1. Topic: Nutritional Attributes of Edible
Mushrooms
Presented by: Ebadet Ali Alvi (M.phil Scholar)
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA
PAKISTAN
2. Contents Table:
1- General Introduction of Mushrooms………………………………………………
2- Edible Mushrooms……………………………………………………………………
2.1- Introduction………………………………………………………………………
2.2- Nutritional Attributes……………………………………………………………
3- Classification of Edible Mushrooms…………………………………………………
4- Major nutrients of Edible Mushrooms ………………………………………………
4.1- Protein………………………………………………………………………………
4.2- Amino Acid………………………………………………………………………...
4.3- Vitamins……………………………………………………………………………
4.4- Carbohydrates……………………………………………………………………..
4.5- Fatty Acid …………………………………………………………………………
5- Types of Edible Mushrooms …………………………………………………………
6 –Nutritional species of Edible mushrooms………………………………………………
6.1- Nutritional attribute of Oyster Mushrooms ………………………………………
6.2- Nutritional attribute of Portobello (Agaricus bisporus)……………………………
6.3- Nutritional attribute of White or Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)…………
6.4- Nutritional attribute of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes)……………………………….
6.5- Nutritional attribute of Enoki ( Flammulina vellutipes)………………………….
6.6- Nutritional attribute of Crimini (Cremini) ……………………………………….
6.7- Nutritional attribute of Procini (Boletus edulis) ………………………………….
6.8- Nutritional attribute of Morels (Morchella esculenta) ……………………………
6.9- Nutritional attribute of Maitake (Grifola Frondosa) …………………………….
7- Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms …………………………………………………………
3. 7.1- Basic requirements for Edible mushrooms cultivation……………………………………
7.2- Selection of Variety ………………………………………………………………………
7.3- Terrarium method ………………………………………………………………………...
8- Environmental Factor for Mushrooms cultivation …………………………………………….
8.1- Light ……………………………………………………………………………………
8.2- Temperature ……………………………………………………………………………
8.3- pH level …………………………………………………………………………………
8.4- Oxygen ………………………………………………………………………………….
9- Nutritional Benefits of Edible Mushrooms…………………………………………………....
9.1- improve the nutritional level ………………………………………………………
9.2- Source of Antioxidants……………………………………………………………
9.3- Weight loss……………………………………………………………………
9.4- Regulate the digestive system……………………………………………………
9.5- Weight Loss ……………………………………………………………………….......
9.6- Creating energy level………………………………………………………………….
9.7- Boost immune response……………………………………………………………
9.8- Good for expecting mother ………………………………………………………
10- Edible mushroom advantage in Biotechnology ……………………………………
11- Instructions for cooking of edible Mushrooms ………………………………………………
12- Edible mushrooms of Pakistan ………………………………………………………………
4. 13-Major Edible mushrooms groups of Pakistan ……………………………………………….
13.1- Oyster Mushrooms …………………………………………………………………….
13.2 Straw Mushrooms ……………………………………………………………………..
13.3- Button Mushrooms ……………………………………………………………………
14- Distribution of Edible mushrooms in Pakistan ………………………………………………
15- Major problem for edible mushroom production in Pakistan ……………………………….
16- Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………..
17- References ……………………………………………………………………………………
5. 1- General introduction of Mushrooms:
Mushrooms are considered as the item of food around worldwide due to their unique flavor.
Around 2,000 species of Mushroom are exist in Nature but only 25 species are widely accepted
as Food. But the few species of Mushrooms are also commercially cultivated in some parts of the
world. They are considered as highly nutritional and functional value. Mushrooms are also
accepted as nutracutical food across the globe. They have also their own medical and economical
importance. Many species of Mushroom are used for both medical and edible purpose. Agraicus
bisporicus mushroom is considered as most cultivated species in worldwide. The edible
mushrooms have therapeutic features. Mushrooms have lack of chlorophyll therefore they cannot
prepared their own foods which force them to survive on readymade organic matter for their
growths. According the recent research about mushrooms China is the biggest producer of
mushroom around the worldwide. The wild mushrooms also become the most important for their
nutritional value, especially pharmacological properties. Mushrooms are also the source of
antimicrobial compound such as terpens, steroids and benzoic acid derivatives. Mushrooms are
also rich in protein fiber and amino acid that’s why it play important in the human diet and
healthcare. Mushroom also play role in many medical function like Antiviral, Anti bacterial,
Anticancer, Anti allergic, Antifungal etc .It also protect from inflammatory process and tumor
developments. In recent decade the interest in mushrooms become increase in allover world due
their medical and nutritional value.
