and 18.18% for
5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percentage construction and demolition waste
respectively.

47. DENSITY OF CONCRETE
 Concrete's density serves as a gauge for its strength. Concrete
mixing can be altered to produce an end product with a higher or
lower density.
 The Density findings at 28 days are reported in a table for
concrete grades M25 and M30 that had samples partially replaced
with recycled coarse aggregate and waste marble dust.

48. DENSITY OF CONCRETE
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
2436
2454 2459
2471
2488
2466
2441
2448
2460 2463
2510
2489
M25 Grade M30 Grade
Density of
concrete
(kg/m3)

49. DENSITY OF CONCRETE
 The density of concrete increase with increase in quantity of C & D
waste. The increment pattern is by 0.57%, .81%, 1.22%, 1.46% and
0.9% for 5, 10,15,20 and 25 percentage construction and demolition
waste respectively.
 The density of concrete increase with increase in quantity of C & D
waste. The increment pattern is by 0.20%, 0.56%, 1.26%, 1.50% and
0.89% For 5, 10,15,20 and 25 percentage construction and
demolition waste respectively.

50. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
 The compressive strength of the concrete cube test provides an idea about
all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether
Concreting has been done properly or not.
Compaction testing machine

51. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
23.03 24.24 25.54 27.21 28.82 27.89
33.92 35.7 37.76 39.76 41.99 40.91
M25 Grade Concrete
7 days (in Mpa) 28 days(in Mpa)

52. Compressive Strength Test
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
28.64 30.42 31.5 33.51 35.24 34.33
40.65 42.68 44.61
47.55 49.98 48.66
M30 Grade Concrete
7 days (in MPa) 28 days(in MPa)

53. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
 After curing of 28 days the increment in compressive strength as compared to
controlled concrete mix is at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage construction and
demolition waste by 5.25%, 11.10%, 17.87%, and 24.46% and decrement at 25%
C &D waste by 20.8% respectively. Compressive strength of C&D concrete
increase up to 20% replacement and start slightly decrease at 25% replacement.
 After curing of 28 days the increment in compressive strength as compared to
controlled concrete mix is at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage construction and
demolition waste by 5.6%,9.82%, 16.98%, 22.93% and decrement at 25% C
&D waste by 19.78% respectively. Compressive strength of C&D concrete
increase up to 20% replacement and start slightly decrease at 25% replacement.

54. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
 The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties
which greatly affect the extent and size of cracking in structures.
Cylinder specimen tested in Compressive Testing Machine

55. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
1.91
2.2
2.5 2.7 2.8 2.64
4.1
4.5
4.9
5.2 5.4
5
M25 Grade Concrete
7 days (in MPa) 28 days(in MPa)

56. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
2.8 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.1 3.8
5 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.2 5.9
M30 Grade Concrete
7 days (in MPa) 28 days(in MPa)

57. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
 After curing of 28 days the increment in split tensile strength as compared
to controlled concrete mix is at 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage construction and
demolition waste by 9.8%, 22.25%, 30.91%, and 36.5% and decrement at
25% C &D waste by 26.5% respectively. Split tensile strength of C&D
concrete increase up to 20% replacement and start slightly decrease at 25%
replacement.
 After curing of 28 days the increment in Split tensile strength as compared
to controlled concrete mix is at 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage construction and
demolition waste by 9.5%, 22.5%, 26.64%, and 35.21% and decrement at
25% C &D waste by 26.5% respectively. Split tensile strength of C&D
concrete increase up to 20% replacement and start slightly decrease at 25%
replacement.

58. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
 Flexural testing is used to determine the flex or bending properties
of a material.
Beam specimen tested in Flexural Testing Machine

59. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 5 4.9
5.8 6
6.5 6.6 6.8 6.7
M25 Grade Concrete
7 days (in MPa) 28 days (in MPa)

60. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
6.2 6.4 6.8 7 7.3 7.2
7.4 7.7 8.1 8.5 8.6 8.2
M25 Grade Concrete
7 days (in MPa) 28 days (in MPa)

61. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
 After curing of 28 days the increment in flexural strength as compared to
controlled concrete mix is at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage construction and
demolition waste by 4.6%,10.68%, 12.69%, 16.75% and decrement at 25% C &D
waste by 14.73% respectively. Flexural strength of C&D concrete increase up to
20% replacement and start slightly decrease at 25% replacement.
 After curing of 28 days the increment in flexural strength as compared to
controlled concrete mix is at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage construction and
demolition waste by 3.61%, 9.5%, 13.88%, and 16.97% and decrement at 25% C
&D waste by 13.45% respectively. Flexural strength of C&D concrete increase up
to 20% replacement and start slightly decrease at 25% replacement.

62. CONCLUSION
 This study shows that replacement of CA and FA the Compressive strength,
Split Tensile Strength and Flexural strength are increased with addition of
waste C & D waste ( Recycled concrete aggregate and waste marble dust )
up to 20% replace by weight of coarse and fine aggregate respectively.
Further any addition of C & D waste (Recycled concrete aggregate and
waste marble dust) the compressive strength, Split Tensile strength and
Flexural strength are start slightly decreased.
 Therefore, we conclude that the most suitable percentage replacement of C
& D waste (Recycled concrete aggregate and waste marble dust) in concrete
is 20%.

63. CONCLUSION
 Thus we found out the optimum percentage for replacement of C & D waste
(Recycled concrete aggregate and waste marble dust ) with coarse and fine
aggregate respectively and its almost 20% CA and FA for cubes, cylinder
and beam. Result of this investigation that C & D waste (Recycled concrete
aggregate and waste marble dust) could be conveniently used in making
good quality concrete and construction materials.

64. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
On the basis of the experimental investigation in this study:
 It is recommended that more number of test and studies have to be done on
Recycle aggregates and marble dust to get more strength qualities of
aggregates which are recycled more accurately for using it in concrete of
higher strength.
 By reducing the w/c ration the concrete strength can be enhanced. But
workability is reduced. So in order to maintain workability additives such as
super plasticizers and fume obtained from silica can be added.

65. Continue….
 More number of laboratory test and investigation are to be done on strength
characteristics of RCA and WMD. Various mechanical properties like creep, abrasion
and durability are recommended to be done on RCA and WMD.
 Testing to be conducted on various building components like building slab and
structure wall etc.
 Increase number of trails gas to be done for different percentage of replacement of
RCA and WMD for different sizes of aggregates like 10mm, 16mm etc. to get more
accurate results and higher strength characteristics in RCA concrete.

66. FUTURE SCOPE
 Sustainable development of structure can be achieved by using waste
Construction and Demolition waste.
 Fine aggregate in demolished concrete can also be utilized in concrete.
 Demolished bricks and stone possess the same properties as coarse aggregate.
 Different types of waste materials like pond ash can be used.

67. 7.REFERENCES
 I. Siva Kishore, Ch. Mallika Chowdary. “A study on waste utilization of marble dust in high strength concrete mix”
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 6, Issue 12, Dec 20155, pp. 01-07.
 H Hebhoub, H Aoun,“Use of waste marble aggregates in concrete” Science Direct , March 2011, Pages 1167-1171.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.037
 Valeria Corinaldesi“Structural Concrete Prepared with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate: From Investigation to
Design” Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Advances in Civil Engineering, Volume 2011, Article ID 283984, 6pages,
https://doi:10.1155/2011/283984.
 Omar M Omar, Ghada D. Abd Elhameed, Mohamed A. Sherif,Hassan A. Mohamadien “Influence of limestone waste as
partial replacement material for sand and marble powder in concrete properties”, Housing and Building National
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72. Thank you