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B.sc- sem 2 - Minerals.pdf
- 1. Minerals By Nehal Chavda PhD scholar food Science & nutrition Gujarat university
- 2. What is mineral ? • Mineral are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrient.
- 3. Minerals Macro minerals • Required in amounts excess of 100mg/day • Ca, P, S, Mg, Cl, Na, K Micro minerals • Required in amounts less than 100 mg/day • Fe, cu, Zn, Mo, I,F, Cr, Co, Mn, Se
- 4. Macro minerals • Calcium, phosphorous magnesium, sulphur • Sodium potassium chloride
- 5. Sodium: Atomic number 11, Atomic mass =22.990 • Major extra cellular cation • Sources: • milk • Drinking Water • Baking Soda • Soups • Garlic Salts • Chicken • Fast food
- 6. Distribution The mean body content of sodium in the adult male is 92 g. ∼35 g is found in the skeleton. ∼11 g is found in the intracellular fluid at the concentration of ∼10 mmol/L, 46gm in ECF Exchangeable form, , at a concentration of 135–145 mmol/L,
- 7. Sodium- RDA (Requirement) • 2000 mg/day (RDA-2020) 1.5 gm/day 5-10 gm/day as NaCl(salt)
- 8. Metabolism Absorption • Sodium pump situated in basal and lateral plasma membrane of intestinal and renal cells intestine. Excretion • Mainly through kidney as urine. • Controlled by aldosterone • Also excreted through Skin(sweat) & GI Tract (Feces) in minute amounts
- 9. Level in body • Blood sodium level= 135-145 mEq/L • Cell Sodium level= < 12mEq/L
- 10. Function of Sodium • Maintain Osmotic pressure & water and electrolyte Balance • It is a constitute of buffer & maintains acid- base balance • It helps in absorption of glucose, galactose • It involved in cell membrane permeability.
- 11. Associate disorder • Hyponatremia • Na <130 mEq/L • Hypernatremia • Na > 145 mEq/L
- 12. Hyponatremia- Causes Retention of water: • Heart failure • Liver diseases • Nephrotic Syndrome • Clinical Renal Failure Loss of sodium • Vomiting • Renal failure • Addison’s disease (Aldosterone Deficiency)
- 13. Hyponatremia Features • Constant thirst • Muscle Cramps • Nausea • Vomiting • Abdominal Cramps • Weakness • Lethargy
- 14. Treatment • IV Administration of sodium supplements, e.g. Normal Saline • Water Restriction • Increase Salt intake • Drugs- furosemide & anti –ADH drugs
- 15. Hypernatremia Causes Water Depletion • (Diabetes insipidus) Water and sodium depletion ( more water than Sodium) • Diabetes mellitus • Excessive Sweating • Diarrhoea Excessive sodium Intake or Retention • Conn’s Syndrome (excess Aldosterone) • Cushing’s Syndrome (Excess Cortisol)
- 16. Excessive sodium Intake or Retention Conn’s Syndrome (excess Aldosterone) Conn's syndrome is a hormonal condition in which one or both adrenal glands produce more of the hormone aldosterone than normal Cushing’s Syndrome (Excess Cortisol) Cushing's syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time
- 17. Hypernatremia- Feature • Dehydration • Hypertension • Edema
- 18. Potassium Atomic number = 19 K Atomic mass = 39.10 A Major Intracellular Cation
- 19. Distribution • 98% within Cell (ICF) • 2% Outside Cell (ECF) • Total Body potassium • 3500meq • Out of which 75% in skeletal muscles
- 20. Potassium Rich Food • Green leafy Vegetable • Avocado • Banana- richest source • Beans • Sweet potato • Broccoli • Beats
- 21. Potassium –RDA • 2-5 gm/ Day
- 22. Metabolism Absorption • readily absorbed by passive diffusion from gastrointestinal Track Excretion • 3 primary routs • Urine(major) • GI track and Skin(minor)
- 23. Function of potassium • Maintain intracellular osmotic pressure, water & Acid base balance • Contraction of heat • Transmission of nerve impulse • Enzyme such as pyruvate kinase require K+ as Cofactor • Required for proper biosynthesis of proteins by ribosomes.