2-Edible Mushrooms:
2.1- Introduction:
Edible mushroom are the species of macrofungi which have fleshy and fruity bodies and they
are mostly grow in the farms. They may be epigenous or hypogenous They are consumed by
humans for their thier nutritional value and they are rarely consumed for their hypothetical
medicinal value. Edible mushroom is the one of the major component of human diet. They are
cultivated in all over the worldwide. Cultivation of mushroom on in large scale help to solve
many problem of overall world such as resource and protein shortage. Edible mushroom are also
good source of Enzyme, riboflavin and niacin. They are rich in copper, calcium, iron vitamin D
and potassium. Edible mushroom have also tremendous applications in medicines due to their
ecological role. They are used against many different diseases like Diabetes, Allergies, Asthma,
Cancer, and reduction of Cholesterol. Many large numbers of Edible mushrooms are found in
many ecological region of Pakistan which are consumed by human for their daily diet.
According to recent research there are 56 species of edible mushroom are found in Pakistan.
2.2- Nutritional Attribute:
Edible mushroom are accepted as a good source of nutrition, Because they contain very high
amount of protein, fiber, vatamins and Minerals. Due to their outstanding features the edible
mushroom also contain Medicinal properties because of their low fat and cholesterol contents.
6. In addition to high quailty proteins the edible mushrrom also cotains Calcium potassium,
phosphorous ,Ascorbic acid,Iron which have very high nutritional value in the diet of human
being. The allover world face the shortage of protein which can also fulfill by cultivation of
Edible mushrooms. The Edible mushroom are easily grow in different variety of waste. The
nutritional content the the edible mushroom is based upon many factor like the method of
cultivation, composition of Substrates etc. in addition to Nutritional attribute the edible
mushrooms aslo contains many unique features in term of texture ,color, flavor which make them
very attractive to human being.
3- Classification of Edible mushrooms:
Edible mushrooms are classified into two main groups
1. Ascomycetes
2. Basidiomycetes
4- Major nutrients of Edible Mushrooms:
The most common nutrients which are found in the edible mushroom are
Proteins
Amino acid
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Fatty Acid
4.1- Proteins:
The Edible mushroom contain highly amount of proteins. Total amount of protein which is
presents in the mushroom is about 20 to 35 % it mean the mushroom contain high amount
protein as compared to vegetables and Fruits. The proteins is also significant component of
dry matter of mushrooms. Contents of the protein is mostly depend on the Composition
Substratum,Harvest of time and the size of the pileus.
4.2-Amino Acid:
Mushrooms contain all the essential amino acid which are required for a normal human body
The mushroom contain the free amino acid level from the range of 7.14 – 12.3 mg/g. The
Edible mushroom are also rich amount in valine and threonine. According to the few reportes
mushroom are very helpful vegetarians because they contain the essential units of amino acids.
4.3-Vitamins:
Vitamins are also the one of the major content of all mushrooms. The Mushroom are very rich in
vitamins B1, B2, B12,C, D and E. But the mushroom very excellent source of the vitamins D
which are not found on other components of the foods .
4.4- Carbohydrates:
7. The carbohydrates that contain by the edible mushrooms are oligosaccharides which present in
very high level and very small quantity of soluble sugars are also found in it. The Edible
mushroom contains the different amount of carbohydrates from species to species. The common
range of carbohydrates is from 35% to 70% DW. The Crisan and Sands reported the quantity of
carbohydrates in the Agaricus bisporus which is the species of edible mushroom. The water
soluble polysaccharides of the mushroom are antitumor.
5. Fatty Acids:
The fatty acid is present in very low amount in the mushroom as compared to the protein,
carbohydrates vitamins.In generally fatty acid present around 2 to 8% of distilled water of the
mushrooms. The quantity of unsaturated fatty acid is very high as compared to the saturated fatty
acid in mushrooms. The linolenic acid is very rich in mushrooms which are basically essential
Fatty acid.
