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Origin of the concept
Navigation
Sailors used it to track their miss placed ship
position by 3 point navigation.
Plotting lines on a map on the location of the
three features will produce a triangle.
The interior of the triangle is the best available
approximation for the navigator’s position.
Actually the third line gives an idea of the
magnitude and direction of the errors introduced
by the other two.
Different methods with same results
Increase the confident
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Through integrating results from several different approaches
Obtaining more reliable answers to research questions
Assure completeness &
Confirm findings
Applying Navigation concept to
Research Methods
Denzin (1970)
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METHOD
Triangulation
A country with
Data on the availability of age- appropriate HIV and
AIDS curricula in its primary and secondary schools.
Quantitative data
on the Number of teachers trained to Deliver
these curricula
Qualitative study-1
Involving extensive
focus group discussions
with young people
reached
by the curricula
Qualitative study-2
Involving extensive
focus group discussions
with young people
reached
by the curricula
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In a large capital city,
3 different NGOs run comprehensive
prevention projects for hotel-based sex workers in
different places.
NGO 1
Place 1
NGO 2
Place 2
NGO 3
Place 3
Data collected
1.Frequency of contact with sex workers
2.Percentage of sex acts including proper use of a
condom
3.Reduction in prevalence Of STD among sex workers
DATA
Triangulation
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Study on issue of condom access and condom
use among rural populations in a mid-sized
country
Investigator
from a condom
social marketing
project
Investigator
from
a Local university
Investigator
from
a family planning
NGO
INVESTIGATOR
Triangulation
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Why triangulation?
• Getting multiple inputs to complex questions- Provide wide range of
information
• Balancing different perspectives – when having sufficient data but
dissimilar data- Create opportunity to compare wide range of data
• Compensating poor quality of some data- When relevant data from
different sources, investigators and methods are available
• Providing more precise picture on overall trend data- due to wide
range of data
• In a rapid response situation- by triangulation, using available data,
can have a quick perspective than collecting new data
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Disadvantages of Triangulation
1. Time consuming
2. Collecting more data requires greater planning and organizational
resources that are not always available to lead researchers
3. Possible disharmony based on investigator biases, conflicts because
of theoretical frameworks, and lack of understanding
4. Expensive
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Conclusion
• Triangulation is a powerful technique that facilitates validation of data
through cross verification from two or more sources.
• Triangulation can be a useful tool for qualitative as well as
quantitative researchers.
• Used with care, it contributes to the completeness and confirmation
of findings necessary in qualitative research investigations.
Triangulation is a method used to determine the location of a fixed point based on the laws of trigonometry
Theoretically the lines should intersect one another at a single point, but in practice there are almost always errors in measurement.
If an investigator uses only one method, the temptation is strong to believe in the findings
If an investigator uses two methods, the results may clash
By using three methods to get at the answer to one question…
The two of the three will produce similar answers, or
If three clashing answers are produced, the investigator knows that the question needs to be reframed, methods reconsidered, or both
Greater confidence can be placed in research findings based on the points of agreement between the results of diverse methods
It Involves applying a range of different perspectives on an issue in order to reduce uncertainty about it.
The greater the differences between the perspectives, the more the confidence that can be placed in any agreement between their findings in a particular case.
The idea is that one can be more confident with a result if different methods lead to the same result
Triangulation was first applied to research by Campbell and Fiske (1959) and developed by Webb (1966), who argued that researchers should employ more than one instrument to measure variables.
Triangulation was first associated with quantitative research but its relevance to qualitative methods was soon explored
One researcher using two or more research techniques (within and between quantitative-qualitative techniques)
Two or more researchers using the same research technique
Two or more researchers using two or more research techniques
The intention is to decrease the deficiencies and biases that come from any single method.
Use of a variety of data sources, including time, space and persons, in a study.
Findings can be corroborated and any weaknesses in the data can be compensated for by the strengths of other data, thereby increasing the validity and reliability of the results.
The approach has been used in many sectors to strengthen conclusions about findings and to reduce the risk of false interpretations.
Use of multiple theories or hypotheses when examining a situation or phenomenon.
The idea is to look at a situation/phenomenon from different perspectives with different questions in mind
Use of more than one investigator, interviewer, observer, researcher or data analyst in a study.
The ability to confirm findings across investigators — without prior discussion can significantly enhance the credibility of the findings.
It is particularly important for decreasing bias in gathering, reporting and/or analyzing study data.
Uses a combination of two or more triangulation techniques in one study.
According to Denzin to incorporate multiple methods of data collection, multiple sources of data and multiple investigators with multiple areas of expertise
Denzin states that multiple research methods are desirable because each method reveals a different aspect of reality
Triangulation can only be done when data are available,
whether they are data from different sources, different investigators, different theories or different methods.
However, when data are available, there are a number of different reasons why triangulation can and should be used.