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1. RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY
GOTERA COMPUS
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
AN ASSESSMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CASE STUDY OF FITCHE TOWN-ETHIOPIA
By
KETSELA GELAN
ADVISOR: TEMESGEN FEREJA (PhD)
A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND
MANAGEMENT SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
MASTER OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY
JULY 2020
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

2. i
DECLARATION
I, KETSELA GELAN, hereby declare that this research is my original work which to the best of my
knowledge has not been submitted to any other university for the purpose of awarding a degree. Where
the work of other authors has been used, it has duly been acknowledged.
_______________________________ _________________________
Signature Date
KETSELA GELAN

3. ii
APPROVAL
This is to certify that this study has been carried out under my supervision and has been submitted for
examination with my approval as the University supervisor.
_______________________________ _________________________
Signature Date
TEMESGEN FEREJA (PhD)

4. iii
FINAL THESIS APPROVAL FORM
As members of the Board of Examining of the Final MA of PM Thesis open defense, we certify that we
have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by ____________________ the title
“______________________________________________” recommend that the thesis be accepted as
fulfilling the thesis requirement for the Degree of Master of Project Management.
Tekele Fufa (PhD ________________ _______________
Internal Examiner Signature Date
Asist.Prof Dadi Hawas ________________ _______________
External Examiner Signature Date
Final Approval and Acceptance
Paper Approved by
________________________________________ __________________ ___________
Coordinator of GS Signature Date
________________________________________ ________________ ____________
Department of GS Signature Date
Certification of the final paper
I hereby certify that all the correction and recommendation suggested by the board of examiners are
incorporated into the final thesis entitled “________________________________________” by
_____________________________________.
_____________________________________ ________________ ____________
Department of GS Signature Date

5. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to thank the Almighty God for his care, blessings, grace that has enabled me to get this far.
I now wish to acknowledge the tremendous contributions that various institutions and individuals have
rendered in order to make this academic dream a reality.
I acknowledge the Management of Rift Valley University, College of Business and Management
Sciences for rendering me this opportunity to pursue a Degree of Master of Project Management. I
pray for your team working last forever.
Special thanks to my advisor, Dr. Temesgen Fereja, for the guidance, support, encouragement and
inspiration that I got from him during my research and the preparation of this report.
I wish to highly extend my appreciation to my brother Dr Ketema Diriba Arada, my best friends
Fikade Ketema Adugna and Yosan Ketsela for their firm support, tolerance and encouragement that
heightened my working optimism. To my father Gelan Alemi Abo, my lovely Brothers and sisters for
encouragement and prayers.
The interaction with my course mates in the 2018-2020 Masters of Project Management class was also
a good recipe for academic prosperity and excellence.
I salute all the institutions and individuals that I may have omitted. Thank you all!!!

6. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................................................................ii
FINAL THESIS APPROVAL FORM...........................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................x
ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................................................xi
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................................1
1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background to the study........................................................................................................................2
1.2 Statement of the problem ......................................................................................................................3
1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................................................4
1.4 Purpose of the study..............................................................................................................................4
1.4.1 General objectives ..........................................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Specific objectives..........................................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the study.......................................................................................................................5
Definitions of key terms waste .......................................................................................................................5
Solid waste......................................................................................................................................................5
Municipal solid waste .....................................................................................................................................6
Solid waste management.................................................................................................................................6
Geographical...................................................................................................................................................6
Time................................................................................................................................................................6
1.6 Scope of the study Content....................................................................................................................7
1.7 Structure of the study ............................................................................................................................7

7. vi
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................8
2.1 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE...................................................................................8
2.2 CONCEPTUA FRAMEWORK.........................................................................................................8
2.3 Status of the existing solid waste collection..........................................................................................9
2.4 Transportation and disposal practices of solid waste..........................................................................11
2.5 The problems with the solid waste......................................................................................................12
2.6 Waste management strategies and solution SWM..................................................................................13
2.7 Solid Waste management practices from the world and Continental perspective ..............................14
2.8 Solid Waste management practices in Ethiopia..................................................................................15
2.9 Source and types of Solid Wastes .......................................................................................................16
2.10 Solid Waste Generation, Characteristics and compositions..............................................................16
2.11 Factor influencing Solid Waste Management in Fitche....................................................................17
2.12 Risks and problems associated with solid waste...............................................................................17
2.13 Components of Good Solid Waste Management System.............................................................18
2.13.1 Principles of 7R in solid waste management’s systems.........................................................18
2.13.2 Waste Recycling and Reuse .......................................................................................................19
2.13.3 Composting.................................................................................................................................19
2.13.4 Land filling .................................................................................................................................20
2.14 Future prospective of public participation in solid waste management............................................20
2.14.1 Communication among Stakeholder ..........................................................................................20
2.14.2 Local leaders...............................................................................................................................20
2.14.3 Empowerment/ Sense of ownership ...........................................................................................21
2.14.4 Private sector involvement .........................................................................................................21
2.14.5 Public awareness, cooperation and participation........................................................................21
2.15. Collaboration and Partnership between Community and Organization...........................................22

8. vii
2.15.1 Community Awareness...............................................................................................................22
2.15.2 Role of Women...........................................................................................................................22
2.15.3 Incentive .....................................................................................................................................23
2.15.4 Information and Knowledge.......................................................................................................23
2.16 DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM) .......................................................23
2.17 MATERIALS FLOW IN SOCIETY.................................................................................................24
2.18 DIFFICULT WASTES .....................................................................................................................25
2.19 Threat of Poor Solid Waste Management .........................................................................................25
2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTES ...................................................................................25
CHAPTER THREE ......................................................................................................................................26
3 Research Methodology ..............................................................................................................................26
3.1 Research design...................................................................................................................................26
3.3 Sample Size.........................................................................................................................................27
3.4 Sampling Techniques ..........................................................................................................................28
3.5 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................................28
3.5.1 Primary Source of Data Collection...............................................................................................28
Questionnaire................................................................................................................................................28
Observation...................................................................................................................................................29
Interviews......................................................................................................................................................29
3.5.2 Secondary data collection.............................................................................................................29
3.6 Quality Control....................................................................................................................................30
3.7 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................................32
4. Presentation and interpretation of findings...............................................................................................32
4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................32
4.2 Response rate.......................................................................................................................................33

9. viii
4.3 Bio-data of respondents.......................................................................................................................33
4.4 The status of the existing solid waste in Fitche Town District ...........................................................37
4.5 Solid waste collection................................................................................................................37
4.6 Solid waste transportation................................................................................................................41
4.6 Solid waste disposal practices .........................................................................................................43
4.7 The magnitude of solid waste management problems ........................................................................45
4.8 Challenges in MSWM in Fitche Town Area.......................................................................................46
4.9 Strategies to challenges of waste management in Fitche Town District.............................................48
CHAPTER FIVE ..........................................................................................................................................50
5 Summary, Discussions, Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................................50
5.2 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................53
5.3 Recommendations...............................................................................................................................55
5.3.1 Areas for further research.................................................................................................................57
6. References.................................................................................................................................................58
Appendixes: I...............................................................................................................................................63
SECTION A:.................................................................................................................................................63
SECTION B..................................................................................................................................................65
SECTION C:.................................................................................................................................................67
Appendix II: Interview Guide.......................................................................................................................68
Appendixes: III .............................................................................................................................................69

10. ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Respondents rates ........................................................................................................................33
Table 4.2: Age of respondents ......................................................................................................................34
Table 4.3: Levels of education......................................................................................................................35
Table 4.4: Occupations of respondents.........................................................................................................36
Table 4.5: Experience working in solid waste..............................................................................................36
Table 4.6: Ranks to solid waste ....................................................................................................................37
Table 4.7 Solid Waste is regularly collected ................................................................................................38
Table 4.8: Citizens use sacks to collect solid waste......................................................................................38
Table 4.9: Solid waste is collected from generation to transfer / storage sites.............................................39
Table 4.10: Curbside collection system is used in Fitche Town District......................................................40
Table 4.11: Setout collection system is used in Fitche Town District..........................................................40
Table 4.12: Transportation of solid waste is done by private company .......................................................41
Table 4.13: Transportation of solid waste is done using appropriate equipment‟s ......................................42
Table 4.14: Recycling and composting are used in Fitche Town District....................................................43
Table 4.15: Open dumping spaces are commonly used as final disposal facilities......................................43
Table 4.16: Land filling is used in solid waste disposal ...............................................................................44

11. x
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 4.1: Gender Consideration......................................................................................................................34
Fig 4.2: Collection of solid waste in Fitche Town District...........................................................................69
Fig 4.3 Solid waste disposal practices around stadium of Salale Fitche town..............................................70
Fig 4.4: Disposing site ..................................................................................................................................71

