Forensic Ballistics is a branch of forensic science which deals with shooting incidents for the purpose of justice. Matching and identification of cartridge cases and bullets plays a key role in identifying the firearm.
This document discusses principles and practices of firearm identification in forensic science. It defines key ballistics terms and describes how class and individual characteristics can be used to identify firearms. Specific characteristics examined include rifling marks, firing pin impressions, breech face marks, and striations. Methods of comparing bullets and cartridge cases using comparison microscopes, stereomicroscopes, test firing, and automated databases like NIBIN and IBIS are summarized. The document provides an overview of the field of forensic ballistics and firearm identification.
introductory information related to the field of firearms identification; the evidences, the principles involeved in their examination and the categories of guns.
Explanation of ballistics, various fields of ballistics, Forensic Ballistics,Firearms and its components, Ammunition and its components, firing mechanism of firearm, Identification & individualization.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which is the science of what occurs inside a firearm when it is discharged. It begins with a brief history of ballistics and defines internal ballistics. Some key phenomena of internal ballistics discussed include ignition, combustion of propellants, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, the shape of cartridge cases, and heat problems during combustion. Lock time and barrel time are also defined. The document provides details on each of these topics as they relate to internal ballistics and ballistic performance.
A comparison microscope allows two specimens to be viewed simultaneously through two connected microscopes. This avoids having to switch between specimens under a single microscope. Comparison microscopes are useful in fields like forensics, paleontology, and archaeology for comparing ballistics evidence, tool marks, and other small objects. They were pioneered in firearms examination in the 1920s and allow examiners to compare unique striations on bullets and cartridge casings to link them to specific guns. The microscope uses an optical bridge between two microscopes to combine their images into a single eyepiece for side-by-side comparison.
This document discusses primers and propellants used in firearms. It defines a primer as the chemical or device that initiates propellant combustion, propelling a projectile out of the gun barrel. There are two main types of primers: Boxer and Berdan. The primer contains an impact-sensitive lead styphnate igniter that ignites when struck by the firing pin. Propellants like black powder or smokeless powder fill the cartridge and generate gas pressure when ignited by the primer to push the bullet down the barrel. Forensic analysis of primers and propellants can help identify bullets and link firearms to crime scenes.
Bullets come in a variety of shapes, constructions, and materials depending on their intended application. They can be categorized based on their manufacturing process or shape. In terms of manufacturing, bullets include unjacketted bullets made of hardened lead, jacketed bullets with a metallic jacket enclosing a lead core, wire-patched bullets with a copper wire envelope, and paper-patched bullets formerly made with paper jackets. They also include armor-piercing, tracer, and incendiary bullets. Bullets are further distinguished by their shape, such as hollow-point, sharp nose, round nose, boat-tailed, and split-nose bullets. The type of bullet chosen depends on the gun used and its intended range.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
This document discusses principles and practices of firearm identification in forensic science. It defines key ballistics terms and describes how class and individual characteristics can be used to identify firearms. Specific characteristics examined include rifling marks, firing pin impressions, breech face marks, and striations. Methods of comparing bullets and cartridge cases using comparison microscopes, stereomicroscopes, test firing, and automated databases like NIBIN and IBIS are summarized. The document provides an overview of the field of forensic ballistics and firearm identification.
introductory information related to the field of firearms identification; the evidences, the principles involeved in their examination and the categories of guns.
Explanation of ballistics, various fields of ballistics, Forensic Ballistics,Firearms and its components, Ammunition and its components, firing mechanism of firearm, Identification & individualization.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which is the science of what occurs inside a firearm when it is discharged. It begins with a brief history of ballistics and defines internal ballistics. Some key phenomena of internal ballistics discussed include ignition, combustion of propellants, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, the shape of cartridge cases, and heat problems during combustion. Lock time and barrel time are also defined. The document provides details on each of these topics as they relate to internal ballistics and ballistic performance.
A comparison microscope allows two specimens to be viewed simultaneously through two connected microscopes. This avoids having to switch between specimens under a single microscope. Comparison microscopes are useful in fields like forensics, paleontology, and archaeology for comparing ballistics evidence, tool marks, and other small objects. They were pioneered in firearms examination in the 1920s and allow examiners to compare unique striations on bullets and cartridge casings to link them to specific guns. The microscope uses an optical bridge between two microscopes to combine their images into a single eyepiece for side-by-side comparison.
