2. • Hydro Electric Power Plants
Classification
Typical Layout and associated components
including Turbines.
• Principle, Construction and working of
» Wind
» Tidal
» Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)
» Solar Thermal
» Geo Thermal
» Biogas
» Fuel Cell power systems.
4. Hydro electric power
Hydroelectricity is
electricity generated
the term referring to
by hydropower; the
production of electrical power through the use of
the gravitational force of falling or flowing water
7. Classification Of Hydro-Electric
Power Plants
1.Classification According To The Availability
Of head
– Low head power plant
– Medium head power plant
– High head power plant
2.Classification according to the nature of load
Base load plant
Peak load plant
8. 3. Classification according to the quantity of
water available
Run-off river plant without pondage
Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or
a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage
reservoir is referred to as pondage. A plant without
pondage is subject to seasonal riverflows, thus the plant will
operate as an intermittent energy source.
Run-off river plant with pondage
This type of plant is used to increase the capacity of pond.The
pond is used as a storage water of hydro electric power
plant.Increased the pond size means more water is available
in the plant,so such type of hydro electric power plant is
used fluctuating load period depending on the size of
pondage..
Such type of plant is suitable for both base load or peak load
period.During high flow period,this plant is suitable for base
load and lean flow period it may be used to supply peak
loads only.
During high flood period,one thing should keep in mind that flood
should not raise tail-race water level.Such types of power
plant save conservation of coal.
9. Pumped storage plants/Reservoir Powerplants
Most hydroelectric power plant in
the world is reservoir power plant.
In this type of plant, water is stored behind
the dam (and water is available throughout
the second reservoir constructed near the
water outflow from turbine)year even in dry
season. This type of power plant is very
efficient and it is used both base and peak
load period as per requirement.most
importantly,it can also take a part of load
curve in grid system.
10. Conventional (dams)
•Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of
dammed water driving a water turbine and generator
•The power extracted from the water depends on the volume
and on the difference in height between the source and the
water's outflow .This height difference is called the head.
•The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the
head
•A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine
11. 12
Run-of-the-river
• Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with
small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming
from upstream must be used for generation at that
moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.
15. Working of
• Dam: controls the flow of water and creates a reservoir
of water above for energy use when needed
• Penstock: pipe channeling water from the dam to the
turbines
• Turbines: large blades attached to a cylinder that move
when the water pushes against it
• Generator: parts connected to the turbines that create
the electricity by moving large magnets
• Inductor: changes the form of electricity to one that
can be used
• Transmission Lines: transport energy to places that
need it
16. Components of hydro-electric Power
Plant
Water Reservoir
Dam
Spillway- are structures constructed toprovide safe release offlood
waters froma dam toa downstream.
Trash rack- water from dam or from canal is provided with trash
rack to prevent the entry of debris which might damage the wicket
gates and turbine runners orchoke up the nozzles of the impulse
turbine
Forebay- serves as temporary regulating reservoir which is used to
store water when the load on the plant is reduced.
Water Tunnel- carries water from the reservoir to surge tank.
Canals- a water channel required to the ater to the powerhouse
17. Penstock
Pipeline laid between surge tank and prime mover is known as
penstick
Surge Tank
Small reservoir in which the water levelraises or falls to reduce the
pressure cvariation so that the steady flowof water is supplied
toallloads.
Water Turbine
Water through the penstock ,enters into the turbine through the inlet valve.
Draft tube
Connected at the outlet of the waterturbine
Tail race
Water channel or cut and cover conduit.
Powerhouse
Turbine,generator,control panels,transformers,auxilliary equipments,etc
are kept.
18. • Classification based on the power developed
by the plant
– Large hydro (>100MW)
– Medium-hydro(15-100MW)
– Smallhydro(1-14 MW)
– Mini-hydro (> 100kW)
– Micro-hydra(5kW upto 100kW)
– Pico-hydro(few hundred watts upto 5kW)
23. Low Head Hydroelectrical Generators
Low head: Propellor
type Turbines
Power =
Change in Potential
Energy per Unit time
= weight*
Vertical drop/time
Energy =
Power*time
24. Moderate Head Hydro
Head: height difference
Between water level in
Reservoir and water Level
entering turbine
Head= height in potential
Energy equation
Penstock: tube water flows
Through
29. Water Flow in a Francis Turbine
Left: relative to turbine blades Right: true water path
30. 31
Reaction turbines
• Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes
pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its
energy
• They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or
suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow
• Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for
reaction turbines.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in
low (<30m/98 ft) and medium (30-300m/98–984 ft)head
applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both
fixed and moving blades.