12. xi
ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS
CBOs.................Community Based Organizations
CVI...................Content Validity Index
COOPED..........Company for Environment Protection and Development
FW ....................Food-Waste
GDP..................Gross Domestic Product
GoE ................. Government of Ethiopia
LCA..................Life Cycle Assessment
MCA ................Multi Criteria Analysis
MDGs................Millennium Development Goals
MFA..................Material Flow Analysis
MSW................Municipal Solid Waste
NGO..................Non-Governmental Organization
NISE.................National Institute of Statistics of Ethiopia
SWM.................Solid Waste Management
NUDB………….Norwegian Education Database
UNCED………..United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNDP................United Nations Development Programme
UNEP............... United Nations Environment Programme
NEMA…………National Electrical Manufacturers Association
SBPDD ……….Structure of Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Department
WASAC.......... .Water and Sanitation Corporation
WEEE ..............Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
WHO………….World Health Organization

13. xii
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the management of Municipal solid waste management practices
using a case study of Fitche town, Ethiopia. Three specific objectives guided this study and these
include establishing the status of the existing solid waste collection, transportation and disposal
practices in Fitche town and capital town of Salale zone; to examine magnitude solid waste
management problems and to design strategies to overcome waste management challenges in Fitche
Town.
Fitche is one of the town by which proper provision of Municipal solid waste management practice is
still unsatisfactory and in complete. In Fitche, illegal dumping of waste on open areas, street, ditches
and river courses is considered as routine task of residents. The efforts made by the municipality to
change the situation in the town are also insufficient as it compared to the extent of the problem
A case study of research design was used for this study in which a total of 60 respondents informed
this study. These were reached through Cochran techniques of sampling for minimize the population.
Observation, questionnaires and interviews were used during the collection of primary data. Data was
analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.
According to the findings of the study, people in Fitche town use different methods in collection of
solid waste, transport it and later dispose at recognized site. It was found that solid waste
management is the work of small group under the authority of the municipality. It established that
materials such as sacks are used in the due course to collect solid waste.
The study concludes that the management and collection of solid waste is never a duty of neither one
man’s person nor one organization: rather all groups and individuals at hand. Therefore, there is a
need for all people to work for the clean environment and a better life at hand. The study also calls
different groups and organizations to apply modern techniques for the collection, transportation and
disposing of solid waste in Fitche Town, Salale.
Key words: households‟ solid waste collection, transportation of solid waste, solid waste management.

14. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
Solid Waste Management (SWM) one of the important obligatory functions of any urban local
authority. It refers to all activities pertaining to the control, collection, transportation, processing and
disposal of those in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations. According to Rotich, Zhao and Dong
(2005), the fundamental target of solid waste management is to protect the health of the population,
promote environmental quality, develop sustainability and provide support to economic productivity
through utilization of waste as a resource. These objectives attained in a viable manner that is affordable
by the residents over the long term with minimum risks involved to the persons doing it. This essential
service, however, was not efficiently and properly performed by many cities in developing countries.
For instance, many urban centers in Ethiopia are grappling with increasing piles of waste, disposal
technologies and methodologies, and overflowing dumping sites. A combination of all of the factors
including lack of resources - financial and personnel, institutional weakness, improper selection of
technology, transportation systems and disposal options, public apathy towards environmental
cleanliness and protection have made this service unsatisfactory in many of these cities. One of the most
important outputs of the Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development )
in 1992 was Agenda 21: An action plan for the 1990s and well into the twenty –first century ,
elaborating strategies and integrated programme measures to halt and reverse the effects of
environmental degradation and to promote environmentally sound and sustainable development in all
countries (UNCED, 1992) This agenda include an action plan for cities wishing to enhance urban
sustainability. Some of the recommendations of the agenda include among others, the need to promote
actively, to strengthen and expand waste re-use and recycling systems.
Sub-Saharan Africa has been greatly affected by 1980s economic crisis which resulted in increased
hardship for most of the region‟s poor. One of the consequences of the economic crisis is the failure of
the African governments to provide adequate urban service. This lead to problems of proper collection
and disposal of waste especially solid waste.
In Fiche town the responsibility of waste management is vested on the Girar Jarso Council, but, due to
lack of adequate resources, the local authority has been overwhelmed by the increased waste generation
due to high population.

15. 2
This study focuses on Fitche Town Area, A rapidly emerging residence with vibrant commercial
businesses, University and Hotel buildings which has made it one of the largest market center in zone of
salale, this rapid development has come at a price especially environmental price, poor housing
planning, lack of strict regulations compounded with negligence by the administration council has
transformed the place into a damping site. Few months ago a round-about in Fitche Stadium Street was
used as a damping site, moreover, the situation is made worse by public, who litter and appear to have
absolutely no regard to the environmental health.
This study highlights the solid waste management in the township putting a lot of emphasis on storage,
collection and ultimate disposal of the wastes by the local authorities and the residents, it also
recommend cheap, workable and sustainable methods of solid waste management in the area.
Domestic solid waste collection, transportation and disposal is the responsibility of local authorities and
competencies for these operations are defined in the municipalities law (Law No 111/85) and
community councils Law (Law No 86(I) 99)
1.1 Background to the study
Solid waste management practices essential component of environmental infrastructure in human
settlements. These practices encompass all activities undertaken from the point of waste generation up
to the final disposal. In most of Ethiopia urban areas, solid waste management is ultimately a
responsibility of Municipal Councils while most cases of rural areas the wastes are handled and
disposed at the household level (Frank, 2006). Solid Waste Management (SWM) is major
environmental issues particularly in municipalities of many developing countries that have been
suffering from environmental problems. Alamgir, Donald, Roehl and Ahsan (2005) assert that urban
population growth and economic development should be considered key issues for Solid Waste (SW)
generation. Increasing unplanned urbanization along with user‟s mind‐set of „out of sight out of mind‟
of wastes is one of the factors that make the production of solid waste to increase and though
intensifying environmental pressures including unorganized waste disposal in many municipalities. In
many cases, the, SWM is found to be a major concern for the municipalities and towns of many
countries, and Ethiopia is not an exceptional (ADB, 2012).
Waste generation is increase, while a sizeable portion of it is disposed on improperly located and
operated dumpsites, resulting in dire impacts on environment and health. In addition, Mtey (2005) and
Vincent (2000) report that between one-third and one-half of the solid waste generated within most

16. 3
cities in low and middle-income countries is not collected. They usually end up as illegal dumps on
streets, open spaces and wetland; and the consequences to have never been favorable to flora and fauna.
The Ministry of Health further reports that solid waste management needs to be reinforced through
national policy and regulatory framework to addresses environmental issues. It is imperative to note
that the solid waste management in Fitche Town is controlled under the authority from Girar Jarso. The
Town and other different towns are undertaking considerable efforts to maintain the urban environment
clean and plastic bags are forbidden within the country. Accordingly, Fitche town‟s waste contains still
medium percent of organic, biodegradable waste and in rural areas the portions of waste reach more
than many percent. Waste sorting, composting and recycling activities have been at the very beginning
and until 2018 and yet Ethiopia has started to invest in environmentally safe landfills. Deep seated fires,
methane explosions, landslides and leakages threatening rivers and groundwater are some of the
common problems of such basic dumpsites as environmental threats (Hogan, 2004). The current
thinking is that poor waste management reflects largely the failure of the existing institutions to
adequately address the waste problems (Yekeen, 2010). Any initiative to build capacity by urban
institutions has to become attractive and conducive to environmental safeguard. Capacity needs to be
weighed and understood at all level, formal and informal, to aid capacity building and then capacity
assessment that is concerned with identifying existing capacity and what additional capacity is required
to get things done (NUDB, 2008; Yekeen, 2010).
1.2 Statement of the problem
The management of solid waste stands as the most visible environment problem facing the districts in
Ethiopia and attaining a worrisome dimension with urbanization increment rate. Despite the rapid
growth of its population, districts such as Ethiopia have never had any clear Master plan to re-organize
the planning and settlement since imperial era. This has put pressure on the infrastructure which
resulted in many complex problems regarding settlement notably waste management, where the solid
waste problem visible in most parts of the districts‟ urban centers; on the roads, within the
neighborhoods and around residential buildings and in different places of the urban areas. Failure to
address waste management related issues expected to lead to numerous social and environmental
contaminations. This involves the comparison of actual performance with potential or desired
performance. The municipality does not make the best use of current resources, or forgoes investment
in management of solid waste management in town.