This document discusses primers and propellants used in firearms. It defines a primer as the chemical or device that initiates propellant combustion, propelling a projectile out of the gun barrel. There are two main types of primers: Boxer and Berdan. The primer contains an impact-sensitive lead styphnate igniter that ignites when struck by the firing pin. Propellants like black powder or smokeless powder fill the cartridge and generate gas pressure when ignited by the primer to push the bullet down the barrel. Forensic analysis of primers and propellants can help identify bullets and link firearms to crime scenes.
Bullets come in a variety of shapes, constructions, and materials depending on their intended application. They can be categorized based on their manufacturing process or shape. In terms of manufacturing, bullets include unjacketted bullets made of hardened lead, jacketed bullets with a metallic jacket enclosing a lead core, wire-patched bullets with a copper wire envelope, and paper-patched bullets formerly made with paper jackets. They also include armor-piercing, tracer, and incendiary bullets. Bullets are further distinguished by their shape, such as hollow-point, sharp nose, round nose, boat-tailed, and split-nose bullets. The type of bullet chosen depends on the gun used and its intended range.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
The document provides a history of firearms, describing their evolution from early hand cannons in China in the 13th century to modern centerfire weapons. It outlines key developments like the matchlock, wheellock, flintlock, percussion cap, pinfire, rimfire systems. Each new system improved ignition reliability, accuracy, and rate of fire, culminating in centerfire cartridges that enabled self-contained ammunition and rapid reloading.
The document discusses questioned documents and provides definitions and examples of different types of questioned documents. It covers two levels of information that can be obtained from documents - superficial and deeper evidence. It also lists different types of evidence that can be analyzed from documents, including identifying the author or determining authenticity. The document provides a brief history of the field and discusses tools and techniques used in analysis, such as ultraviolet light, infrared examination, video spectral comparator, and electrostatic detection apparatus.
1. Terminal ballistics deals with the behavior and effects of projectiles when they impact targets and transfer energy. It studies penetration potential and wound ballistics.
2. When a projectile strikes the body, it compresses tissues until they tear beyond their elastic limits if the projectile has enough energy. It continues through an exit wound, causing internal damage.
3. Factors affecting wounding include the target site, velocity, projectile construction, and range. Frontal wounds cause more damage due to shallow tissue depth. Higher velocities increase energy and damage.
Firearms are classified based on bore characteristics, mechanism characteristics, and use characteristics. Bore characteristics include whether the firearm has a rifled or smooth bore. Mechanism characteristics refer to the action (such as lever, bolt, or automatic) and loading mechanisms (such as muzzle, breech, or magazine loading). Finally, firearms are also classified based on their intended uses, such as sporting, military, or self defense purposes. The classification system helps to effectively identify, differentiate, and understand different types of firearms.
This document discusses forensic ballistics and ammunition. It begins by defining forensic ballistics as the branch of science dealing with shooting incidents for legal purposes. It then discusses different types of ammunition such as rimfire, centerfire, caseless, and blank ammunition. It describes the components of ammunition including primers, propellants, and bullets. Various bullet types are outlined like full metal jacket, hollow point, ballistic tip, open tip, dum-dum, wire patched, rubber, and incendiary bullets. Improvised ammunition is also briefly discussed.
Glass can be analyzed and compared based on its physical and chemical properties. The refractive index and density are often used to determine if two glass samples could have originated from the same source. Refractive index is the most discriminating property and can be measured using the Becke line method. Other properties like thickness, curvature, fluorescence, and elemental composition through techniques like SEM-EDS can also be analyzed, but require larger sample sizes. The pattern of radial and concentric cracks from a fracture can provide information about the direction of impact.
The document discusses external ballistics and the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet. It defines external ballistics as dealing with the motion of a projectile from the muzzle of a weapon to the target. The main factors that influence a bullet's flight are gravity, which pulls it downward, and air resistance, which reduces its velocity. In a vacuum with no air resistance or gravity, a bullet would travel in a straight line at a constant velocity. However, in reality bullets follow a parabolic trajectory due to these forces. The document also discusses other factors like velocity, spin, angle of fire, yaw, drift, and temperature that can impact a bullet's trajectory.
