Animal body

Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon • Berg • Martin
The Animal Body:The Animal Body:
Introduction toIntroduction to
Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Tissue consists of a group of
closely associated, similar cells
that carry out specific functions
• Tissues associate to form
organs, such as the heart
• Groups of tissues and organs
form organ systems

• Main types of animal tissue
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
• Classification depends on
structure and origin

• Epithelial tissue forms a
continuous layer or sheet
covering a body surface or
lining a body cavity
• Protection
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Sensation

• Connective tissue consists of
fewer cells separated by
intercellular substance, fibers in
a matrix
• Collagen fibers
• Elastic fibers
• Reticular fibers

• Connective tissue contains
specialized cells
• Fibroblasts
• Macrophages
• Functions of connective tissue
• Joins other tissues
• Supports the body and its organs
• Protects underlying organs

• Muscle tissue consists of cells
specialized to contract
• Each cell is an elongated muscle
fiber containing contractile units
called myofibrils

• Nervous tissue
• Elongated cells called neurons
–Specialized for transmitting
impulses
• Glial cells
–Support and nourish neurons

• Types of epithelial cell shapes
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Type of epithelial tissue
• Simple
• Stratified
• Pseudostratified

• Simple squamous epithelium
• Lines blood vessels and air sacs
in the lungs
• Exchange of materials by
diffusion

Simple squamous epithelium

• Simple cuboidal and columnar
epithelium
• Lines passageways
• Specialized for secretion and
absorption

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Outer layer of skin
• Lines passageways into the body
• Provides protection
• Pseudostratified epithelium
• Lines passageways
• Protects underlying tissue

Stratified squamous epithelium

Pseudostratified epithelium

• Glands are formed from
epithelial tissue
• Goblet cells
–Unicellular glands that secret mucus
–Exocrine glands secrete onto an
epithelial surface
• Endocrine glands
–Release hormones into interstitial fluid or
blood

Glands

• Epithelial membrane
• Sheet of epithelial tissue and a
• Layer of underlying connective tissue
• Mucous membrane
• Lines a cavity that opens to the
outside of the body
• Serous membrane
• Lines a cavity that does not open to
the outside of the body

• Types of connective tissue
• Loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue
• Elastic connective tissue
• Adipose tissue
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood

• Loose connective tissue
• In the subcutaneous tissue
• Between many body parts
• Fibers in a semifluid matrix
• Cartilage cells (chondroctyes)
• In lacunae, small cavities in the
cartilage matrix

Loose connective tissue

Cartilage

• Osteocytes
• Secrete and maintain the matrix
of bone
• Compact bone consists of
spindle-shaped units called
osteons
–Central blood vessel through a
Haversian canal surrounded by
lamellae

Bone

• Skeletal muscle
• Striated
• Under voluntary control
• Each elongated, cylindrical
muscle fiber has several nuclei

• Cardiac muscle
• Striated
• Contraction is involuntary
• Elongated, cylindrical fibers
branch and fuse
• Each fiber has one or two nuclei

• Smooth muscle
• Contracts involuntarily
• Elongated, spindle-shaped fibers
lack striation
• Each fiber has a central nucleus
• Responsible for movement of
food through the digestive tract

Muscle tissues

• Elongated neurons receive and
transmit information
• Dendrites receive signals and
transmit them to the cell body
• Axon transmits signal to other
neurons, a muscle, or a gland
• Synapse is a junction between
neurons

Nervous tissue

•Organ systems
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Circulatory

•Organ systems
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

• Homeostasis
• Automatic tendency to maintain a
balanced internal environment
• Dynamic equilibrium maintained
by negative feedback systems
• Regulators respond to counteract
changes caused by stressors

Homeostasis

• Thermoregulation
• Homeostatic mechanisms for
regulating body temperature
• Physiological
• Structural
• Behavioral

• Ectotherms
• Body temperature varies with the
environment
• Very little energy used
• Less food needed
• Activity may be limited by daily
and seasonal temperatures

• Endotherms
• Mechanisms to maintain body
temperature in a narrow range
• Increased enzyme activity
• Activity even in low winter
temperatures
• High energy cost

• Acclimatization
• Process of adjustment to seasonal
changes
• Torpor
–Adaptive hypothermia
• Hibernation
–Long-term torpor in winter cold
• Estivation
–Torpor caused by lack of food or water in
summer heat

Animal body

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