5-Types of Edible Mushrooms:
There are many different type of edible mushroom are found in worldwide but the common type
of edible mushroom are as follow.
1. Meadow mushroom
2. Morel Mushrooms
3. Chicken mushroom
4. Chanterelle mushroom
6-Nutritional species of Edible Mushrooms:
Edible Mushroom are found are widely in allover the globe. Some common species are
Oyster
Portobello
White or Button
Shiitake
Enoki
Cremini
Porcini
Morel
Black Truffles
Maitake
6.1- Nutritional attribute of Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus):
Oyster is the one of the common species of Edible mushroom it texture is like velvet and shaped
is trumpet like and the colors is ranging form grey to pale brown to reddish caps on grey white
stem.The taste of oyster wild seafood.
8. 6.2- Nutritional attribute of Portobello (Agaricus bisporus):
The Portobello is very big and large with a umbrella like cap shaped the texture and flavor is
steak like yet is buttery soft.
6.3- Nutritional attribute of White or Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)
White button mushroom is the one of the important species of edible mushroom. it has a white
grey cap and they have mild taste. These mushrooms are very rich in vitamins B and the uses of
white button mushroom reduce the risk of infection. They also enhance the immunity system of
human being.
6.4- Nutritional attribute of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes):
Shiitake mushroom is considered one of the top best taste mushroom in worldwide. This type of
mushroom is mostly found in the Asia sub-continent. They have a brown cap and the size of
shiitake mushroom is range from small size to medium size. Shiitake mushroom have also great
9. importance in medicine production because this mushroom help to increase the immunity system
and lower the inflammation. They are mostly grow in the decaying trees.
6.5- Nutritional attribute of Enoki (Flammulina vellutipes):
Enoki mushroom are mostly grow in the form of cluster and they have a tiny cap with a long
skinny white mushroom and their length of the stem is 12cm.Enoki mushroom is mild sweet in
taste. This mushroom is very rich in potassium, magnesium, iron and they also contain vitamin
B. Enoki mushroom is used for the treatment of cancer and they also help to lower the blood
pressure and decrease the cholesterol level. The use of Enoki mushroom is very helpful to
prevent the increase of fat in our body.
6.6- Nutritional attribute of Crimini (Cremini):
Crimini mushroom is also one of the common edible mushroom in the worldwide and it have a
meatier texture and they are alike to button mushroom. Crimini mushroom is also rich source of
Vitamin B and calcium phosphorus and potassium. this mushroom is also called as chestnut
mushroom. Crimini mushroom also help to diminish the inflammation.
10. 6.7- Nutritional attribute of Procini (Boletus edulis):
The procini mushroom is known as king of the forest. Procini is the one of the largest wild
mushroom which are used for food. Diameter of the procini is 30cm and it has a brown cap. This
mushroom play very important role in improve the general health. Procini is also very rich
source of vitamin of B12. In some parts of world they are also know as Penny Bun and they are
very famous mushroom due to their nutty flavor to many dishes.
6.8- Nutritional attribute of Morels (Morchella esculenta):
Morel is the one of the very expensive mushroom in the worldwide and it is very difficult to find
in the wild and is also very hard to cultivate. This mushroom is very rich source of Vitamin B, D,
iron, calcium and potassium. Mostly people like the morel due to their meaty flavor. These
mushrooms have also great medical importance they give strength to our immune system. Morels
have also feature of Antioxidant, Anticancer etc.
11. 6.9- Nutritional attribute of Maitake (Grifola Frondosa):
Maitake mushroom is the of the common type of the wild edible mushroom that mostly grow in
the form of cluster in the base of the tress which are fall. These type of mushroom have weight
up to 45kg, Maitake mushroom contain many minerals like Calcium Magnesium and potassium
and also rich source of dietary protein and fiber. Maitake is used in medical purpose to treatment
of Breast Cancer and diabetes.
7- Cultivation of Edible Mushroom:
Mushrooms are considered one of the best delicious food of worldwide. But mostly varieties of
mushrooms are very expensive in the super market therefore the best way is to growing the
mushroom in your own space.
7.1- Basic requirement of mushroom Cultivation:
Following are the some basic requirement for cultivation of mushroom.
