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Moist vegetation of pakistan
1. Topic: Moist Temperate Vegetation of
Pakistan
Presented by
Ebadet Ali Alvi (M.phil Scholar)
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA
Pakistan
2. Contents Table:
1- Vegetation of Pakistan ………………………………………………………………
1.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….
1.2- Major factors effecting Vegetation ………………………………………………..
2- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Pakistan ……………………………………………...
2.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….
2.2- Locality Factor ……………………………………………………………………
2.3- Distribution ……………………………………………………………………….
2.4 Coniferous species …………………………………………………………………
2.5 Broad leaved species ……………………………………………………………...
2.6- Shrub ……………………………………………………………………………...
2.7- Climber ……………………………………………………………………………
3- Moist Temperate vegetation of National Park Ayubia …………………………………
3.1- Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...
3.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………
3.3- Floristic Composition ……………………………………………………………….
3.4- Common Trees species ……………………………………………………………..
3.5- Herbs ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.6- Shrubs ……………………………………………………………………………….
4- Moist Temperate vegetation of Kokarai valley Swat …………………………………...
4.1- Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….
4.2- Climate ……………………………………………………………………………….
4.3- Floristic Composition ………………………………………………………………..
4.4- Plants species ………………………………………………………………………...
3. 5- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Neelam Valley ……………………………………………
5.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..
5.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………….
5.3- Floristic Composition ……………………………………………………………………
5.4- Plants species ……………………………………………………………………………
6- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Naltar Valley Gilgit Baltistan …………………………….
6.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………...
6.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………….
6.3- Floristic Composition …………………………………………………………………..
6.4- Dominant Plants species ………………………………………………………………..
6.5- Shrub ……………………………………………………………………………………
6.6- Common Plants Species ………………………………………………………………...
7- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Thandiani Abbottabad ……………………………………
7.1- Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….
7.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………….
7.3- important Trees of Thandiani Abbottabad ……………………………………………..
7.4- Shrub Layer ……………………………………………………………………………
7.5- Herbs Layer …………………………………………………………………………..
8- Importance of Moist temperate Vegetation …………………………………………………
9- Major Threats for Moist Temperate Vegetation …………………………………………….
10- Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………......
11- References …………………………………………………………………………………..
4. 1-Vegetation of Pakistan:
1.1- Introduction:
The term of vegetation is defined as total plants which covered the surface are of the earth is
known as Vegetation. The vegetation is mostly depend upon the climate condition of the area the
climate of Pakistan is mostly dry for the forest with the exception of few northern hill and sub
mountains belts. According geographical point of view Pakistan is one of the importance country in
all over the world. The vegetation of Pakistan is mostly discussed in 5 major zones. According to
some scientific research there 6000 flowering plants species are reported in Pakistan which are
fond in different zones. Vegetation of Pakistan play important role in the development of country.
1.2- Major factors effecting Vegetation:
The vegetation of every region is effected by some factors, following are the some factors which
effect the vegetation of Pakistan are
Edephic condition
Climate
Biotic setting
Human relation with Nature
Physiographic condition
2- Moist Temperate vegetation of Pakistan:
2.1- Introductions:
This Moist Temperate vegetation is mostly located at the Himalayas site of Pakistan. This type of
vegetation is mostly containing evergreen conifers and many other plants species. The national tree
of Pakistan Cedrus deodar is also mostly found in moist temperate zone. In Pakistan the moist
temperate vegetation is mostly classified into two major upper zone and lower zone. The division
of the zone is mostly depending upon the definite number of oak trees and conifers. A very heavy
grazing and trampling in this vegetation due to this reason the moist temperate forest is damaged
and this forest is replace by some legumes small grasses and some species of Liliaceae . The flat
grassy grounds of moist temperate zone are known as Parklands. The considerable girth of this
zone plants species is 4.5 meter or more and vegetation of this belt is very dense. The dominant
plants species of this zone are Deodar and Kail.
2.2-Locality Factors:
Very heavy monsoon rain fall is occur in this zone during July to September. The temperature of
this area is 4-22degree centigrade and the average humidity is 50-70 % and the average rainfall per
annum is 30-70 inch. The winter in this zone is very long and severely cold. Soil of most
temperate zone is loamy and acidic due to humus rich.
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2.3- Distribution:
The moist temperate vegetation of Pakistan is mostly occur at the elevation of 4500 t0 10,000
feet and they are mostly found in following different areas of Pakistan
Murree
Kashmir
Gilgit Baltistan
Swat
Dir
Hazara Hills
Kaghan
2.4- Coniferous species:
The coniferous plants species of this zone are
Pocea smithiana
Pinus wallichiana
Taxus bacata
Cedrus deodar
Abies pindrow
2.5- Broad-leaved species:
Some of the broad leaved species of the moist temperate vegetation are as follow.
