A brief history of great discoveries in pharmacology.pptx
1. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NOBEL LAUREATES IN PHARMACOLOGY
3. THE DISCOVERY OF INSULIN
4. THE DISCOVERY RELEATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE
5. THE DISCOVERY OF VITAMIN K
6. THE DISCOVERY OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF DRUG TREATMENT
7. THE DISCOVERIES IN RELATING TO TUBERCULOSIS AND ITS INVESTIGATIONS
8. REFERENCES
2
2. INTRODUCTION
• The Nobel Prize in Medicine is awarded by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
• 112 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded since 1901.
• 226 individuals have been awarded 1901-2021
• 16 Nobel laureates in pharmacology 3
3. NOBEL LAUREATES IN PHARMACOLOGY
(Ref; Contributions of Various Scientists in Pharmacology;
Dr.Harmanjit Singh)
4
4. No Years Names Discoveries
1. 1908 Elite Metchnikoff, Paul Ehrlich First Antimicrobial Drugs
2. 1923 Frederick Banting, J. Macleod Insulin
3. 1936 Sir Henry Dale , Otto Loewi Ach, Chemical Transmission
4. 1943 Henrik Dam Vitamin K
5. 1945 E. Chain, Sir Alexander Fleming,
Sir Howard Florey
Penicillin
6. 1950 Edward Kendall, T .Reichstein,
Phillip S. Hench
Hormones of Adrenal cortex
7. 1952 Selman Waksman Streptomycin against TB
8. 1957 Daniel Bovet Antihistamine
9. 1970 Julius Axelord,Sir Brenard,Eular Transmitters in Nerve Terminals
5
5. No Year s Names Discoveries
10. 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr. Mechanisms of Actions of Hormones
11. 1982 Sune Bergsrrom, B Samuelsson,
Jhon R. Vane
Prostaglandins and aspirin
12. 1988 Gertrude B Elion, Sir Jame Black,
George H. Hitchings
Beta Blocker, Anti cancer agents
Principles of Drug Treatment
13. 1994 Alfard Gilman,Martin Rodbell G –protein and theirs Roles
14. 1998 Robert Furchgott,Louis Ignarro,
Ferid Murad
Role of NO in CVS
15. 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard,
Eric Kandel
Roles of dopamine
16 2015 Tu Youyou Novel Therapy for Malaria
6
6. THE DISCOVERY OF INSULIN
•
•
•
• Frederick G. Banting (1891-1941) Jhon macleod (1876-1935)7
7. BIOGRAPHY
Frederick G. Banting (1891-1941)
• Canidian physician, pharmacologist,scientist, painter ,had graduated in medicine
from the University of Toronto in 1916
• joined the Canadian Army Medical Corps, and served, during the First World War,
in France.
• In 1918 he was wounded at the battle of Cambrai
• In1921 he was Lecturer in Pharmacology at the University of Toronto.
• In 1923 he was awarded his M.D. degree, together with a gold medal.
8
8. Jhon Macleod (1876-1935)
• Scottish physiologist,took his medical degree with honours at the University of
Aberdeen in 1898
• Macleod had, before this discovery, been interested in carbohydrate metabolism and
especially in diabetes since 1905
• headed a research laboratory in Toronto,Canada. and supervised Banting's research
and gave him a precious collaborator,Charles Best in the discovery of insulin
9
9. WORK
• This academic's research began in 1920 after recovering from serious wounds
• Earlier, however, Banting had become deeply interested in diabetes.
• He realized that diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin,and it should be possible to extract
insulin from the pancreas, provided that a ligature was first applied to the excretor canal
but could not prove it.
• Banting suspected that another substance formed in the pancreas, trypsin, broke down the
insulin.
10
10. • . This suggested to Banting the idea that ligation of the pancreatic duct would avoid
the destruction of the insulin, so that, after sufficient time had been allowed for the
degeneration of the trypsin-secreting cells, insulin might be extracted from the intact
islets of Langerhans.
• he contacted McLeod, who ran a research laboratory in Canada, and persuaded him to
carry out the experiments in his institution
• Macleod gave him facilities for experimental work upon it 11
12. • In John MacLeod's laboratory in 1921, Frederick Banting and Charles Best
treated dogs and rabbit so that they no longer produced trypsin. Insulin could
then be extracted and used to treat diabetes.