Knif
Suitable logs
Growing medium
Compost
Spore or spawn
Terrariums
7.2-Selection of Variety:
First of all you select the spawn of the desirable variety of Mushroom if you want to grow the
mushroom in the particular season. After then you bring the spore and inculcate it. And if you
like to get the paramount fruits then must use the pre- inculcated spawn that are available pre in
mixed bags. Then after you grow the mushroom in the best condition by using humid and dark
place which is favorable for the growth of mushroom.
7.3-Terrarium method:
12. Terrarium method is best method for the cultivation of Edible mushroom in the globe. For the
growing of Edible mushroom in best atmosphere you used the old grey trays and covered it with
the newspapers. After you filled the container or pod with the medium like rye meal, manure and
the saw dust are used for growing mushrooms. For the growing of the mushroom the growing
medium play very important role. Then you spread the spawn in the growing compartment. In
the next step keep the compartment at the temperature of 21 degree Celsius for 21 days for the
spreading of roots. After 3week thin mycelium is formed which work as roots base of mushroom
then again transfer the compartment at the temperature of 16 degree Celsius. Now regularly
spray water and keep the soil surface moist. Then after you notice it if you soil is over saturated
or any other fungal growth it means it’s a time of harvesting the mushrooms. Then the evil
connect the cap to the step mushrooms. Now the mushroom are extremely ripe and tasty so
harvest it and pick the mushrooms form the substrate.
8- Environmental Factor for Mushrooms cultivation:
These are some key environmental factor which play important role in the mushrooms
cultivation.
Light
Temperature
pH level
Oxygen
8.1- Light:
Light is the one of the factor which play significant role in mushroom cultivation. Light is very
essential for the growth and assembly of fibers but light is it is not necessary to produce
mushrooms cap.
8.2- Temperature:
For the growth of the mushroom the maximum temperature which is required is 38 to 40 degree
Celsius. At the temperature of 35 to38 degree Celsius the fiber of mushroom are grow while the
cap of mushroom will be grow at the temperature of 30 degree Celsius and when the temperature
is so much hot the cap will be small and open faster as normal.
8.3- pH level:
pH level is also the one of the major factor for the growth of mushroom. For the growth of
mushrooms the suitable pH level is in between 5 and 8 if the pH level is much acidic the bacteria
cannot grow then it will be less able to digest the molecule.
8.4- Oxygen:
Mushrooms need oxygen during every stage of their growth particularly when the cap is coming
out and after the bloomed. When the percentage of carbon dioxide is very high then the fiber of
13. mushroom growing stop so the mushrooms grow abnormally and the skin of mushroom will be
effected.
9- Nutritional Benefits of mushrooms:
The edible mushroom contains many numbers of nutritional benefits some of them are as flow
Improve nutritional level
Source of antioxidants
Improve energy level
Controlling blood lipids
Good for expecting mothers
Controlling blood sugar
Weight loss
Improve immune systems
9.1- improve nutritional level:
Edible Mushrooms are very rich in many contents so they are very helpful to improve the quality
of nutritional contents and boost our health.
9.2- Source of Antioxidants:
The food which we consumed it is very necessary to be antioxidants. The antioxidants are help
our body to fight against many free radical and make us health. So regularly take of mushrooms
in diets is very rich source of antioxidants.
9.3- Weight loss:
Mushrooms food are called low fat and calories foods but they contain high protein, chitin and
Beta- glucans which are help to diminish to appetite. Regularly take of mushrooms in our diet
are very helpful to reduce the cholesterol, sugar level blood pressure and extra fat of body and
protect us from the obesity.
9.4- Regulate the Digestive system:
The edible mushrooms are very rich in polysaccharides and fibers. The dietary fibers in the
mushrooms are help to regulate the digestive system of humans.
9.5- Creating energy level:
14. The edible mushrooms are very rich in Vitamin B which play important role in our body to
convert the food into the fuel and produce the required energy in our body. The proteins are
mobilized in our body and give the good health to our body.
9.6- boost immune response:
The edible Mushroom contain the long chain of polysaccharides particular the alpha and beta
glucans are found in these mushrooms so they effectively help to improve the immune system of
our body and protect our body from many diseases and maintain our health.