This document discusses different types of injuries caused by firearms at different ranges. It describes tattooing or stippling caused by unburnt or semi-burnt gunpowder particles deposited in the skin at close range. Blackening is caused by smoke deposits and is limited to a short range. Charring or scorching is burning caused by hot gases from combustion and occurs at very close range, leaving characteristic marks. A pink coloration around a wound indicates absorption of carbon monoxide from combustion, indicating a close-range injury. The document also discusses muzzle patterns left by contact shots and the ranges of different markings like scorching, blackening, and powder residues left by different firearms.
The Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) is a program controlled by the ATF that uses sophisticated electronic and optical technology to digitally compare and store images of bullets, casings, and cartridges from crime scenes. The system searches its database of images using advanced algorithms to find potential matches for new evidence. A forensic examiner then visually compares any matched images and confirms matches by microscope examination of the actual evidence. IBIS has been used to link multiple crimes to a single weapon and help solve violent firearm crimes.
Internal ballistics is the study of a projectile's behavior from ignition until it exits the gun barrel. It examines factors like lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Piobert's law states that gunpowder burns layer by layer. Newton's third law means that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, causing recoil. Recoil velocity can be calculated using the projectile and gun masses and velocities. Rusting and erosion over time degrade the gun barrel and reduce accuracy.
The document discusses the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet, including both internal and external factors. The main internal factors are the velocity of the projectile, spin of the bullet, angle of fire, structural features, and gravity. The main external factors are wind, air resistance, and the Coriolis effect. The trajectory takes the form of a parabola, being affected most significantly by the bullet's velocity, as well as air resistance and gravity acting upon it during flight.
The document discusses ridge counting and tracing techniques used in fingerprint analysis. Ridge counting involves drawing an imaginary line between a fingerprint's delta and core and counting the number of ridges that cross the line. Ridge tracing follows a single ridge from the left delta to determine if the fingerprint pattern is an inner, meeting, or outer whorl based on the number of intervening ridges between the traced ridge and right delta. Specific rules are provided for accurately applying these methods.
Gunshot residue analysis examines tiny particles of primer and gunpowder that are expelled from guns when fired. These particles can be detected on clothing using chemical tests that identify compounds like barium, antimony, and lead which are components of primer, as well as nitrates from gunpowder. The sodium rhodizonate, Walker, Greiss, Marshall, and Tewari tests are chemical methods used to detect these compounds and determine if gunshot residue is present. If found, the location, shape, and appearance of any gunshot residue patterns on clothing can provide information about a shooting incident.
1. Poroscopy and edgeoscopy are techniques used by latent print examiners to analyze the pore and ridge edge characteristics of fingerprints.
2. Pore and ridge edge characteristics such as shape, size, position and spacing are unique to each individual and can be used for identification purposes.
3. Edmond Locard first discovered the use of pore analysis, known as poroscopy, in 1912 to help solve criminal cases. Since then, experts have further studied pore and ridge edge features.
Firing marks left on bullets and cartridge cases can be used to identify the firearm used. There are several types of marks including:
1. Rifling marks on the bullet from the grooves in the barrel. These marks are unique to each gun.
2. Firing pin marks on the primer from the firing pin striking it. Imperfections in the firing pin can be transferred.
3. Breech face marks on the cartridge from the cartridge striking the breech face on firing. Imperfections are imprinted.
4. Extractor and ejector marks on the cartridge case from the mechanisms removing the spent case from the firearm.
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
Documentation of the crime scene is the most crucial step in processing the crime scene. It provides a permanent record of the crime scene conditions and physical evidence through various methods including photography, videography, sketching, and note taking. Photography is considered the best preservation method as it provides visual and permanent records. Different types of photography like close-up, mid-range, and overall shots are used to document details, spatial relationships, and overall aspects of the crime scene. Videography also provides a virtual record of the crime scene. Sketching assigns measurements and perspective through methods like coordinate, triangulation, and cross-projection. Note taking provides a written chronological record of all details in a precise and accurate manner.
The document summarizes the components and functioning of cartridges used in shotguns and rifles. It describes the key parts of a cartridge including the case, primer, gunpowder, wads and bullets. The case contains the primer, gunpowder and bullet and comes in different materials. It ensures the components stay together and seals in gases. Shotguns use multiple small shot pellets while rifles have a single elongated bullet. When the trigger is pulled, the firing pin strikes the primer igniting the gunpowder and propelling the bullet down the barrel.