Prunus padus
Ulmus wallichiana
Pyrus malus
Populous ciliata
Alnus nitida
Salix babylonica
Farxinus spp
Juglans fegia (Walnut)
Duercus semicarpifolia
Acer caesium
Quercus incana
2.6-Shrub:
Common shrub species of this region are
Viburnum spp
Indigofera spp
Corylus
Berberis lysium
Rhododendron arboreum
6. 6
2.7-Climber:
Following are the climber species of moist temperate vegetation.
Hedera Nepalensis
Rosa
3- Moist temperate vegetation of National park Ayubia:
3.1-Introduction:
Ayubia National park is one of the important part geographical part of Pakistan due to their
diverse vegetation. This park is lies in the Himalayan moist temperate forest. This park is located
in the district of Abbottabad and covered with an area of 3,312 hectors. Ayubia is declared as a
national park in 1984 and the average elevation of this park is about 2400m above the sea level.
The Annual rain fall in this area some time exceed 600mm and this park is very attractive in all
over the Himalayas due to their coniferous species. The Ayubia national park is surrounding by
the seven villages and for small town and the common coniferous species of this park are Pinus
wallichiana, Taxus wallichiana, Abies pindrow and Cedrus deodara. During the spring season the
variety of ferns species are also grow in this park. In this park the species of mosses are grow in
tree trunk.
Map of Ayubia National park
3.2-Climate:
The climate of Ayubia national park is little hot during the summer season with the pressure of
monsoon with the mild pleasant. The annual rain fall of this area is 1500mm and during the
winter very deep snowfall is occur and the snow fall season in this park is from December to
march and the temperature is fall below the freezing point during the winter season. The
variation in the rain fall is notice from year to year in this park.
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3.3-Floristic Composition:
In this park there are 30 major families are found with 44 species are reported till now. The main
families of these parks are Pteridaceae, Rosaceae, Pinaceae, Asteraceae and Laminaceae. Two
gymnosperm families are also reported from this area. According to the monocotyledon Family
poaceae are occur in this park and Rosaceae is dicotyledons with five genera is dominant is this
national park.
i- Common Tree Species:
Some of the common trees species of Ayubia national park are
Cedrus deodara Roxb
Aesulius indica Coleber
Abuies pin drow Royle
Taxus wallichiana Zucc
Quercus baloot Griffith
ii- Herb :
Some of the main herbs of Ayubia national park are
Viola canescens Wall
Adiantum venustum D. Done
Ajuga parviflora Bth
Dryopteris fragilis L
Geranium nepalense Sweet
iii- Shrub:
Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Indigofera geradiana Wall.ex Baker
Rubus ellipticus Smith
Fragaria indica (Andr.)
4- Moist temperate Vegetation of Kokarai valley Swat:
4.1- Introduction:
Kokarai valley is a beautiful valley of Swat, which contain diverse natural vegetation. Kokarai
Valley situated at 34° 44'. 645" North, and 72° 27'. 628" East on north-western part of District
Swat at Hindu Raj series of Hindu Kush Mountains range. This valley is occur at the elevation of
3612- 8828ft above the sea level. Kokarai valley is covered with an area of 6520hectares and the
cultivated area is 3126 hectares and 3394 hectares area is uncultivated while the forest is covered
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with 1374 hectares.
View of Kokarai valley swat
4.2- Climate:
During the summer season the temperature of this valley is 38to 43 degree centigrade while the
month of December January and February are the cold month with the temperature 15- 18degree
centigrade. The maximum humidity is detected at the month of Feb which is 80% and the
maximum rainfall is 238mm.
4.3-Floristic composition:
According to different scientific reports there are 155 plants species comprises of 138 genera and
74 plants families are recorded from this valley. The dominant family of this valley is Asteraceae
family with 16 species while the Rosaceae family contains 13 plants species. And the
Laminaceae contain 12 and Poaceae contain 7 plants species.
4.4-Plants species:
Some of the important plants species of Kokarai valley are as follow
Asparagus gracilis Royle
Caynodon dactylon
Cichorum intybus L.
Pinus roxburghii Sargent
Pinus walliciana A.B. Jackson
Rubus ellipticus Smith
Rumex hastatus D.Don
Achillea millefolium L
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5-Moist temperate Vegetation of Neelam valley:
5.1- Introduction:
Neelam valley is one of the beautiful valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. This valley is nearly
125 km from the capital city of Azad Kashmir Muzaffarabad. This valley is occur at the
elevation of 4000- 7500ft above the sea level. This valley contains diverse vegetation and this
valley is also very popular according to adventure point of view in all over the world. According
to the reports of 2005 and 2006 this valley contain 180 plants specie belonging to 66 plants
families.