9.7- Good for expecting mothers:
The mushrooms are very rich of folate which very helpful for the women which are already
conceived or planning to conceived. The folate helps to protect the baby in the womb of mother
and reduce the chance of miscarriage and help in the delivery of the child.
10- Edible mushroom advantage in Biotechnology:
The edible mushroom have important role in the field of Biotechnology.
Due to low amount of carbohydrate utilization of mushroom help to prevent form the
Diabetic diseases.
Edible mushrooms are also produce by using cheap waste products of industries and
different woods waste.
Due to yummy taste of edible mushroom are verified to be main component of mouth
watering recipes
The Edible mushrooms have also high nutritive value due to rich source of proteins
minerals vitamins.
11- Instructions for cooking of edible Mushrooms:
Followings are the some important precaution for cooking the Edible mushroom.
First of all must use the stainless steel for the cooking the mushrooms.
During the mushroom cooking the salt must add in ending of cooking to void form the
shrinking due to draining of water
The mushroom must add to the dish at the end of cooking to get the best flavor dishes
that is necessary Prolong cook.
15. The Flavor and texture of mushroom are affected from the freezing factor.
12- Edible Mushroom of Pakistan
There are some species of Edible mushroom are found in different ecological area of Pakistan
which are mostly collected and consumed by the peoples. The mushroom are mostly grow during
the rainy season on the damp and humus places. In Pakistan there are 56 Edible mushrooms are
reported according to the recent research.
13- Major Edible Mushrooms group of Pakistan
In Pakistan there are three type of Edible mushroom are mostly cultivated on the commercial
level.
1. Oyster mushrooms
2. Straw mushrooms
3. Button mushroom
13.1- Oyster Mushroom:
Oyster mushroom is one the Edible mushroom which are cultivated in Pakistan in commercial
scale. The shape of oyster mushroom is look like shellfish. In Pakistan the common name of
mushroom is known as Sadafnuma Khumbhi. The species of Oyster mushroom are very easy to
cultivate and not very expensive. The best spawn are organized on jowar and the oyster
mushroom are used fresh as well as dried.
13.2- Straw Mushroom:
The Straw mushrooms was mostly grow on paddy straw therefore some time it is also known as
paddy straw mushroom. This is very popular mushroom therefore it is also consumed fresh as
well as dried. Straw mushroom was first time identify in China therefore it is also called Chinese
mushroom. In china straw mushroom are cultivated in very large scale and this mushroom is
very delicious in taste.
13.3- Button Mushroom:
Button mushroom is the one of the largely grow and mostly consumed mushroom in allover the
world. This mushroom is mostly grow in the meadows in naturally due to this reason sometime it
is called meadow mushroom the cultivation of button mushroom is very difficult and very
expensive. This mushroom need long period of time to cultivate in artificially. For the
preparation of the spawn of button mushroom wheat grain is very best.
14- Distribution of Edible mushroom in Pakistan:
16. In Pakistan mostly the edible mushroom are grow in the temperate forest. The altitude range of
mushroom grow are 1800 to 3000 meter above the sea level. More then 70 % of mushroom in
Pakistan are produce by KpK. There are 56 edible mushroom species are reported from Pakistan.
Following are the some region where mushroom are mostly grow in Pakistan.
Chitral
Kohistan
Kurram agency
Mansehra
Giligit Baltistan
Baluchistan
Kashmir
Murree
Margalla Hills
Kalam
15-Major problem for edible mushroom production in Pakistan:
These are the some problems for the production of edible mushroom in Pakistan.
Awareness problem
Technical problem
Production problem
Marketing problem
16- Conclusion:
Edible mushroom have great nutritional role in our life due their significant nutritional content.In
addition to their nutritional attribute the Mushroom have outstanding medicinal properties which
are really helpful for the treatments of many different diseases. Due to their outstanding
characteristics and the health benefits the mushroom need further research for their growth and
production.
17- References
1. https://www.longdom.org/conference-abstracts-files/2161-0517-C1.012_013.pdf
2. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sachin_Gupta67/publication/330641972_Edible_M
ushrooms_Cultivation_Bioactive_Molecules_and_Health_Benefits/links/5e8c2868a6fdcc