Firearms identification experts can identify key details about firearms from ballistic evidence:
- Rifling marks on bullets can identify the specific gun used due to variations between firearms.
- Firing pin and breechblock markings on cartridge casings are also unique to each gun.
- The type of bullet, firearm, and presence of gunshot residue can provide important clues during investigations.
Different types of marks produce during firing processDivyaRaghute1
When a firearm is discharged, a cartridge case comes in clase contact with the firing pin, the breech face, the extractor, the ejector and the chamber. The fired projectiles come in close
contact with the lead and the barrel.
These parts undergo processes like cutting, hammering, reaming, grinding, filing and polishing. Various tools are used for the purpose. The surface profiles of the tools used continue to change due to wear and tear as the tools work on steel.
The document provides a history of firearms, describing their evolution from early hand cannons in China in the 13th century to modern centerfire weapons. It outlines key developments like the matchlock, wheellock, flintlock, percussion cap, pinfire, rimfire systems. Each new system improved ignition reliability, accuracy, and rate of fire, culminating in centerfire cartridges that enabled self-contained ammunition and rapid reloading.
The document discusses questioned documents and provides definitions and examples of different types of questioned documents. It covers two levels of information that can be obtained from documents - superficial and deeper evidence. It also lists different types of evidence that can be analyzed from documents, including identifying the author or determining authenticity. The document provides a brief history of the field and discusses tools and techniques used in analysis, such as ultraviolet light, infrared examination, video spectral comparator, and electrostatic detection apparatus.
1. Terminal ballistics deals with the behavior and effects of projectiles when they impact targets and transfer energy. It studies penetration potential and wound ballistics.
2. When a projectile strikes the body, it compresses tissues until they tear beyond their elastic limits if the projectile has enough energy. It continues through an exit wound, causing internal damage.
3. Factors affecting wounding include the target site, velocity, projectile construction, and range. Frontal wounds cause more damage due to shallow tissue depth. Higher velocities increase energy and damage.
Firearms are classified based on bore characteristics, mechanism characteristics, and use characteristics. Bore characteristics include whether the firearm has a rifled or smooth bore. Mechanism characteristics refer to the action (such as lever, bolt, or automatic) and loading mechanisms (such as muzzle, breech, or magazine loading). Finally, firearms are also classified based on their intended uses, such as sporting, military, or self defense purposes. The classification system helps to effectively identify, differentiate, and understand different types of firearms.
This document discusses forensic ballistics and ammunition. It begins by defining forensic ballistics as the branch of science dealing with shooting incidents for legal purposes. It then discusses different types of ammunition such as rimfire, centerfire, caseless, and blank ammunition. It describes the components of ammunition including primers, propellants, and bullets. Various bullet types are outlined like full metal jacket, hollow point, ballistic tip, open tip, dum-dum, wire patched, rubber, and incendiary bullets. Improvised ammunition is also briefly discussed.
Glass can be analyzed and compared based on its physical and chemical properties. The refractive index and density are often used to determine if two glass samples could have originated from the same source. Refractive index is the most discriminating property and can be measured using the Becke line method. Other properties like thickness, curvature, fluorescence, and elemental composition through techniques like SEM-EDS can also be analyzed, but require larger sample sizes. The pattern of radial and concentric cracks from a fracture can provide information about the direction of impact.
The document discusses external ballistics and the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet. It defines external ballistics as dealing with the motion of a projectile from the muzzle of a weapon to the target. The main factors that influence a bullet's flight are gravity, which pulls it downward, and air resistance, which reduces its velocity. In a vacuum with no air resistance or gravity, a bullet would travel in a straight line at a constant velocity. However, in reality bullets follow a parabolic trajectory due to these forces. The document also discusses other factors like velocity, spin, angle of fire, yaw, drift, and temperature that can impact a bullet's trajectory.
This document discusses different types of injuries caused by firearms at different ranges. It describes tattooing or stippling caused by unburnt or semi-burnt gunpowder particles deposited in the skin at close range. Blackening is caused by smoke deposits and is limited to a short range. Charring or scorching is burning caused by hot gases from combustion and occurs at very close range, leaving characteristic marks. A pink coloration around a wound indicates absorption of carbon monoxide from combustion, indicating a close-range injury. The document also discusses muzzle patterns left by contact shots and the ranges of different markings like scorching, blackening, and powder residues left by different firearms.
The Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) is a program controlled by the ATF that uses sophisticated electronic and optical technology to digitally compare and store images of bullets, casings, and cartridges from crime scenes. The system searches its database of images using advanced algorithms to find potential matches for new evidence. A forensic examiner then visually compares any matched images and confirms matches by microscope examination of the actual evidence. IBIS has been used to link multiple crimes to a single weapon and help solve violent firearm crimes.
Internal ballistics is the study of a projectile's behavior from ignition until it exits the gun barrel. It examines factors like lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Piobert's law states that gunpowder burns layer by layer. Newton's third law means that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, causing recoil. Recoil velocity can be calculated using the projectile and gun masses and velocities. Rusting and erosion over time degrade the gun barrel and reduce accuracy.
The document discusses the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet, including both internal and external factors. The main internal factors are the velocity of the projectile, spin of the bullet, angle of fire, structural features, and gravity. The main external factors are wind, air resistance, and the Coriolis effect. The trajectory takes the form of a parabola, being affected most significantly by the bullet's velocity, as well as air resistance and gravity acting upon it during flight.
The document discusses ridge counting and tracing techniques used in fingerprint analysis. Ridge counting involves drawing an imaginary line between a fingerprint's delta and core and counting the number of ridges that cross the line. Ridge tracing follows a single ridge from the left delta to determine if the fingerprint pattern is an inner, meeting, or outer whorl based on the number of intervening ridges between the traced ridge and right delta. Specific rules are provided for accurately applying these methods.
Gunshot residue analysis examines tiny particles of primer and gunpowder that are expelled from guns when fired. These particles can be detected on clothing using chemical tests that identify compounds like barium, antimony, and lead which are components of primer, as well as nitrates from gunpowder. The sodium rhodizonate, Walker, Greiss, Marshall, and Tewari tests are chemical methods used to detect these compounds and determine if gunshot residue is present. If found, the location, shape, and appearance of any gunshot residue patterns on clothing can provide information about a shooting incident.
1. Poroscopy and edgeoscopy are techniques used by latent print examiners to analyze the pore and ridge edge characteristics of fingerprints.
2. Pore and ridge edge characteristics such as shape, size, position and spacing are unique to each individual and can be used for identification purposes.
3. Edmond Locard first discovered the use of pore analysis, known as poroscopy, in 1912 to help solve criminal cases. Since then, experts have further studied pore and ridge edge features.
Firing marks left on bullets and cartridge cases can be used to identify the firearm used. There are several types of marks including:
1. Rifling marks on the bullet from the grooves in the barrel. These marks are unique to each gun.
2. Firing pin marks on the primer from the firing pin striking it. Imperfections in the firing pin can be transferred.
3. Breech face marks on the cartridge from the cartridge striking the breech face on firing. Imperfections are imprinted.
4. Extractor and ejector marks on the cartridge case from the mechanisms removing the spent case from the firearm.
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
Documentation of the crime scene is the most crucial step in processing the crime scene. It provides a permanent record of the crime scene conditions and physical evidence through various methods including photography, videography, sketching, and note taking. Photography is considered the best preservation method as it provides visual and permanent records. Different types of photography like close-up, mid-range, and overall shots are used to document details, spatial relationships, and overall aspects of the crime scene. Videography also provides a virtual record of the crime scene. Sketching assigns measurements and perspective through methods like coordinate, triangulation, and cross-projection. Note taking provides a written chronological record of all details in a precise and accurate manner.
The document summarizes the components and functioning of cartridges used in shotguns and rifles. It describes the key parts of a cartridge including the case, primer, gunpowder, wads and bullets. The case contains the primer, gunpowder and bullet and comes in different materials. It ensures the components stay together and seals in gases. Shotguns use multiple small shot pellets while rifles have a single elongated bullet. When the trigger is pulled, the firing pin strikes the primer igniting the gunpowder and propelling the bullet down the barrel.
Firearms identification experts can identify key details about firearms from ballistic evidence:
- Rifling marks on bullets can identify the specific gun used due to variations between firearms.
- Firing pin and breechblock markings on cartridge casings are also unique to each gun.
- The type of bullet, firearm, and presence of gunshot residue can provide important clues during investigations.
Different types of marks produce during firing processDivyaRaghute1
When a firearm is discharged, a cartridge case comes in clase contact with the firing pin, the breech face, the extractor, the ejector and the chamber. The fired projectiles come in close
contact with the lead and the barrel.