17. 4
Strategic gap of SWM measures the difference between an ideal outcome and the real outcome.
The analysis identifies the steps that must be taken to close that gap of how to collect, transport and
deposited the solid waste management in town. For Fitche town or other municipality, the analysis can
lead to an action plan for greater success to manage the town clean and make health area in urban.
1.3 Research questions
Given current technology and disposal patterns, solid waste disposal and would remain a necessary
and important component of environmental management. We would need sustainable disposal systems
for the foreseeable future for those wastes which cannot be reduced, reused, or recycled.
1. What is the status of the existing solid waste collection, transportation and disposal practices in
Fitche Town?
2. What are the magnitude solid waste management problems in Fitche Town?
3. What are design strategies to overcome waste management challenges in Fitche Town?
1.4 Purpose of the study
1.4.1 General objectives
The purpose of this thesis to assess the existing solid waste management practices, problems related and
strategies to address waste management challenges.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
1. To establish the status of the existing solid waste collection, transportation and disposal
practices in Fitche Town
2. To examine magnitude solid waste management problems in Fitche Town
3. To design strategies to overcome waste management challenges in Fitche Town

18. 5
1.5 Significance of the study
To a large extent, solid waste management efficiency depends on the way different actors understand
the danger and the good of maintaining environment safe and their capacity but also the commitment of
public and private sectors as well as the involvement and participation of the communities themselves
in supporting the whole concept. It also depends on the useful information and lessons from current best
practices in the provision of this important service. Such information and lessons can be obtained only
through research and studies; hence this proposal can assist in the improvement and performance of
solid waste management in the urban settlements and to identify opportunities for future strategic
development in the field of solid waste management. Particularly, this study is useful to the different
stakeholders including planners, administrators and private waste collectors, and in one way or the other
contributes to future policy interventions in solid waste management sector of government in salale
area, especially the capital Town of the zone is Fitche Town.
Definitions of key terms waste
This study uses the definition by UNEP (2002) which defines wastes as substances or objects, which are
disposed or are intended to be disposed or are required to be disposed by the provisions of national law.
This definition is also in congruence with what Mugambwa and Kizito (2009); and Mukisa (2009) use
that wastes refer to items, materials or substances which individuals consider useless at a given time and
place. Usually, the definition of waste depends on types or categories and characteristics of waste under
consideration. Some of the dominant types of waste include municipal waste, solid waste, hazardous
waste and electronic waste.
Solid waste
For the purpose of this study, solid waste are referred to as garbage; they are organic and inorganic
waste materials that are normally solid produced by households, commercial, institutional and industrial
activities that have lost value in sight of the initial users.

19. 6
Municipal solid waste
The study will use the definition by Schubeler (1996); Cointreau-Levine and Coad (2000) in which
municipal solid waste refers to refuse from households, non-hazardous solid waste from industrial,
commercial and institutional establishments, market waste, yard waste and street sweepings but
excluding excreta, except when it is mixed with solid waste. It is however necessary to note that in
developing countries, it becomes difficult or even impractical to put a line between excreta and solid
waste. In many instances, solid waste mixes with excreta to the extent of being potentially hazardous to
human health (Schubeler 1996).
Solid waste management
This study defines solid waste management as practices used for collection, transportation, processing,
recycling or disposal of garbage. It ought to be appreciated that waste management practices differ
for developed and developing countries, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial
producers. The volumes and types of solid waste in the different sources of waste justify the difference
in the waste management practices. It therefore implies that the methods appropriate in one setting may
be different from another setting. Felix (2010) points out some key elements of Solid Waste
Management as waste generation, waste storage, collection and transportation.
Geographical
The study carried out from Fitche Town. The district is one of the north districts of Fitche Town. Fitche
Town is an urban area and part of Girar Jarso where people emigrate from different areas for different
reasons including socio-economic needs, like formal and informal jobs, business and life style. It is
because of this immigration of different people that solid waste production is considerably increasing.
To maintain the town clean and environment safe for these urban areas, the Fitche Town authority
through the local government has increased efforts to beatify the town and thereby improving on solid
waste management.
Time
The time scope to this study between 2019 and 2020. The time has been selected focusing on the
expansion in urban jurisdiction of Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot convinced them to surrender at the
beginning of the Italian Occupation, Ras Kassa‟s two sons Aberra and Asfawossen were excuted in

20. 7
Fiche in 1936. By 1958, Fiche was one of 27 places in Ethiopia officially ranked as a first class
township in salale zone. These increments results in movement of people from different corners of the
country through Fiche to Fiche from far north region; for which Fitche Town is the central and on road
area.
1.6 Scope of the study Content
The study based on solid waste management concepts in Fitche Town; looking at practices from the
generation up to the disposal. It examined solid waste collection, transportation and final disposal by
criticizing magnitude problems of solid waste management and then designs the strategies of how
challenges could be overcome as the increase of solid waste production considerable and one of
environmental considerations in the town zone.
1.7 Structure of the study
This chapter introduces the research report. It starts with the background to the study, statement to the
problem, research questions, scope and the significance of the study.
The research indicate what the organization of the study would include from chapter one to the end and
assessment different structures in it.

21. 8
CHAPTER TWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE
This chapter presents the reviewed literature in relation to solid waste management, magnitude of the
problem solid waste management and strategies to overcome challenges in solid waste management.
2.2 CONCEPTUA FRAMEWORK
The use of developing conceptual framework in real-world settings will provide useful information for
the management of solid waste and challenge to manage the key factors explain more precisely what will
be considered during the management of solid waste management and challenge process in terms of their
impacts.
Solid waste generation
Solid waste handling, Recycling, Processing and final disposal sites
Collection
Transportation Recycling
Processing
Disposal

22. 9
The study will capture the essence of the solid waste management practice and challenging in Town and
process during collection, transportation recycling activities for receiving a successful outcome from a
relationship perspective. As a result, the conceptual framework will be a fruitful tool in future empirical
research studies. The essence of conceptual framework is, to provide useful and important insights on
how different factors influence the degree of successful deposal of the solid waste management
practices and challenge activities.
2.3 Status of the existing solid waste collection
Every municipal town, or town authority in the world responsible for setting up a waste processing and
disposal facility, and for preparing an annual report regarding the collection and improvement there
under. The central governments and districts administration have the overall responsibility for
enforcement of the provisions of the rules and regulations within territorial limits of their jurisdiction.
In developing nations and African nations in particular, solid waste generation from the households,
commercial centers, institutions, hotels and health facilities are the most sources of solid waste.
Despite of limited infrastructures and man power capacity, attempts to collect and transport solid waste
to disposal sites on a daily basis have been put in place but some cities have distant disposable sites that
often hinder such attempts. Henry, Yongsheng, Jun (2006) note that different places of the cities have
very often less frequent collection systems such as door – door, curbside, set out, the block collection
system and the sweeping of street.
This is because the workers do not feel that they are being supervised neither do they have what to use
during the process. As an existing solid waste collection, Hardoy, Mitlin and Satterthwaite (2001)
remark that in collecting solid waste, the commonly used method is door – to – door collection as
applied to various households in urban areas. They noted that in most cities and suburbs, each house
owner puts wastes in baskets, sacks, plastic bags or other suitable materials at the door side so that the
collectors pick up and bring wastes using the pushcarts to common temporary storage points for the
trucks to pick up them to the disposal site. Some of the storage areas could be street sides and
pedestrian walkways.