- 24. Hypokalaemia Causes Gastrointestinal Losses • Vomiting • Diarrhoea • Surgical Fistula Renal Losses • Renal Disease • Diuretics • Addison’s Disease Alkalosis • Causes a shift of potassium From the ECF to the ICF Symptoms : • Muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps • Decreased Reflexes • Palpitation, arrhythmias & cardiac Arrest
- 25. Hyperkalaemia Causes: 1. Renal Failure 2. Mineralocorticoid Deficiency 3. Entry of Potassium to Extracellular space 4. Cell Damage 5. Redistribution of potassium to Extracellular Space
- 26. Hyperkalaemia • Symptoms 1. Ventricular arrhythmia, Ventricular fibrillation, bradycardia, cardiac arrest 2. Change in ECG Findings 3. Muscle Weakness
- 27. Treatment of Hyperkalaemia • Give IV glucose & insulin & continuous ECG Monitoring. • Sodium Bicarbonate administration in case of acidosis
- 28. Calcium • Calcium is most abundant mineral in the body • Human body content About 1000mg /day. • This amount include adolescents, postmenopausal women, and older adults.
- 29. Sources of calcium • Dairy Products • Green leafy vegetables • Salmon • Sardines • Fish • Cereals • Grain • Vegetable • milk
- 30. Calcium- RDA • Children – 1000mg/ Day • Adults- 500mg/Day • Pregnancy and Lactation- 1500mg/Day
- 31. Absorption • Upper small intestine – 20-30% of dietary Ca
- 32. Factors Affecting Calcium Absorption • Calcitriol • PTH • High Protein Diet • Acidic pH • Bile Salts • Absorption is Decreased By • Alkaline pH • Phytates and oxalates • Steatorrhea • Vitamin D deficiency • Excess Phosphate in Diet
- 33. Mechanism Calcium Absorption Occurs by Vitamin D (1, 25 (OH)2 D3) mediated Mechanism. 1,25-diOH D2
- 34. Excretion of calcium Stools Unabsorbed in the diet 60-70% Urine 50-200 Mg/day Sweat 15 mg/Day
- 35. Distribution and storage • Human Body contain about 1-1.5 kg of calcium. 99% present in bone and teeth 1% in soft tissue and Extracellular fluid Plasma Calcium: 9-11 mg/dl
- 36. Function of Calcium Formation of bone and teeth Nerve Conduction Muscle contraction Activation of enzyme Blood coagulation Secretion of hormones As a Second messenger Action on myocardium
- 37. Regulation Of Enzyme Activity Ca++ Activates • Glycogen • Phosphorylase Kinase • Amylase • PDH, IDH & Alpha- KGDH Ca++ Inhibits • Pyruvate Kinase • Trypsin
- 38. Regulation of plasma Calcium • 50% free or ionized calcium • 40% Protein Bound • 10% Complex With Anions
- 39. Regulation of plasma Calcium • 3 hormones 1. Calcitriol 2. PTH 3. Calcitonin Calcitriol (Vitamin D) • 3 organs 1. Gut 2. Bone 3. kidney Increased Plasma calcium • Increases absorption From Intestine • Increases mobilization from bone • Increases the renal reabsorption • PTH- Causes bone resorption & demineralization of bone • Increases plasma calcium- increases the renal reabsorption of Ca & Decreases Excretion of Ca
- 40. Regulation of plasma calcium • Calcitonin- Decreases Plasma calcium • Decreases the renal reabsorption & increases excretion of ca
- 41. homeostasis • High—stimulus raising blood ca2++ level---- thyroid gland releases calcitonin---- calcitonin ------- stimulates ca2+ deposition in bones ----- --- reduces ca2+ uptake in kidneys. • Low------ stimulus falling blood ca2+ level----parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)------ PTH--------stimulates ca2+ releases from bones---- increases ca2+ uptake in kidneys+ increases ca2+ uptake in intestines(they both Active vitamin D) and basically they increase blood calcium level.
- 42. Calcium metabolism • Hypo calcemia and hyper calcemia
- 43. hypocalcemia Causes: • Inadequate intake • Impaired absorption • Increased excretion • Magnesium Deficiency • Acute pancreatitis
- 44. Hypocalcemia Features Muscle cramps and tetany • Laryngospasm • Convulsion Cardiac Arrhythmias • Prolongation of QT interval Cataract • Chronic Hypocalcemia
- 45. Signs of tetany • Chvostek’s sign- contraction of facial muscle in response to tapping the Facial nerve. • Trousseau’s sign- carpal spasm occurring after occlusion of the brachial artery with BP cuff for 3 min.