These parts undergo processes like cutting, hammering, reaming, grinding, filing and polishing. Various tools are used for the purpose. The surface profiles of the tools used continue to change due to wear and tear as the tools work on steel.
Examination of Firearm through Cartridge Case and bullet.pptxPallaviKumari112
The document summarizes the capabilities and examination process of forensic firearm experts. It discusses how experts can identify bullets and cartridge cases even without a suspect firearm by analyzing characteristics like weight, lands and grooves. The examination process involves comparing test-fired bullets and cartridge cases to evidence items under a comparison microscope, looking at matching striations, marks and impressions that can identify the firearm used. It also discusses an Automatic Bullet Identification System (ABIS) that uses computers and algorithms to automate the process of matching ballistic evidence to databases.
1. Firearms analysis examines guns, bullets, and cartridge casings to determine if a specific gun was used in a crime. Microscopic marks left on bullets and casings when fired provide unique "fingerprints" that can identify the weapon used.
2. Gun barrels leave distinct striation marks on bullets that pass through them. Comparing test-fired bullets to evidence bullets under a microscope can match bullets to the firearm from which they were fired.
3. Other toolmarks left on cartridge casings, such as firing pin impressions and ejector marks, also provide identifying patterns that link spent casings to a particular firearm. The combination of these factors allows forensic experts to determine if a gun was used in
This document provides information about firearms and toolmarks analysis in crime scene investigations. It describes key parts of guns like the barrel, cartridge case, slide, and firing pin. It explains how guns work and the components of cartridges, including the primer, smokeless gunpowder, and projectile. It also details characteristics of bullets like rifling impressions, striations, caliber and rifling number that can be analyzed to determine if a specific gun was involved. Firearms examiners analyze both class characteristics common to a brand and individual characteristics unique to a single firearm.
This document provides information about firearms and toolmarks analysis in crime scene investigations. It describes key parts of guns like the barrel, cartridge case, slide, and firing pin. It explains how guns work and the components of cartridges, including the primer, smokeless gunpowder, and projectile. It also details characteristics of bullets like rifling impressions, striations, caliber and rifling number that examiners analyze to determine if a specific gun was involved in a shooting. Class characteristics refer to marks that are common to a brand or type of firearm, while individual characteristics are unique to a single firearm.
1. A firearm discharges a missile using expanding gases from combustion in a closed space. It consists of a barrel, action, and grip.
2. Rifling imparts spin to bullets for stability and accuracy. Rifled weapons include handguns like pistols and revolvers, as well as rifles. Shotguns have smooth bores.
3. Cartridges contain propellant, primer, casing, and a bullet or shots. Propellant burns to produce gases that accelerate the projectile down the barrel.
Rifles are firearms designed for precision shooting that are held with both hands and braced against the shoulder. Rifles have grooves called rifling cut into the barrel that make bullets spin for greater accuracy. There are several types of rifle actions including bolt action, lever action, pump action, semi-automatic, and automatic. Rifles can also be single barreled, double barreled, or multi-barreled. Proof marks are stamps applied during manufacturing to show a rifle is safe to fire its intended ammunition and can help determine a rifle's age, history, and country of origin.
This document summarizes key information about barrel manufacture and bullet and cartridge identification. It describes how rifling in gun barrels imparts spin to bullets, improving range and accuracy. It also details how bullets deform to seal in gases and obturate in the barrel. Furthermore, it outlines unique characteristics of gun barrels that can identify them like lands and grooves diameter, depth and twist rate. The document concludes by explaining how fired bullets and cartridge cases can be identified by marks from the gun like striations, firing pin, breech and ejector marks.
1) Ballistics is the study of the motion of projectiles after being fired from a firearm. It includes exterior, interior, and terminal ballistics.
2) A firearm uses expanding gases from combustion of a propellant to propel a projectile out of the barrel. Firearms can be classified based on factors like intended use, barrel length, rifling, and firing mechanism.
3) In forensic investigations of firearm injuries, medical examiners seek to determine details of the shooting like the type of weapon, distance, number of shots, direction of fire, and whether injury was self-inflicted. Analysis of wound characteristics helps answer these questions.