• after years of effort, they succeeded in extracting insulin from the pancreas,
• To test the insulin -containing pancreatic extracts and to ensure that the
procedure would not be harmful to diabetic patients, Banting and Best first
injected themselves with the extracts.
13
14. • During January 1922, the first therepeutic test was carried out on a 14 year-old
diabetic patient
• a few days later, on the same adolescent with more purified insulin., established a
method for obtaining insulin in a highly purified form and in much larger
amounts.
• A short time later, the young man's blood and urine sugar concentrations decreased
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 was awarded jointly to Frederick
Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod
15
16. THE DISCOVERY RELEATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF
NERVE IMPULSE AND ISOLATING ACETYLCHOLINE
Sir Hennery Dale(1875-1968) Otto Lowei(1873-1961) 17
17. BIOGRAPHY
Sir Hennery Dale(1875-1968)
• British pharmacologist and physiologist . was one of the great figures in British medicine of
the 20th century
• Dale's work began in 1902 on the potential action of secretin, a hormone that had recently been
isolated from the small intestine, on the pancreas.
• In 1909,he became M.D in Cambridge University.
• In 1928, Dale became Director of the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology at the
National Institute for Medical Research in London He was knighted in 1932 18
18. Otto Lowei(1873-1961)
• German-born American pharmacologist,physiologist entered the Universities of Munich in 1891
• In 1896 ,he took his doctor’s degree at Strassburg University
• He studied the transmission of nerve influx through synapses required chemical compounds.
• In 1921,he discovered that a chemical substance (subsequently shown by Henri Dale to be
acetylcholine) is released after stimulation of the vagus nerve, a nerve of the frog’s heart. 19
19. WORK
• At the beginning of the 20th century, it was known that the nervous system’s signals are conveyed with
the help of electrical impulses.
• However, it was unclear whether the signals were also conveyed by chemical substances.
• In 1921 Otto Loewi stimulated the heart of a frog with electrical impulses and had it pump a small
amount of nutrient solution. When the fluid was transferred to another heart, it operated
in a similar way.
• Loewi verified the role of other substances, including acetylcholine
20
20. • They first showed that when a frog's parasympathetic nerve ends were stimulated, it's heart rate
decreased.
• Then they transferred blood from this amphibian to another, and noted a similar slowing of the
heartbeat in the recipient.
• Otto Loewi concluded that parasympathetic stimulation in the first frog had caused secretion of a
substance responsible for the effect.
• It was the proof that a nerve influx could be transmitted by a chemical compound
• The discovery of acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter identified, was made at the National
Institute of Health in 1914.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 was awarded jointly to Sir Henry Hallett Dale
and Otto Loewi
21
23. BIOGRAPHY
• Danish biochemist., graduated from the Polytechnic Institute, Copenhagen in 1920
• received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Copenhagen in 1934.
• main research subjects were vitamin K, vitamin E, fats, cholesterol, and nutritional studies
in relation to gall-stone formation.
• He has collaborated in the publication of about 315 articles on biochemical problems,
mainly concerning the biochemistry of sterols, vitamins K and E, and fats.
24
24. WORK
• During his research work between 1929 and 1934, he demonstrated that a disease found in
chickens was characterized by abundant bleeding and problems in blood coagulation due to
a deficiency in a hemorrhagic factor.
• He identified the latter as a liposoluble substance found in fats and also present in
vegetables.
• In 1934 he showed that an addition of hempseed counteracted the bleeding and concluded
that the seed contained a substance, vitamin K, that was needed for the blood to coagulate.
• This knowledge became especially important in treating bleeding among small children. 25
26. • He studied this vitamin further with respect to its occurrence and biological function in animals
and plants, as well as its application in human medicine
• From the study of vitamin K arose the observation of some new symptoms in
experimental animals, such as increased capillary permeability and colouration of
adipose tissue, which turned out to be due to the ingestion of certain fats in the absence
of vitamin E.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 was divided equally between Henrik
Carl Peter Dam for his discovery of vitamin K and Edward Adelbert Doisy for his
discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
27
29. THE DISCOVERIES OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR
DRUG TREATMENT
Gertrude Belle Elion(1918-1999)
30
30. BIOGRAPHY
• She was an American pharmacologist and biochemist ,and graduated a degree in chemistry at
Hunter College and New York University in 1937
• was an excellent student and was able to attend for free due to her grades at University
• But she was unable to find a paying research job after graduating because she was female and
had difficulty finding work as a chemist.