23. 10
According to Shivashankara and Rekha (2005), enormous solid wastes are collected from three major
sources in the process of cleaning the cities and making the environment clean: door-to- door,
institutions through private companies and street sweeping. Indeed large amount of wastes is collected
by micro and small enterprises and the remaining by private companies and employees from the Town
administration or the local administration as employed to do so. The contribution of private companies
in solid waste collection and management within the suburbs is still low. This because most Town
councils and local governments normally perceive the collection and transportation of solid waste a
road to perpetuate corrupt tendencies on their budgets.
Recycling and composting are yet another existing approach in collection of solid wastes. Medina
(2000) emphasizes that recycling is regarded as a self-employment activity for the low income
population or for the individuals. These are employed by the Town authorities to work for the Town in
order to maintain the environment clean. Composting is a controlled natural process of decomposition
of organic waste material. Recycling and composting are beneficial in terms of taking up less land and
leads to low rate of pollution in the congested areas where solid waste are increasing daily due to
increased population. Although it is most used in most developing countries, the African Development
Bank (2002) reveals that little research is available on its importance to the Town and its extent to
which solid waste can be cleared out from the Town when used in isolation.
Municipalities and cities use incineration method of waste management and this is beneficial to regions
where land suitable for landfilling is scarce due to for example geographical constrains, highly
urbanized region or environmental conditions. Ally (2008) and Juliann (2011) are of the view towns in
Africa use this approach towards solid waste management with hope that it can reduce on the waste.
Although this has been successful, the growing urban areas need more methods to be used at ago. In a
study by Achankeng (2003), he found that the main benefit of incineration is reduction of weight and
volume reaching of solid wastes from reaching to 75 percent and 90 percent respectively, however the
priority for this option in Africa remains low because of the high organic and water content of waste
streams which make incinerators use more energy than it actually produces.
Land filling is also used in the process of managing solid waste in various cities. Many landfills operate

24. 11
as dumps on open sites, wetlands or lands with water near the surface. The sites are usually not
protected therefore waste pickers use the chance to visit the sites and sort valuable materials for selling
or for their own consumptions (Achankeng, 2003).
2.4 Transportation and disposal practices of solid waste
The collected solid waste takes a form of heterogeneous in nature because they are composed of mixed
paper, plastic, cloth, metal, glass and organic matter among others that are generated from Households,
commercial establishments and markets. The proportion of different constituents of waste varies from
place to place and from season to season, depending on standards of living, the lifestyle, food habits, the
extent of industrial and commercial activities in the area actively produce solid wastes (Katju, 2006).
These solid wastes comprise all wastes arising from human and animal activities that are solid,
discarded as useless or unwanted. They are organic and inorganic waste materials produced by various
activities of the society which have lost their value to the first user.
Improper transport and disposal of solid wastes pollutes all the vital components of the living
environment such as air, land and water at local and global levels.
There has been a significant improvement in management of solid waste in various cities in developed
world as opposed to developing world. Infrastructure development, general concern to the public
demands and people‟s health are main concern leading government in developed world to think of
disposing disposed waste.
There must be treatment processes before disposal to separate the recyclable and reusable resources out
of the wastes. It needs consciousness among the residents of the Town or urban area to collect well the
wastes and make sure that they are transported to the open disposal site without segregation. It is not
also binding at present to separate recyclable or reuse materials from the collected wastes at the Town
level. However, informal recyclers at small-scale level are accomplishing some form of sporadic
recycling manually though it is insignificant. There are craftsmen who recycle metal, wood, rubber,
clay to provide essential goods to great number of customers in various cities (Hayal et al, 2014).
However, Solid Waste Management agencies transport the collected wastes to the disposal site; all the
trucks carry only a single container of maximum capacity of 8 m3
or 2160 kg at the time of disposal.
That most of the trucks have no cover for waste containers so that they are dropping wastes in the Town
on their way to the disposal site (Tadesse, 2004).

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2.5 The problems with the solid waste
In municipal solid waste management of developing countries five typical problem areas can be
identified as the listed ones, therefore inadequate service coverage, operational inefficiencies of
services, limited utilization of recycling activities, inadequate management of non-industrial hazardous
waste and inadequate landfill disposal
Hina and Devadas (2007) insinuate that solid wastes are classified into different forms or types,
depending on their source: municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste, and biomedical waste
or hospital waste as infectious waste. In principle, the term waste means garbage and their problematic
magnitude is observed onto plants, water supply and air pollution. On the hand, disposal means
discharge and dumping of solid waste or hazardous waste into or any land or water so that such solid
wastes, hazardous wastes, or any constituent thereof may enter the environment or be emitted into the
air or discharged into any waters, including ground waters, from community activities. In such
circumstances, Blaser and Schluep (2012) find the magnitude to which they are problematic.
In cities, towns, urban areas and municipalities; solid waste are found on outskirts of the urban areas,
turning into the child sources of contamination due to the incubation and proliferation of flies,
mosquitoes, and rodents; that, in turn, are disease transmitters that affect population's health, which has
its organic defenses in a formative and creative state.
According to Kumar (2006), open dumpsites or open disposal areas are the major problem to the
environment, especially on the air that the people inhale. Dumpsites emit obnoxious odours and smoke
that cause illness to people living in, around, or closer to them. This argument is supported by Liyala
(2011) who contends that dumpsites are the source of airborne chemical contamination via off site
migration of gases and the particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of
active operation of the site. The two are in congruent that the contamination of soil and groundwater
may lead to direct pollution of indoor air. Matete and Trois (2008) went further to assert that in some
sites, volatile organic chemicals have been detected in odored air of homes nearby dumpsites.
In most cases it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odor which has never been pleasant

26. 13
to the health of mankind. Oberlin (2011) bespeaks that the bad odor affects the people settled next to the
dumpsite and this has been an indication showing that the dumpsites have serious effects to people
settled around or next to them.
He also mentions that the wastes from agriculture and industries cause serious health risks. Other than
this, co-disposal of industrial hazardous wastes with municipal wastes can expose people to chemical
and radioactive hazards.
Further, he states that uncollected solid waste can also obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in the
forming of stagnant water bodies that become the breeding ground of disease. Wastes dumped near
water source contaminates the water body or the ground water source while direct dumping of untreated
wastes in rivers, seas and lakes, result into the accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain
through the plants and animals that feed on it (Medina, 2002).
This approach has contained a move away from waste management through impact management and
remediation to a proactive management system that focuses on waste prevention and minimization.
However, the impacts still are found among the people near or around the dumping sites.
2.6 Waste management strategies and solution SWM
The most strategy that is followed and used around the world has been the classical method that is
normally called landfill method with composting and vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion,
incineration, pyrolysis, catalytic hydrogenation, open dumps, random refuse dump, refuse blocks,
organized dumps, controlled tipping and pulverization among others. Machinery like rotating drum
machine, hammer mills, Dutch rasp are employed. Wilson, Rodic, Scheinberg (2010), point out those
burning, smelting, complex processes like Brikkalare and Jetzer process. Dono composting method,
Windrow system, hydro-pulping, and fragmentation are also helpful in approaches in handling solid
waste management (Florence, 2013).
The most realistic and promising approach seen to improve the situation of low income areas is for the
population to assume the responsibilities of the municipal and technologies waste collection scheme
while taking their economic situation into count. Collaboration between municipal and community to
collect waste in town, low cost technical solutions are prerequisite for successful scheme, collect and
must be recovered for beneficiaries, out of the evaluated cases small private enterprise system
corroborate Wang and Huisman (2012) remarked that there are specific and efficient techniques and
strategies that are used in managing solid wastes in large quantities. Approaches from a mathematical,

27. 14
statistical, economic, scientific and social point of view have been formulated to overcome
accumulation of solid waste which ultimately affects the water table through seepage. Tukahirwa
(2011) notes that plastic waste generated from polyolefin sources have been effectively managed by
four routes: primary route which is the re-extrusion that yields material analogous; secondary route
which is the reduction of waste by compression (mechanical) and the tertiary route which is the thermo-
chemical methods that yield fuel or petrochemical stock. These strategies used to reduce the waste
management environmental related problems.
Oberlin and Sza´nto (2011) talk of various assessments like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material
Flow Analysis (MFA), Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Extended Producer Responsibility manage
e-waste but the best method of reduction is designing eco-friendly devices and well-organized
collection, recovery, recycling and spreading awareness amongst communities (Supriyadi, Kriwoken,
Birley, 2000). When joined together, with game-theoretic approaches, these models are used for
modeling and analyzing decision making with the cooperation of multiple stakeholders.
Oberlin (2011) declares gasification as another technique used for solid waste management and it is
commonly used among the developed nations of the world. In fact, residual wastes are included and
hence it controls landfill disposal and is within emission limits.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management is a worthwhile effort to deal with the
increasing amount of solid waste that is dumped upon the face of the earth. It works keeping four
priorities and frames the legislation around them, as under: resource depletion, ethical concerns, health
and environmental issues and WEE take back strategies. This study was therefore carried out from
Fitche Town to find whether such methods are or can be used and the extent how they can be effective
in such duties. Apart from the above methods, conventional methods like aerobic and anaerobic
digestion prove useful in the process.
2.7 Solid Waste management practices from the world and Continental perspective
Solid Waste management practices differ between developed and developing countries, between urban
and rural areas, and between residential and industrial producers (Mugambwa, 2009). Solid Waste
management in most of the Africa counters has two problems: lack of accurate data on waste generation
and characterization and a corresponding lack of information about waste collection, processing, and