- 46. Hypocalcemia – Treatment • Severe symptomatic cases– intravenous calcium gluconate • Asymptomatic Cases– Calcium carbonate Vitamin D
- 47. Hypercalcemia Causes • Increased intake • Increased absorption • Decreased Excretion • Malignancy
- 48. Hypercalcemia - Features • Metastatic calcification • Neurological Symptoms • Renal Symptoms • Gastrointestinal Symptoms • Cardiac arrhythmias
- 49. Hypercalcemia Treatment • Treatment of primary disease • Induction of natriuresis • Calcitonin
- 50. Phosphorus • Atomic number- 15 • Sources: • Milk • Nuts • Cereals • Fish • meat
- 51. Phosphorus - RDA • 800 mg/ Day. Adults • Ca: P Ratio of 1:1 Children • Ca: P Ratio of 2:1
- 52. Phosphorus metabolism • Absorption – Upper small intestine 70% absorbed. • (Efficiency is more than Double compare to calcium)
- 53. Factors Affecting Phosphorus Absorption • Phosphorus Absorption increased by: • Bile salts • Acidity • PTH and Vitamin D • Calcium • Phosphorus absorption Decreased by • High Ca: P ratio • Phytates • Alkalinity • Magnesium and Aluminium
- 54. Phosphorus Excretion • Urine : 2/3 of ingested Phosphate • 0.6gm/Day • Stool: Due to non- absorption • 0.2-0.5 gm/ Day • Factors Affecting Renal Excretion • Increase PTH
- 55. Function of Phosphorus • Formation of bone and teeth • Production of high Energy compounds • DNA and RNA synthesis • Synthesis of coenzymes • Synthesis of phosphoproteins and phospholipids • Activation of enzymes by phosphorylation • Acid base balance
- 56. Phosphorus Distribution • Human Body Contain About -0.8-1.0 kg of phosphorus. • 80% present in bone and teeth • 20% in other tissue • Plasma phosphorus:3-4 mg/dl • (Children: 5-6 mg/dl); Adults: 3-4 mg/dl)
- 57. Regulation of Plasma Phosphorus • 3 hormones – A. 1,25(oh)2 D3 B. PTH C. Calcitonin
- 58. 1,25(oh)2 D3 • Increases absorption • Increases the mobilization from bone • Increases the renal reabsorption • It increases the plasma phosphorus
- 59. PTH Decreases the renal reabsorption Increase renal excretion of phosphorus This will decreases plasma phosphorus
- 60. Calcitonin • Inhibits Bone resorption • Decreases renal reabsorption & increase renal Excretion • Decreases plasma Phosphorus
- 61. Disorders of phosphorus metabolism • Hypophosphatemia • Hyperphosphatemia
- 62. Hypophosphatemia • Decreased Intake • Decreased Absorption • Increased loss
- 63. Hypophosphatemia Features • Acute : Hemolytic anemia Leukocyte Dysfunction Platelet Dysfunction • Chronic Anorexia Weakness Pain in the Muscle and bones Fractures
- 64. Hypophosphatemia Treatment • Management Of Underlying Disease • Administration of Phosphate
- 65. Hyperphosphatemia- Causes • Increased intestinal absorption • Decreased Renal Excretion • Extracellular Shift of Phosphorus • haemolysis
- 66. Hyperphosphatemia Features • Features of Underlying Diseases • Soft tissue calcification
- 67. Hyperphosphatemia Treatment • Treatment of underlying disorder • Dialysis in renal Failure • Administration Of Aluminium Hydroxide
- 68. Micro minerals • Iron, (Fe) • copper,(Cu) • Zinc, (Zn) • molybdenum,(Mo) • iodine, (I) • fluoride, (F) • chromium,(Cr) • cobalt,(Co) • Manganese(Mn) • Selenium(Se)
- 69. Iron Sources : • Green leafy vegetable • Egg • Pulses • Liver & meat • Jaggery • Cereals • NB: milk is very poor source of iron
- 70. Iron - RDA • Adults- 10-20mg/day • Pregnant and pre menopausal women – 40mg/ day • Due to physiological loss during menstruation & parturition
- 71. Iron Absorption • Site – Small intestine • Forms- heme , non- heme (Fe2+ , Fe3+ ) • Efficiency – About 10% of total food iron is absorbed. • Iron is called as one way substance because it is absorbed and execrated from small intestine.