5.2- Climate:
The temperature of Neelam valley during the summer is 15.9 -37.6 degree centigrade while the
winter in this valley is extremely very cold with very heavy snowfall occur up to 3- 12ft. The
annual rainfall is 1526.7mm
5.3- Floristic Composition:
According to the records of 2006 and 2007 the Neelam valley and their surrounding areas
contain 180 plants species which belonging to 66 plants families the most dominants family of
this area are Asteraceae , Balsaminaceae , Poaceae , Laminaceae , Rosaceae, Umbellifereae etc.
5.4- Plants species:
Some of the main plants of Neelam valley and their surrounding hills are.
10. 10
Abies pindrow Royle
Pinus walliciana A.B. Jackson
Poa alpina L
Pinus webbiana
Achillea millefolium L
Taxus wallichiana
Viola stocksii
Viscum album L
Ficus palmata Wall
Thymus linearis Benth
6- Moist temperate vegetation of Naltar valley Gilgit Baltistan:
6.1- Introduction:
The Naltar Valley is located at 360 N and 740 4’ E covered with a total area of 27,206 ha
located inside the Karakoram highlands and it is nearly 40 km from the Gilgit city. This beautiful
valley is occur at the elevation of 5000m above the sea level. Naltar valley is comprising of
meadow pasture packet of forest and rocky vertical cliff. This valley contains diverse natural
vegetation.
6.1-Climate:
The winter the in the Naltar valley is very harsh and the temperature fall in to -18 degree
centigrade and summer in this valley is very pleasant. The snow fall is occur from December to
March. The rainfall in the valley is 254-400mm.
6.2- Floristic Composition:
According to scientific research of 2009 there are 141 plants species belonging to 107 genera and
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49 families are found in the valley. The most dominant family in this valley is Asteraceae and the
other families which are found in this valley are Fabaceae Polygonaceae and Rosaceae etc.
6.3-Dominant plants species:
The dominant plants species in the valley are
Pinus excels
Hipophse salvifolia,
Myricaria germanica
6.4- Shrub:
Shrubs of this area are
Rosa webbiana
Ribes alpestre
Juniperus commonis
6.5- Common plants species:
Common species of this valley are
Ribes alpestre
Juniperus excelsa
Betula utilis,
Pinus wallichiana,
Rosa webbiana,
Sorbus tianshanica,
Berberis lyceum,
Lonicera herterophylla
Populus ciliate
7- Moist temperate vegetation of Thandiani Abbottabad:
7.1- Introduction:
Thandiani Abbottabad is considered as one of the best moist temperate vegetation in all over
Pakistan. They contain diverse vegetation of Plants and Animals. This is located at 35 km in the
northeast of the Abbottabad District. Thandiani is bounded on east by Muzaffarabad city on it
north Kunhar and it west siren forest is located while on the south side Garhi Habibullah.
12. 12
View of Thandiani Abbottabad
7.2-Climate:
The annual rainfall in this area is 1424.1mm and the maximum rainfall is occur during August
while minimum rainfall is occur in September. The temperature of this area during the summer
season is 30-35 degree centigrade and the humidity during summer is 83% recorded.
7.3- Important Trees of Thandiani:
Some of the important trees of Thandiani Abbottabad are
Morus alba L.
Focus carica L.
Abies pindrow Royle
Junglans regia
Cedrus deodara Rox ex lamb
Platanus orientalis L.
Pinus wallichiana A.B Jackson
Diospyros lotus L.
7.4-Shrub layer:
Berberis lycium Royle
Punica granantum L.
Rosa mostchata non J.herrrum
Andrachne cardifolia
13. 13
7.5- Herbs Layer:
Galium aparine L.
Cannabis sativa L.
Chenopodium album
Arudo donax L.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Poa annua L.
8-Importance of Moist Temperate Vegetation:
The vegetation play it significant role in our daily life and help maintain the ecosystem of the
Earth some of its important role are as follow
The moist temperate vegetation provides a habitat to wildlife.
This vegetation is also one of the important sources of Foods
Moist temperate vegetation is one of the basic components of ecosystem which involved in
the regulation of many different biogeochemical cycles.
Moist temperate vegetation release Oxygen and sequester of Carbon
Moist temperate vegetation provides socio-economic product and services the Humankind.
They also play major role in Soil development.
9- Major Threats for Moist temperature Vegetation:
The Moist temperate vegetation of Pakistan is exposed to many threats and suffers major
damage, which is the main cause are include.
Over grazing
Urbanization
Climate change
Tourism
Trampling
Deforestation
10- Conclusion:
The Moist Temperate is one of the important zone of Pakistan due to it diverse vegetation and
they are mostly found in the Hazara hill, Kashmir, Swat and Dir but due to lack of attention and
research facilities moist temperate vegetation of Pakistan is still completely undiscovered. The
Moist temperate vegetation also face many threats so it need to attention and make a policy on
Federal Government level to Protect the vegetation of this zone