28. 15
disposal (Tchobanoglous et al., 2002). A July 2002 report by the African Development Bank has found,
for instance, that no country has specific waste management legislation, although some statutes are being
drafted, and virtually no integrated waste management programs are being implemented (UNEP, 2009).
2.8 Solid Waste management practices in Ethiopia
Collecting and managing solid waste is an important challenge for countries across the world. This
problem is often magnified in cities where a dense concentration of people leads to a substantial amount
of waste generation (Cointreau, 2004). In developing countries like Ethiopia, this problem is increased
by an influx of people moving to urban centers (Dereje Tadesse, 2001).
Urban centers are usually the hardest hit as efforts to develop and grow lead to an influx of economic
opportunities and people (Gilbert, 2013). In the middle Ages the Bubonic Plague swept through cities as
solid waste was improperly disposed of in the roads (Awetash, 2003).
Given the tragic consequences of the past, it is vital that improving waste management practices in the
growing cities of Ethiopia be a top priority (Kuma Tadesse, 2004). Waste management in Ethiopia is
important because only a small percentage of the country‟s inhabitants have access to safe drinking
water, i.e. 21% in rural areas, 84% in urban areas, and 30% countrywide. Additionally, only 7% of
populations in rural areas, 68% in urban areas, and 15% of people countrywide have adequate access to
latrines or other improved human waste disposal options (Degnet Kassa, 2009). Access to latrines is a
critical aspect of waste management, especially since the practice of open defecation is prevalent in the
country, which can contaminate ground water and lead to disease (WHO, 2006).
Systems that should be put in place (e.g. new sanitary landfill, transfer stations, composting sites, new
trucks and containers, data on waste generation, and waste composition) in order to improve the
capacity of the management in the city (Dereje Tadesse, 2001). The city‟s suffers from poor solid waste
management and refer to lack of data on waste generation, of recycling activities, lack of proper
transport schedules, a poor sanitary landfill, and a low level of awareness among the citizens as the
main obstacles (Zelke Zewde, 2005).
Waste management is complex and, has technical, social, economic, cultural, and political aspects. Some
studies have followed the neoliberal discourse, and attempted to explore households‟ willingness to pay

29. 16
for waste services as well as the role of the private sector in the provision of waste management (Oteng,
2010). As Ethiopia‟s urban areas increase in number and expand in geographical and population size,
solid waste is swiftly emerging as a significant issue in environmental management (NEMA, 2005).
2.9 Source and Types of Solid Wastes
Tchobanoglous et al., (1993) classified types of solid waste in relation to the source of generation,
generation facilities or activities, and locations. However, Charlotte, (2009) Classified solid waste types
based on their origin as food waste (60%), rubbish (5%), ashes and residues (25%), demolition and
construction (7%), and agriculture waste (3%). Household items that are frequently separated include
newspapers, magazines, scrap paper, boxboard, plastic bags, food and drink cans and containers, and in
some cases, organic wastes, and bulky goods (Simoes, 2012).
Table 1. Source and types of Solid Wastes
2.10 Solid Waste Generation, Characteristics and compositions
For effective and efficient management of solid waste generated in a particular town is (many waste a
day in Fitche Town) adequate knowledge and data about the characteristics of solid waste is essential
(Abyot Aseres, 2014). In order to decide or determine types of facilities required for solid waste
management, best disposal options, and projecting future needs requires precise information about
quantities, compositions, densities, moisture content and calorific value of solid waste produced in a
city (Rush,1999). Information on the composition of solid wastes is important in evaluating alternative
equipment needs, systems and management programs and plans. For example if the daily solid waste
generated rate estimate many kilogram per daily around Fitche Town. At the commercial facility
consists of only paper products, the use of special processing equipment such as shredders and balers,
may be appropriate (Seada Yasin, 2011).
Municipal solid waste is produced as the result of economic productivity and increase in consumption
pattern of the people in low income countries, there is relatively less commercial and industrial activity,
as the result there is lower waste generation rate (Cointreau, 2004). The implication of this growth is
that pollution issues such as solid waste management and the provision of adequate safe water alongside

30. 17
acceptable levels of sanitation coverage will need closer attention (Memon, 2010). In general, solid
Wastes which are generated in low- income countries are less than solid waste which is generated in
high-income countries (Cointreau, 2004).
2.11 Factor influencing Solid Waste Management in Fitche
The poor management structure and institutional inefficiency in Ethiopia has resulted in weak work
coordination, insufficient controlling, and monitoring and evaluation system and aggravated the existing
obstacles (Zeleke Zewde, 2005). Community participation in solid waste management must start at
home, with house being involved in separation of waste at source and being responsible for strict
control over storage hygiene (Gebre Amanuel, 1994). For further understanding some of these factors
are discussed below.
2.12 Risks and problems associated with solid waste
It is fact that, if solid wastes are not managed properly there are many negative impacts on aesthetic,
human health and environment (NEMA, 2007). Therefore, In order to control the management activity
in a good manner and have a proactive measure for such negative impact, one must have a good
understanding about (85%) the effects and risks that may arise from improperly managed solid wastes
(WHO, 1996).
The following are some of the most important impacts because of uncontrolled solid waste disposal
systems.
 Flies and Mosquitoes breed in some constituents of solid wastes, and flies are very effective vectors
that spread disease (Staniskis, 2005).
 Waste dumps are good shelter for rats. Rats consume and spoil food, spread disease, damage
electrical cables and other materials and uncollected wastes cause blockage of drains, which result
in flooding and unsanitary conditions (Jayarama, 2011).

31. 18
 Uncollected wastes degrade the urban environment, discouraging efforts to keep the streets and
open places in a clean and attractive conditions (Unnisa and Rav, 2013).
 Waste items that are recycled without being cleaned effectively or sterilized can transmit infection
to later user (Barr, 2004).
 Polluted water (leachate) flowing from waste dumps and disposal sites can cause serious pollution
of water supplies (Tasi, 2007).
 Waste that is treated or disposed of in unsatisfactory ways can cause a severe aesthetic nuisance in
terms of smell and appearance (Zurbrugg, 2003).
2.13 Components of Good Solid Waste Management System
Solid waste consists of many different materials. Some are combustible others are non-combustible
(2%), recyclable (1%), and non-recyclable (2%), biodegradable (94%) and non-biodegradable 1%
around in capital city (Zebenay Kassa, 2010).
2.13.1 Principles of 7R in solid waste management’s systems
Solid waste management is all waste refers here to all non-liquid wastes
The concepts in this research, to minimize the international gaps in managing of waste in town and city
administration to make safe town for living community and use the seven principles in the following
concepts How can we manage waste better? How to prevent waste generation?
Rethink- about our habits our needs, our basics requirement.
Refuse- how to avoid the use of some things
Reduce- reduction in waste generation by repairing, reusing and sharing.
Reuse- using something again or more than one time.
Recycle- reprocessing of a wanted materials into new useful products.
Regulate-we throw away waste anywhere industries dump waste in open spaces to need rules and
regulations

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Research- research and develop new innovative ways to reduce the generation of waste as well as
“think and develop”
2.13.2 Waste Recycling and Reuse
In developing countries it is acknowledged that (85%) the recovery of materials such as iron, steel,
copper, lead, paper plastic and glass will decrease the investment in importing these materials and save
energy (Melaku Tegegn, 2008). The formal sector has concentrated on the collection and final disposal;
although (10.4%) recycling is viewed as an option, its application is very weak. In the same way, the
attitude of the formal waste management sector towards informal recycling often is very negative
regarding it as backward, unhygienic and generally incompatible with modern waste management
systems in Addis Ababa city (Kuma Tadesse, 2004).
2.13.3 Composting
High organic content of the waste streams of developing countries is ideal for composting, but
municipal services operators do not have enough and adequate information only (17%) used for
compost in Addis Ababa (Gebre Emanel, 1994). Even though they may be familiar with the application
of composting in agriculture (83%) is not considered as a way to solve their urban wastes generated at
household problem (Arroyo, 1998).
Composting is a widely utilized practice in Western countries, in Chongqing, one of the four largest
municipalities in China, it is rarely used due to reasons such as the low application of source separation,
low acceptance of compost by farmers, limited usefulness of compost in comparison with chemical
fertilizers and strict regulations, monitoring and quality standards of the product (Zhuang, 2008). In
India, composting is a tradition mainly in rural areas; utilization of large- scale about (83-89%) and
centralized composting plants during the 1970´s had not been economically feasible (Chung, 2008).
Studies have determined that composites difficult to use because the waste arrives mixed and with high
quantities or inorganic materials (Suttibak and Nitivattananon, 2008).The use in agriculture, as soil
conditioner or fertilizer, is one of the most usual ways to take advantage of the compost obtained with
the processing of MSW; however the quality of the product is subordinated to variables such as the
design of the composting facility, type and proportions of feed stock used, composting procedure and
maturation period (Joardar, 2000).