31. 32
Impulse turbines
• Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the
turbine's curved blades which changes the direction of the flow
• The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the
turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a
distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy
• Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy)
is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine
• No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't
require a housing for operation
• Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines
• Impulse turbines are most often used in very high (>300m/984 ft) head
applications
32. Pelton Water Wheel
Used for high head applications:
(above 250 meters)
Are impulse turbines.
Francis and Propeller type turbine
Are reaction turbines.
Reaction turbines: run submerged.
Impulse turbines: run in normal air
33. 34
Types of water turbines
Various types of water turbine runners. From left to
right: Pelton Wheel, two types of Francis Turbine
and Kaplan Turbine
35. Characteristics of Wind Energy
a. Do not pollute the atmosphere
b. Fuel provision and transport are not required
in wind-power systems
c. Is a renewable source of energy
d. Wind energy when produced on small sclae is
cheapbut it is competitive with
conventionalpower generating system when
produced on a large scale.
37. Types of Wind Energy System
Based on the force exerted on blades
•Lift type wind turbine
– A high speed turbine depends onlift forces tomove the blades
of the wind turbine. The linear speed of the blades is usually
several times higher than the wind speed. The torque oflift
force islow as compared to the drag type
•Drag type wind turbine
– Low speed turbines are slower than the wind. They are mainly
driven by the drag force. The torque at the rotor shaft is
relatively high.
Based on the axis of rotation of the rotor
– Horizontal – axis wind machines
– Vertical-axis wind machines
38.
39.
40. Components of Wind Turbine
• Wind turbine
• Nascelle(gearbox,lowand high speed
shafts,generator controller and brake)
• Rotor i.e the assembly of blades
• Hub and shaft
• Transmission system
• Electric generator
• Yaw control system
• Storage
• Energy converters
• Tower to support the rotor system
47. Tidal Energy
– It is a form of hydropower that converts the energy
of tides into useful forms of power ,mainly
electricity.
– It is the only form of energy whose source is the
moon
61. Modes of generation of tidal barrage
power
• Single basin arrangement
– Single ebb-cycle system
– Single tide-cycle system
– Double tide –cycle system
• Double basin arrangement
68. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
• Utilize temperature of
the earth’s core.
• Direct use: District
Heating System
• Electricity generation
• Heat pump
69.
70.
71. Direct District Heating System
• Use hot water from
springs or reservoirs near
the surface.
• Hot water near the
earth's surface can be
piped directly into
buildings and industries
for heat.
74. Electricity Generation
• Binary Cycle Power Plant:
– Insufficiently hot resource to efficiently
produce steam
– Too many chemical impurities to allow
flashing.
75. Heat Pumps
• Utilizes constant
temperature of upper
10 feet of the Earth’s
surface.
• Similar to ordinary
heat pumps, but they
rely on more stable
source than air.
76.
77. BIO ENERGY
• Energy obtained from organic matter derived
from biological organisms (plants and animals)
is known as bio energy.
• Biomass energy may be transformed either by
chemical/biological process to produce
intermediate bio fuels such as methane,
producer gas, ethanol & charcoal etc.,
78.
79.
80. BIOMASS RESOURCES:
– Biomass from cultivated fields, crops &
forests
– Biomass from municipal waste, animal
dung, forest waste, agricultuiral waste
USE OF BIO MASS
for producing the process heat, electricity,
gaseous &solid fuels,liquid & chemicals
81. Factors affecting Digestion Process
1. pH Ocncentration
2. Total Oslid content
3. Seeding
4. Temperatuure
5. Loading rate
6. Type of feed
7. Pressure
8. Nutrients
82. 10.Diameter to depth ratio
11.Mixing of content
12.Retention time/rate of
feeding 13.Carbon to nitrogen
ratio 14.Uniform feeding