- 72. Factors affecting iron absorption • Ferrous form, • Ascorbic acid • Cysteine • HCL Factor decreasing iron absorption • Phytates and Phosphate • Antacid, Achlorhydria, • Gastrointestinal disease
- 73. Regulation of iron Absorption – mucosal block theories • Mucosal Block Theory Food • Fe3+ Ferritin (storage Form) Fe 3+ (bound to protein/ organic Acid ) (HCL in stomach) Ferroxidase Fe3+ Fe 2+ Fe2+ Ferritin (storage Form)
- 74. Storage of iron • Site- liver, intestine, spleen, bone marrow • Storage form Ferritin Hemosiderin
- 75. Excretion of iron • Normal Excretion – very Little ( About 1 mg/Day) • Stool –0.7 mg/day • Physiological Loss– menstruation 20-30 mg/ cycle • Delivery –750mg
- 76. Function of iron • Iron is a component of several functionally important compounds • Haem compounds • Non Haem compounds
- 77. Function of iron Haem Compound • Haemoglobin • Myoglobin • Cytochrome • Catalase Non Haem Compound • Succinate Dehydration • Xanthine Oxidase • Iron sulphur protein
- 78. Disorder Iron Deficiency • Pallor • Dizziness • Palpitation • Pica • Fatigue • Dyspnea • Angular stomatitis • Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia Iron Excess Hemosiderosis hemochromatosis Increase in iron stores as hemosiderin Excessive Deposition of the Iron Tissue Without Associated with tissue injury Associated with tissue injury
- 79. Hemochromatosis • Liver- Cirrhosis • Pancreas- fibrotic damage leads to DM • Skin- Skin Pigmentation • Endocrine Organ – Hypothyroidism • Joints – Arthritis • Heart – Arrhythmia, heart Failure
- 80. Zinc • Grains • Nuts • Shellfish • Beans • Meat • RDA- 10mg/day
- 81. Zinc Absorption • Site- Upper small intestine • Factors - calcium, phosphate, phytate • Efficiency – 10-15%
- 82. Zinc Distribution • Human Body total zinc- 2gm • 60% presents in muscle • 30% present in bone • Rest in Prostate, liver, brain and skin
- 83. Zinc – Function • Component of many metalloenzymes • Maintenance of integrity of skin • Growth and reproduction • Zinc stabilizes insulin • Component of transcription factor • Regulation of immune Function • Component of Gustin • Wound healing
- 84. Zinc Deficiency Causes • Malnutrition’ • Malabsorption • Nephrotic syndrome • Chronic Alcoholism Features • Hypogonadism • Growth Failure • Loss of teste sensation • Impaired Wound healing • Skin Lesions such as dermatitis
- 85. Zinc Toxicity Causes • In Welders due to inhalation of zinc oxide fumes Features • Excessive Salivation • Nausea, vomiting & Diarrhea • Gastric ulcer, Stomach Cramps • Pancreatitis • Anemia
- 86. Iodine • Sources – • Sea food • Dairy products • Drinking Water • Egg • Iodized Salts • Vegetables • RDA- 150 µg/day
- 87. Iodine metabolism • Absorption – upper small intestine • Transport- Binding Loosely to Plasma protein • Storage – 80% in Thyroid gland • Excretion – 2/3rd in urine
- 88. Iodine Function • Required For the Synthesis of thyroid hormones • T 3 and T4
- 89. Iodine Deficiency causes Dietary deficiency • Goitre belt Goitrogenes • Thiocyanates • Thiourea • Cabbage • Cauliflower • In children - Cretinism
- 90. Iodine Deficiency Treatment • Potassium iodide • Iodized Salt • Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
- 91. Fluorine • Sources- • Drinking Water- Depends upon Fluorine content in the soil • 1.5-4 mg/ day • (1-2 ppm)
- 92. Fluorine Function • Increases hardness of bone and teeth • Required for normal dentition • Prevents Dental caries • Causes : drinking Water that is low in fluorine content (more than 5 ppm) • Feature: • Dental Caries • Drinking Water containing Less than 0.5 ppm of fluoride • Dental Fluorosis • Skeletal Fluorosis
- 93. Fluorine Toxicity • Dental Fluorosis- • Mottling of enamel • Discoloration of teeth • Skeletal fluorosis • Bowed legs • Bending of spine • Osteoporosis
- 94. selenium • Sea food • Meat • Liver • Kidney • Plants
- 95. Selenium Metabolism • Absorption – upper Small intestine • Transport – binding loosely to plasma protein • Excretion – mainly in urine
- 96. Function • Glutathione peroxidase – As an anti oxidant • Deiodinase – converts t4 to t3 • Seleno cysteine – 21st amino acid • Anticancer – As an anti oxidant
- 97. Selenium – Deficiency Keshan’s Disease Causes • Low soil Content of selenium • Parenteral Nutrition Feature • Muscular dystrophy • Loss of appetite • Nausea • Cirrhosis of liver • cardiomyopathy
- 98. Toxicity Cause • Rare • Seen in people who handle metal polishes and anti rush compounds Features • Hair loss • Dermatitis
- 99. Chromium • Brewer’s yeast • Molasses • Meat products • Cheese • Whole grain • RDA- 0.05-20mg /day
- 100. Chromium- function • Promotes utilization of Glucose • Facilitate binding of insulin with cell receptor sites • Lower total cholesterol • Decrease LDL & increase HDL