This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Graphical Representation of Data in Research. I hope the students will find this presentation useful for them.

1. By
Dr. Shaloo Saini
Assistant Professor
MKCE, C T Group of Institutions, Jalandhar Punjab

2.  Graphs are very useful tool to present the
data.
 Graphs depicts the mathematical relationship
between the variables under study.
 Graphs present a clear pictorial view of Data
and helps in understanding the relationship
between the variables depicted through it.
 There are a variety of Graphs but the popular
ones are the Graphs of Time Series and the
Graphs of Frequency Distribution.

3. Graphs
Graphs of Time
Series
Graphs of
Frequency
Distribution
Histogram
Frequency
Polygon
Smoothened
Frequency Curve
Ogive

4.  These are also called Line Graphs.
 These are used to represent the different
values of a variable at different points of
Time.
 The ‘X’ axis represents the Time and the ‘Y’
axis represents the variable.

5. Year Productio
n of Rice
(in Kg)
2001-
2002
65
2002-
2003
73
2003-
2004
80
2004-
2005
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Rice Prod
Rice
Prod

6. Year Import Export
1980 14 15
1990 20 25
2000 10 15
2010 25 30
2020 40 45 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
export
import

7. A Frequency Distribution can be represented in
a graphical manner as:
 Histogram
 Frequency Polygon
 Smoothened Frequency Curve
 Ogive

8.  It is also called column graph.
 It have a set of vertical Bars whose area is
proportional to the frequencies presented.
 The ‘X’ axis represents the variable and the
‘Y’ axis represents the frequency.
 If the class interval is equal then the width of
Histograms will be same but if the class
intervals is unequal the width of Histograms
will change.
 However the smallest class interval will be
taken as the reference class.

10.  A Frequency Polygon is a Group created by
joining the mid points of Histogram.
 Frequency Polygon can also be prepared with
the mid points of Class Interval and
Frequencies corresponding to it.
 The Frequency Polygon is closed at both the
ends by joining the Base Line

12.  It is drawn freehand.
 The main purpose of Smoothened Frequency
Curve is to remove accidental variation.
 The area under the curve is approximately
equal to the Frequency Polygon.

14.  It is also called Cumulative Frequency Curve.
 These are used when the researcher wants to know
the number of items whose values are more than or
less than a certain amount.
 Therefore it can be made using less than or more
than method.
 If the researcher wants to know the number of items
that are less than a particular size then the
Cumulative Frequencies are developed from least to
the greatest.
 If the researcher wants to know the number of items
that are more than a particular size then the
Cumulative Frequencies are developed from greatest
to the least.

16. Graphs are very effective means to present the data while
explaining the mathematical relationship between the
variables. There are a variety of Graphs but the popular
ones are the Graphs of Time Series and the Graphs of
Frequency Distribution. The Graphs of time series can be
in form of simple line graphs as well as range graphs.
Whereas the Graphs of frequency distribution can be in
form of Histograms, Frequency Polygon, Smoothened
Frequency curve and Ogive. The decision related to the
selection of suitable graphs depends upon the nature of
study and the type of data. However precision must be
ensured in the preparation of Graphs because the Graphs
provide a glimpse about the relationship between variables
and the results of the study.

17. Bajpai N. (2015). Data Analysis and
Presentation. In Business research methods.
Nodia: Pearson Education.
Gupta S.K. & Rangi P.(2017). Data Processing.
In Research Methodology (4th ed., pp9.1-
9.28).Punjab: Kalyani Publishers(India).
Kothari C. R. & Garg G.(2019). Data
Preperation. In Research Methodology
Methods and Techniques( 4th ed., pp.114-
128) New Delhi: New Age International
Publishers(India).

18. This Power Point Presentation has been made
while referring to the research books written
by eminent, renowned and expert authors as
mentioned in the references section. The
purpose of this Presentation is to help the
research students in developing an insight
about the Graphical Representation of Data in
Research. I hope the students will find this
presentation useful for them.
All the Best
Dr. Shaloo Saini