33. 20
2.13.4 Land filling
The most commonly used method of solid waste treatment and disposal is land filling in developing
cities. It is relatively cheap when we compare with other solid waste disposal methods and reduce road
damages (Yongsheng, 2014). Because of these, many countries in the world prefers and commonly used
land filling method. In this method generated wastes are dumped beneath the soil in an isolated manner
and are commonly used methods for the disposal of waste (Cord, 2005). It is more appropriate in large
urban centers of Ethiopia where significant amount of solid wastes may be generated within a day
(Techonbagolus, 1993).
2.14 Future prospective of public participation in solid waste management
2.14.1 Communication among Stakeholder
Community participation in waste management, about (92%) communication is considered as favorable
factor for the sustainability of community participation in solid waste management. She stressed that
communication inessential to generate abroad based understanding on waste issues (Festum Haile,
2005). Communication is also important to know the willingness of the community and a two way
communication can allows the identification of conflicts and constraints of storage problem at
household is only (14.5%) (Gebrie Kassa, 2009). Effective communication is also important to get
community in evolvement and support of further efforts will be made (Chaturvedi, 2006).
2.14.2 Local leaders
Some researchers believe the selection of leader by democratic way is a means to ensure success of
community participation in waste management. It is difficult to have community participation if the
selection of local leader is not accepted by the community (Coad et al., 2005). Community leaders is
essential in promoting community responsibility to contribute in the collection of waste by ensuring that
communities paying a fee, to promote waste separation and supervise the performance of the services
by local authorities (Chung and Poon, 2001). Effective leadership is a key element in determining
whether an environmental group will be successful.

34. 21
2.14.3 Empowerment/ Sense of ownership
By giving the communities power to make their own decision, it invested interest in the project and
create sense of ownership to participate (Ali and Snes, 2006). This empowerment also includes the
process by which communities control of these factors and any decisions that will affect their lives
(Agizaw, 2001). Empowerment is a boost to public participation because the parties involved in any
game, everyone wants to play an important role in it. This allows the community to understand how
little contributions from them can give effects of the overall effort. The use for discussion in planning,
budgeting, job details and specification of work needs to be done for clarification and enough time
required to convince the community (Degnet Abebaw, 2003).
2.14.4 Private sector involvement
It is undeniable that most of the waste related activities are given to municipality or the town health
institutions (WHO, 2016). Waste generation, collection treatment and disposal leads to a serious
problem of environmental pollution and human health too (Zhu, 2008). Private companies have been
able to bringing the necessary finance and operating efficiencies that can help the municipalities to save
money while achieving successful solid waste results (FDRE, Proclamation No. 513/2007). Moreover,
including the private sectors in waste management, which is generated from any sources, also allow the
establishment of performance standards that the involved private sectors are required to follow. This
performance standard is defined in the contract that they may sign for the work (Wells, 1996).
2.14.5 Public awareness, cooperation and participation
Public education or awareness of waste and its management is very essential to improve management
system (CSA, 2010). Attitudes may be positively influenced through awareness building measure on the
negative impacts of inadequate waste collection with regard to public health and environmental
conditions, and the value of effective disposal (Green Environmental Consultant, 2010). Besides
delivering required and related information to the public, it is also very crucial to recognized that waste
management collection requires the participation of households, as generator, who involved in storage
of the wastes in households, transferring wastes to communal containers, and the payment of the user
fees (Degnet Abebaw, 2003).

35. 22
2.15. Collaboration and Partnership between Community and Organization
Most of researchers agree that collaboration or partnership between community and organization is
essential to participation success (Oteng, 2010). Community partnership has been gained; political
leaders and local authorities may actively promote partnership with neighborhood communities (Nathan
and Pragasen, 2012).
To develop partnerships, transpiration of all information and activities must be transparent because the
community will be more open to participate in a transparent and honest deal (Tchobanoglous et al.,
Hilary and Samuel, 1993). Collaborative and social learning are strategies for engaging stakeholders
and experts to work together for settlement of complicated issue by exploring options, collecting data
and learning about potential solutions (Masood and Barlow, 2014).
2.15.1 Community Awareness
Community based waste management participation of households in the new collection scheme is
rising, especially after each round of awareness raising (Lliyas, 2008).The impact of awareness
campaigns could definitely be improved if they succeeded in exploiting all the potential in a
community, whether this means its social customs (scheduling meetings, taking local behavior into
account for clean- up actions) or the added value of the grass-roots scale of action (Khan, 2011). The
success of an awareness campaign also greatly depends on the role played by volunteers, on the level of
training they have in waste management matters, and thus on recruitment strategies (Paode and Holsen,
1996). The emphasis on community responsibility and a role in maintaining hygiene and health may
create awareness among the community. A local authority has to ensure the community will be
provided with clear explanation. This has to explain clearly of their role and responsibility to the
community, so that community is aware of limitation of local authority services and community can
help the authorities to solve waste management problem (Ahsan et al., 2014).
2.15.2 Role of Women
The role of women in the community is one of the factors for participation to success. Special attention
should be paid to the role of women (Joarder, 2000). In many situations women are the first to be
affected by a deterioration of the environment and are most willing to participate in projects that
improve their living conditions (Jayarama, 2011).

36. 23
As residents and citizens, women play a determining role in the small scale activities, and they form
important channels of communication thanks to their numerous opportunities to meet one another.
Collective action does not always take account of female customs (Asase, 2003). The integration of
women into management structures or awareness-raising activities for collection services neglects to
take into account their domestic circumstances (Mahar, 2010).
2.15.3 Incentive
One of the important aspects must be considered to get success in participant ion is an incentive (Khan,
2011). Community participation can be achieve and can be successful with incentive by giving a reward
to the effort exerted by the community and it is one of the initiative to encourage them to participate in
any waste management activity (Adeel et al., 2012).
2.15.4 Information and Knowledge
Opportunities to engage people in local environmental issues must provide understandable and
meaningful information to get success in participation (Charlotte, 2012). People need information that
makes sense and allows them to understand well for the current goal of the project and any possibilities
(Piipo, 2013). The organization should ensure the information for the issues is well informed to the
community if they become involved in the decision-making processes (Ogaw, 2000). Providing
appropriate information in a forum requires that organizers understand what the audience knows and
where it tends to become confused (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan, 2005). It also requires that credible
experts are involved to present technical and complex information, as long as the presentations do not
make participants feel stupid or helpless, but rather satisfy people‟s need to learn, explore and be
involved ( Hazra and Goel, 2009). In addition, the more technical or complex the issue, the less likely
the public is to have sufficient background knowledge to be meaningfully engaged (Yongsheng, 2014).
2.16 DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)
Any substance that discarded is designated as a waste resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and
agricultural operations and from community activities but doesn‟t include solids or dissolved materials
in domestic sewerage.
Its defined as those wastes which have been rejected for further use and which can neither be
transported by wastes nor can readily escape into the atmosphere.

37. 24
The type of solid waste defined is the waste generated in private households, office buildings and
commercial and service establishments.
Semi-solid wastes such as sludge and night soil are considered to be the responsibility of liquid waste
management. Hazardous industrial and medical wastes are by definition, not components of solid
wastes in focus, they are normally quite difficult to separate from solid wastes
Solid waste systems should therefore include special measures from preventing hazardous materials
from entering the waste stream and to the extent that this cannot be ensured alleviating the serious
consequence that a rise when they do.
Debris from construction and demolition constitute a difficult categories of wastes which also require
separate management procedures (schubeler 1996)
The main aim of the solid waste management is to protect the health of the population, promote
environmental quality and develop sustainability.
The solid wastes produced within a Town boundary or urban center is called Town Solid Waste
(MSW).Being a result of human activities, solid wastes give town ties a difficult task of making suitable
arrangements for the waste handling.
2.17 MATERIALS FLOW IN SOCIETY
According to Rimer et al, 1981, it has been observed that we do not merely consume materials but
rather, we use them and then finally return them, mostly in different state to the environment. Materials
originate from three main sources: Raw materials from the face of the earth and used to manufacture
products; Scrap materials produced in the manufacturing operation; and materials recovered after the
products.
The industrial operations are not efficient therefore, producing some waste that must be managed well.
The output of the processed are sold to consumers, who in turn either dispose of the materials after use
or collect the material for use in energy generation or recycle it back to the industrial sector, or reuse the
material without remanufacture.