This document discusses key concepts in ballistics and firearms. It defines ballistics as the science of motion of projectiles and describes its three components: internal, external, and terminal ballistics. It then classifies firearms into smooth bored and grooved firearms like shotguns, rifles, revolvers, and pistols. Key terms are defined such as caliber, velocity, range, rifling, choking, and their purposes and effects are explained. Important parts of firearms like the barrel, firing pin, hammer, trigger, and magazine are also outlined.
This document summarizes different types of firearms and toolmarks evidence that may be analyzed in criminal investigations. It discusses various firearms like handguns, revolvers, semi-automatics, rifles and shotguns. It also covers topics like barrel markings, ammunition, firing mechanisms, gunshot wounds, gunpowder residue, toolmarks, impressions and bite mark analysis. Firearms examiners analyze these different types of forensic evidence and compare evidence from crime scenes to suspect weapons using techniques like microscopy.
This document defines and describes the science of ballistics and its branches. It discusses (1) the types of projectile motion, (2) the branches of ballistics including interior, exterior and terminal ballistics, (3) the components and mechanics of firearms, and (4) the classification of firearms according to their construction and operation. Forensic ballistics is defined as the application of ballistics to criminal investigations through examination of evidence such as bullets, shells, and firearms.
This document defines and describes key concepts in ballistics and forensic ballistics. It discusses:
- The definition and branches of ballistics, including interior, exterior, and terminal ballistics.
- Components of firearms like barrels, ammunition, bullets, and their classifications.
- The definition and scope of forensic ballistics, which examines ballistics evidence like bullets, shells, and firearms used in crimes.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on firearms and explosive injuries. It defines firearms and their basic parts. It classifies firearms as rifled or smoothbore weapons and describes common types such as rifles, shotguns, pistols and machine guns. It discusses cartridges, powders, bullets and ballistics. It describes characteristics of entry and exit wounds and tests to detect gunshot residue. It also covers explosion injuries and their medico-legal importance in reconstruction of events.
Naval guns are used against surface, shore, and air targets. They are designed for engaging both air and surface targets. A gun is a metal tube or barrel that shoots projectiles using an explosive force. Guns have components like the barrel, rifling, and mount. Naval gunfire support plays an important role in military operations by bombarding enemy positions, conducting interdiction, and supporting amphibious assaults and mine warfare activities. Projectiles come in different types with various fuzes and purposes like illumination, smoke, or fragmentation.
This document provides an overview of firearms examination, including different types of firearms like handguns, revolvers, semi-automatics, rifles, and shotguns. It describes how firearms work and how examiners can identify unique markings on bullets and casings to match them to a specific gun. It also discusses other forensic techniques like analyzing gunshot residue and toolmarks, as well as impressions left by shoes and tires.
Firearm injuries and its MLI ppt -89.pptxDrSathishMS1
This document provides an overview of firearms and injuries caused by them. It defines a firearm as any device that propels a projectile via combustion, and discusses their typical components. Firearms are classified based on their barrel characteristics, such as whether the barrel is smooth or rifled. Rifled firearms impart spin to bullets, increasing accuracy and range. The document examines the wound patterns and injuries caused by different types of firearms. It provides guidance for forensic doctors on examining firearm-related autopsy cases.
Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdfSunsetWestLegalGroup
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Frameworkdevaki57
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
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Forensic Ballistics
1.
2. “Ballistics is a branch of a applied mechanics
which is used to study motion of projectiles ,
missiles and associated phenomenon.”
3. The term forensic ballistics was first coined
by colonel Calvin Goddard.
“Forensic ballistic is a branch of science of
ballistics which deals the shooting incidence
for the purpose of justice.”
6. A firearm is a device or instrument which is
used to hurl a projectile or projectiles with a
great force in a particular direction.
7. A firearm means arm of any description designed or
adapted to discharge a projectile or projectiles of any kind
by the action of any explosives or other forms of energy ,
and includes:-
Artillery , hand grenades , riot pistols or weapons of any
kind designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious
liquid , gas or other such thing.
Accessories for any such firearms designed or adapted to
diminish the noise or flash caused by the firing thereof.
Parts of and machinery for manufacturing firearms and
cartridges , platforms and appliances for mounting ,
transporting and servicing artillery.
11. The word ‘improvised’ indicates the
nature of the firearm.
The improvised firearms, are also
known as country made firearms,
home made firearms , pipe guns, zip
guns.