• During World War II ,Elion tried to find work at a laboratory. In the mid-1940s she moved
to Burroughs Wellcome's research laboratory where she remained until her death.
31
31. WORK
• When she was 15, her grandfather died of stomach cancer, Elion decided to devote her life to
fighting the disease.
• Her works also include the development of the first immunosuppressive drug, azathioprine,
used to fight rejection in organ transplants, and could also be used to treat auto-immune diseases
such as rheumatoid arthritis.
• Her research also led, in 1951, to the synthesis of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), a nucleic base
analogue, also known as purinethol
• In combination with other drugs, it proved truly effective against infantile leukaemia.
32
33. • Another compound related to 6MP, allopurinol,was found to act against gout,
• Then came the discovery of pyrimethamine, an antimalarial compound, and trimethoprim , effective
against respiratory and urinary infections and notably against the pneumococcus carinii pneumonia,
• the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV), used in the treatment of herpes infection against
simplex and varicella-zoster viruses
34
34. • Her work led to the creation of the AIDS drug AZT,azidothymidine that is used
today in AIDS treatments.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 was awarded jointly to Sir
James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings "for their
discoveries of important principles for drug treatment."
35
36. BIOGRAPHY
• German microbiologist and physician went to the University of Göttingen to study medicine in 1862.
• he took his M.D. degree at the University of Berlin, in 1866,
• As the discoverer of the specific causative agents of deadly infectious diseases
including tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax ,so he is popularly nicknamed as the father of
medical bacteriology.
• Koch continued to refine the bacteriological methods
• also developed new methods of staining bacteria which made them more easily visible and helped to
identify them.
37
37. WORK
• In 1880, he developed a rigorous method for creating gelatine- based - and later agar - based
culture media, combined with the use of aniline dyes and favourable to the growth of bacterial
colonies in Berlin.
• These techniques revolutionized bacteriology
• Koch was the one to demonstrate the link between the disease and a bacillus
38
38. • Robert Koch is widely known for his work with anthrax, in 1876
• His work led to the development of techniques enabling him to isolate the anthrax bacillus that
could be seen in the blood of infected cats.
• His publication on the structure of anthrax bacterium marked the first photography of a bacterium
in 1877
• He discovered the formation of spores in anthrax bacteria, under optimal conditions, the spores
were activated and caused disease.
39
39. • In 1880, Robert Koch became interested in tuberculosis research.
• Robert Koch, who had conducted a range of important studies on illnesses caused by
microorganisms, discovered and described the TB bacterium in 1882.
• He later studied tuberculin, a substance formed by tubercle bacteria.
• It was hoped it could be used as a cure for TB, but proved ineffective
40
40. • In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the
causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
• Koch gave much of his research attention on tuberculosis throughout his career.
41
41. • in 1883, to Egypt as Leader of the German Cholera Commission, to investigate an outbreak of
cholera in that country.
• He discovered the vibrio that causes cholera and found that the intestinal mucosa of people who
died of cholera
• On the basis of his knowledge of the biology and mode of distribution of the cholera vibrio,
Koch formulated rules for the control of epidemics of cholera
42
42. • He carried out research and published many papers on illnesses such as bubonic plague,
malaria and sleeping sickness.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 was awarded to Robert Koch for his
investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.
• The day he announced the discovery of the tuberculosis bacterium, 24 March, has been
observed by the World Health Organization as "World Tuberculosis Day" every year
since 1982.
43
43. KNOWLEDGE
• Thirteen laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2021, for achievements that
have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.
• The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute has decided to award the 2021
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian
for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.
44
44. REFERENCES
• Goodman and Gilman’s;The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 13th Edition
• Basic and clinical pharmacology;Katzung,Masters and Trevor
• A Brief History of Great Discoveries in Pharmacology.
Rubin PR, Pharmacol Rev 2007;289-359
• A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients; The Nobel Laureates in Medicine 229 - 360
• All Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine
• The Canadian Encyclopedia;The Nobel Prizes in Medicine 45