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2.18 DIFFICULT WASTES
Difficult wastes are those which can be harmful to human health or the environmental where physical
properties of waste create serous handling problems; hazardous waste is a commonly used term for
clinical wastes.
These are wastes that require additional consideration by the waste manager to determine how best to
handle them during disposal. They include
•Abandoned vehicles
•Tires and other low-density wastes
•Animal remains
•Bulk items
•Asbestos
2.19 Threat of Poor Solid Waste Management
The generation of solid waste in Fitche Town is on the increase, as a result of rising population and high
rates of resource consumption, among other reasons. The composition of solid waste has witnessed
three key trends:
(i) increase in sheer volume of waste generated by its residents;
(ii) change in the quality or make-up of waste generated as a reflection of the changing lifestyles;
(iii) The disposal method of waste collected by, incineration or use of organic waste for urban
agricultural purposes. While this is expected, the handling capacity of the council has been exceeded.
The shear and poor management manifests itself in large volumes of waste being dumped illegally in
areas that have been reserved for roads and other services. The legal framework that is supposed to
provide guidance on solid waste management, the Fiche County council (Solid Waste Management)
By-laws proc.No.1,1994 should be consistent prohibits people from disposing waste along roads
avenues rivers ponds and others, are held captive by inadequate capacity of the council.
2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTES
These are the characteristics that provide a waste manager in a Town with the information about the
composition of the waste generated in selecting the most appropriate option for disposal.
The main characteristics of interest for a complete picture of solid waste are:

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CHAPTER THREE
3 Research Methodology
This chapter presents methods that were used during this research study. The chapter describes the
research design, the research approaches, the sample and sampling procedure, the sources of
information, data quality control, data processing and data analysis.
This is concerned mainly on the methods employed in data collection of the necessary information
regarding solid waste management in Fitche Town area.
3.1 Research design
A research design is an actual plan or road-map which the researcher uses during the field study. It is an
overall plan and strategy for conducting research; it is a master plan specifying the nature and pattern
the research intends to follow while carrying out the research study (Oso and Onen, 2008).
For this research that was carried out from Fitche Town, a cross-sectional survey design was used
(Burns, 2000). Burns (ibid) expresses that such design seeks to establish the cause and effect
relationship of different variables. This study therefore established how different variables relate to one
another in solid waste management. In congruence with Burns, Maree (2008) and Raili (2009) noted
that the aim for using a cross –sectional survey design is to investigate, explain and describe the
phenomenon of interest through obtaining different viewpoints relating to objectives. Oso and Onen
(2008) assert that if such designs use questionnaires, the research is carried within a short period of time
and give accurate results. Such questionnaires were in short period of time and the findings are present
research.
Quantitative method of research was use during this study. Quantitative method is used in order to
generalize the findings of the study in solid waste management to the objectives (Blanche et al, 2006).
Quantitative methods were also used on the other hand in order to provide the factual figures by
quantifying the findings as present in next to this research. Despite using quantitative methods of
research, this study was qualitative in the sense that it aims to explore the real situation concerning solid
waste management in Fitche Town.

40. 27
3.2 Study Population and Area
The study area was Fitche Town that is located in Fiche Town. The district is divided into four
sectors; some of which are rural and others urban. This study was carried out on one of the sectors
known as “Laga warabessa” Hyena River with its many number of population live around of Fitche
Town river area.
3.3 Sample Size
Cohen et al (2000) argue that a sample size is a way determined by the style of the research. In a
survey study, there would be need for a representative sample of the population for generalizability of
the study findings.
To determine the sample size, William Cochran (1977) sample size determination formula was used.
A margin of error d = 0.05 was assumed and small risk that we were to incur that the actual error
greater than d such that probability (p) of (/p – P/>d) = . Here we assume capital P is the proportion
of the population while small p is that of the sample used to estimate the population proportion.
Furthermore, we assume that the sample is random and the population is normally distributed.
Algebraically manipulating the above probability with error d is equal to 0.05 and 95% confidence,
we arrive at the following formulas for the sample size. To maximize the reliability of the sample size
we choose p that gives the possible large sample size i.e. P equals to 0.5.
t2
P(1-P)
n = d2
1+1(t2
P(1-P) -1)
Nd2
For a large sample size, t2
is estimated by Z2
and P is estimated by p which is taken to be 0.5 to have
reliable and representative sample
z2
p(1-p) (1.96)2
(1-0.5)
n = d2
= (0.05)2
= 60
1+1(z2
p(1-p) -1) 1+1(1.96)2
(1-0.5) - 1
N d2
70(0.05)2
Where n is the sample size and N is the total number of population. Here N= 70 and by the given
formula n=60.

41. 28
3.4 Sampling Techniques
The sample units of the study were officials from Fitche Town administrators such as the engineers
from the unity of infrastructure and the officials from the district planning department, engineers and
workers from the solid waste managing companies as well as managers of the dumping sites and
people in the surrounding of the dumping sites. These were reached by using both purposive and
random sampling techniques. While purposive sampling technique will used because it guides the
researcher to reach respondents with rich information, random sampling techniques was used because
it has never been segregate and it helps to reach individuals whose voices would not have been heard
if using purposive sampling techniques alone.
3.5 Data Collection Methods
Both primary and secondary sources of data collection were used during this study. The use of the two
types of data collection was meant to complement one another during the research.
3.5.1 Primary Source of Data Collection
This involves the extraction of information from the field investigation in order to get first-hand
information. For this source, Questionnaires and Observation were used.
Questionnaire
Ahuja (2001) defines a questionnaire as a set of questions sent by mail although sometimes delivered
by hand. The hand delivery can be at home, institution or organization office. This study used
questionnaires because they allow respondents to give information in the absence of a researcher with
independent mind in taking decision (Oso and Onen, 2008). Besides, questionnaires capture
information in short way. Semi-structured questionnaires that enabled quantitative information to be
gathered were designed with a mixture of closed and open questions. Each question was assessed
carefully and decided on with specific wording of each question to be asking. These questionnaires
were designed based on attitudinal scales which are designed to assign individuals scores relative to
their value commitments, beliefs, and feeling from which the Likert (1932) scale consisting of a 5-
point from which 1= strongly disagree, was adapted and later helped to measure the rate of attitude
towards solid waste management in Fitche Town .

42. 29
Observation
Ahuja (2001) asserts that observation an instrument of research where a researcher uses vision as a
means of data collection. It is the selection, provocation, recording and encoding of the set behaviour
and concern through empirical method. Observation as a method was used to collect data of the
current situation (Patton, 2002; Frank, 2006). Issues to be observed include garbage collection
methods, equipment and tools frequently used in solid waste transportation to the disposing and
dumping sites. This observation was done on the issues handled by workers for waste collection for
the transfer and waste transportation to the disposal sites as well as at the dumping sites and this has
been done alongside the waste treatment process.
Interviews
An interview is a process in which researchers and participants engage in a conversation focused on
questions related to a research study. The researcher often asks participants for their thoughts,
opinions, perspectives or descriptions of specific experience (Kathleen and Lapan, 2003). Face- to-
face interview were used for some respondent in place of a self-completion questionnaire. The reason
for this choice was that the researcher anticipated availability and time for potential respondents.
3.5.2 Secondary data collection
The method used in the project to collect secondary data included:
i. Desk review of relevant national and international publications and records
ii. Textbooks from the library
iii. Lecture notes
All these data collection methods were chosen based on critical examination of their suitability for the
study given the limitations and the circumstances under which the study was undertaken. For instance
questionnaires were chosen because they are familiar to most people, are easy to analyze, reduce bias,
less intrusive than telephone or face-to-face surveys and are more cost effective as the number of
research questions increases.

43. 30
3.6 Quality Control
Quality control was done through validity and reliability of the instruments. Validity is the
appropriateness and the extent how a research instruments measure what they are intended to
measure (David Onen, 2008). To establish validity of instruments, the researcher administered five
(5) numbers of questionnaires independent of solid waste experts out of the study area, in order to
establish weaknesses relating to ambiguity which was done and amended. Having amended the
instruments, Content Validity Index (CVI) for questionnaires was computed by first giving the
instruments to two independent professional judges on a rating system of relevant and non-relevant.
Judges being two with two different scores, the scores were added up and divided by two in order to
get the highest rating scale. The researcher computed the CVI by dividing the highest rating scale
which was 4 by the total number of the questionnaires which was 5. The CVI was therefore 0.8;
According to Amin (2005) is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the
population so that a study of a sample and understanding of its characteristics would make it possible
to generalize such characterizes to the population elements.
Amin (2005) asserted that for the instrument to be accepted as valid, the average index should be
0.7 or above. Since this was 0.8, the researcher had to realize that the instrument were accurate
enough to be used.
Reliability is the consistency of an instrument to produce the same results each time it is measured
under the same conditions with the same subjects (Barifaijo, and Oonyu, 2010). Smith and Smith
(2004) noted that reliability estimates are used to evaluate (1) the stability of measures administered
at different times to the same individuals or using the same standard (test–re-test reliability) or (2)
the equivalence of sets of items from the same test (internal consistency) or of different observers
scoring a behavior or event using the same instrument (inter-rater reliability). Test–retest reliability
was carried out in a lapse of two weeks before carrying out the study which yielded 0.89. After
realizing that instruments produced similar results, the researcher therefore inferred that the
instruments were reliable for use and later used them to carry out the study.

44. 31
3.7 Data Analysis
Administered questionnaires were processed to check completeness, accuracy and consistency of
responses in order to check out and remove errors. Word-excel and stat M14 were used to process
the quantitative data. The data was processed into statistical tables and charts for interpretation and
comparison. On the other hand, descriptive interpretation and analyzing the data distribution was
done during the study as an approach for qualitative data.
This section deal with presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered from households,
municipal offices, and town administration office. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were
used to analyze the data. Quantitative method was used for close ended questions and qualitative
methods for open ended questions and interviews. Quantitative methods include percentages,
graphical and tabular analysis, and frequency distribution. Qualitative techniques were cause and
effect relationships, inductive and deductive.
Questionnaires analyses by using quantitative methods therefore tables have been widely used to
present the collected data. Different Microsoft computer software has been used to extract the map of
the study area. Stata M14 computer software and Excel computer program was used to analyze the
data.

45. 32
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Presentation and interpretation of findings
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the findings of the study. It starts with the response rate, the bio-data of
respondents, the status of the existing solid waste management, the magnitude of solid waste
management and ends with the strategies to end the solid waste problem.
Research is an intelligent method of gathering, processing, and interpreting data and cogently
communicating the discovered results in a report(McNabb 2009:3)concerned with collecting and
analyzing data systematically to help solve problems that concern us(Guthrie 2010),a systematic and
scientific way of collecting information for the purpose of solving a problem or improving on a
phenomenon(Singh 2006)
In this study the purpose of the research to manage the waste properly and directed the way of
managing solid waste in municipal administration as the below;
 Source reduction and reuse
 Recovery and recycling
 Landfills
 Combustion/incineration
 Composing

46. 33
4.2 Response rate
The researcher organized 70 questionnaires and distributed all, the return and the not-return responses
presented in Table of this chapter
Table 4.1: Respondents rates
Categories of questions Frequency Percentage
No. of return 60 86
No. non return 10 14
Total Supplied 70 100
The primary information presented in table 4.1 shows that 70 questionnaires were supplied to
respondents. Of these, 86 percent were returned while 14 percent were never returned. The
researcher was however convinced that the 86 percent that were returned was bigger enough to give
accurate significance to the study.
4.3 Bio-data of respondents
The bio-data of respondents presented by gender, age, level of education, occupation and experience
in waste management collection and transportation. The study begins with gender as presented in the
bar chart 4.1 of this chapter

47. 34
Fig 4.1: Gender Consideration
As presented in the Bar chart 4.1, 70 percent of the respondents were Males and 30 percent were
Females. This data stems from the fact that most of solid waste management jobs are dominated by
males in Fitche City. It was also found that even males are among the solid waste collectors working
in domestic workers. Age was yet another feature to describe the respondents as presented in Table
4.2 of this chapter.
As presented in the Bar chart 4.1 pie chart, 70 percent of the respondents were Males and 30 percent
were Females. This data stems from the fact that most of solid waste management jobs are
dominated by males in Fitche City.
Table 4.2: Age of respondents
30
70
0
20
40
60
80
Female Male
Fig.1 Gender considiration
Female Male
Fig.1 The Gender Consideration

48. 35
Age Frequency Percentage
18-30 19 32
31-40 21 35
41-50 18 30
51-60 2 3
61 and above 0 0
Total 60 100
The information presented in Table 4.2 reveals that 35 percent of the respondents were in the age
group between 31 – 40 years, 30 percent were in the age group between 41 – 50 years, 32 percent
were in the age group between 18 – 30 years, 3 percent were in the age group between 51 – 60 years
and zero percent were in the age group of 61 and above or no above 61 age. The data set of this
nature reveals that solid waste management in Fitche Town District is never discriminative by age.
The department employs all groups of people to work for a cleaner environment.
Education was also another bio-data that this study examined among respondents as presented in
Table 4. 3 of this chapter.
Table 4.3: Levels of education
Levels of education Frequency Percentage
Secondary 5 8
Diploma 7 12
Degree 5 8
Post Degree 1 2
Others 42 70
Total 60 100
The primary data presented in Table 4. 3 shows that 8 percent of the respondents had secondary level
of education, 12 percent had diploma level, 8 percent had degrees, 2 percent had Post Degree level,
and 42 percent was among other levels of education. The data set distribution was due to the fact that
majority of the respondents came from groups that normally collect solid waste and transport it to
the disposable centers.

49. 36
Responses were also received on occupation of respondents and quantitative findings are presented
in Table 4.4 of this chapter.
Table 4.4: Occupations of respondents
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Bank officers 4 7
Engineer 8 13
Manager 4 7
Facilitators 27 45
Others 17 28
Total 60 100
According to the primary data in Table 4.4, respondents had different occupations. Twenty seven
percent (27%) of the respondents were among others that included professionals such as teachers,
businessmen and solid waste operators. thirteen percent (13%) of the respondents were Engineers, 45
percent of the respondents were Facilitators, 7 percent were Bank officers and Manager respectively.
this data set was attributed by the purposive and random sampling techniques that the study used to
reach the respondents. on years of experience in solid waste management in Fitche City, quantitative
results are presented in Table 4.5 of this chapter.
Table 4.5: Experience working in solid waste
Experience Frequency Percentage
Less or one year 5 8
Two years 1 2
Three years 23 38
Four years 12 20
Five years and above 19 32
Total 60 100
The primary information presented in Table 4.5 reveals that 32 percent had spent five years of work
with solid waste management, 20 percent had spent four years, 2 percent had spent two years, 38
percent had spent three years and 8 percent had spent less than one year.

50. 37
Respondents were also requested to rank the services delivered from the solid waste management in
Fitche City and responses are presented in Table 4.6 of this chapter.
Table 4.6: Ranks to solid waste
Status Frequency Percentage
Excellent 0 0
Very good 3 5
Good 22 37
Fair 10 17
Bad 25 42
Total 60 100
In accordance to primary data in Table 4.6, it has found that 37 percent of the respondents supported
that the services are good, 5 percent supported that the services are very good, 17 percent supported
the view that services are fair, zero percent supported that the services are excellent and 42 percent
supported that the services are bad.
4.4 The status of the existing solid waste in Fitche Town District
One of the objectives of this study was to establish status of existing solid waste collection,
transportation and disposal practices in Fitche Town District. This section therefore starts with solid
west collection as presented herewith.
The overall objectives of research was realization of the government policy concerning solid waste
management and implementation of the principles of eco development of the common border area in
view sustainable development through the cross protection of natural environment in town.
Municipal solid waste management utilizing facility located in Fitche town and work to solve the
community in area by working on the selective collection waste, building of the dumpsite, making
the landfill secure and construction of the municipal waste management separate station enabling
material for facilitation of use for new material.
4.5 Solid waste collection
Under this sub-section, the study aimed at establishing whether solid waste is collected regularly or

51. 38
not and the findings of the study are presented in Table 4.7 of this chapter.
Table 4.7 Solid Waste is regularly collected
Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Strongly disagree 26 43.33 43.33
Disagree 17 28.33 71.67
Neutral 12 20 91.67
Agree 5 8.33 100
Strongly agree 0 0 0
Total 60 100.0 --------
The information presented herewith in Table 4.7 shows that solid waste is collected regularly. This
was supported by zero percent of the respondents who strongly agreed and 8.33 percent of the
respondents who agreed. On the other hand, 43.33 percent strongly disagreed, 17 percent disagreed
and 20 percent was neutral. The researcher was informed that regular collection is normally done by
employees of Fitche town as presented of solid waste management of the town.
The study went further to establish whether citizens use sacks to collect solid waste and quantitative
results are presented in Table 4.8
Table 4.8: Citizens use sacks to collect solid waste
Frequen
cy
Perce
nt
cumulative
Percent
Strongly disagree 12 20 20.00
Disagree 22 36.67 56.67
Neutral 11 18.33 75.00
Agree 15 25 100.00
Strongly agree 0 0 0.00
Total 60 100.0 -------
According to Table 4.8, we see that 15 percent of respondents agreed that sacks are used to collect
solid waste and there is zero percent strongly agreed. On the other hand, 12 percent of the