The country made are improvised by
the culprits from readily available
materials ,either personally or with the
help of a local blacksmiths.
12. Country made firearms have the usual parts-
The barrel
Chamber
The action
The lock
13. Firearms Identification -
The identification of fired bullets,
cartridge cases or other ammunition
components as having been fired from a
specific firearm.
14. Firearm identification is a discipline mainly
concerned with determining whether a bullet was
fired by particular weapon.
Class characteristics and Individual characteristics
plays very important role in the identification of
Firearm.
When two metal species comes in contact with each
other the harder metal will always scrape the softer
metal. This leaves the evidence of the contact on the
both the pieces.
15. Firearms identification is actually a form of Toolmark
Identification where the firearm, because it is made of a
material harder than the ammunition components, acts as
a tool to leave impressed or striated marks on the various
ammunition components that come into contact with the
firearm.
Tool marks produced on the cartridge cases will be in
two basic forms.
Striated action marks
Impressed action marks
17. A bullet when fired under high pressure
through a hand gun having rifled barrel
expands and fills the whole cross section of
the barrel.
Marking of lands and grooves will be quite
visible in those cases where the bullet fills
the whole cross section of the barrel when
fired.
18.
19. In a fired Bullet, the Caliber, Number, Width,
Depth, Directions and Twist of Land and Grooves
form Class characteristics.
The Finer striations in the land and grooves are
Individual characteristics of the Firearm.
20. Class Characteristics: Once a manufacturer
chooses a rifling process, for a particular class
of weapon, they keep it consistent.
Lands & Grooves are the same for a model.
› .32 caliber Smith & Wesson has 5 lands & grooves
twisting to the right.
› .32 caliber Colt has 6 lands & grooves twisting to the
left.
Class characteristics can eliminate certain
makes but are not enough to ID a particular
gun.
21. Imperfections in the manufacturing process
make each barrel unique.
Rifled barrels, even if made in succession
will NOT have identical striation (scratch-like
marks).
22.
23. The cartridges which are fired from automatic
and repeating firearms show repetitive marks
which are useful in identification of the type of
weapon used.
24.
25.
26. A fired cartridge case contains:
i. Firing pin nose mark over the percussion cap.
ii. Breech face marks on the head of the CC
iii. Chamber marks on the wall of the CC
iv. Extractor marks on the rim surface &
extractor groove.
v. Ejector marks on the periphery of head of CC
27.
28. striated action marks.
Scratches" are produced when the cartridge
case moves laterally against the tool (inner
surface of the firearm) producing a scrape
or striated mark.
Striated action marks are common to
cartridge cases that have passed
through the action of an auto loading or
repeating firearm.
29. Striated action marks include chamber marks;
shear marks, firing pin drag marks, extractor
marks, and ejector marks.
30. Chamber Marks
One of the most common striated action marks
are called chamber marks. Roughness in the
chamber of a firearm can scratch the outer walls
of a cartridge case when loaded and removed
from the chamber. Most chamber marks occur
after the cartridge is fired.
Cartridge cases expand when fired
pressing out against the walls of the
chamber. When they are pulled out of the
chamber, the sides of the cartridge case
can be scratched. The comparison image
below shows chamber marks on .22 calibre
,rim fire cartridge cases.
33. Shear Marks
Another common striated action mark are
shear marks produced by GLOCK pistols
on cartridge case primers. GLOCK pistols
have a rectangular firing pin hole (below)
in their breech face.
34. In a similar process, striated marks called firing pin
drag marks can be produced. When the firing pin
springs forward to strike the primer of a cartridge, it
may remain slightly forward and imbedded in the
primer. Certain barrels (like in the GLOCK) drop
down slightly as recoil is forcing the action open. The
cartridge case drops with the barrel causing the nose
of the protruding firing pin to drag across the primer
as it leaves the firing pin impression.
Firing Pin Drag Marks
35. The below comparison image shows firing
pin drag marks produced by a Colt 45 AUTO
pistol.
36. Another action mark, usually found in a striated
form, are those created by the extractor of most
auto-loading or repeating firearms. The extractor
is a small part sometimes resembling a hook that
is used to remove a cartridge or cartridge case
from the chamber of a firearm.
Extractor Marks
37.
38. Ejector Marks
As described above, the extractor pulls the cartridge
case out of the firearm's chamber. As the cartridge
case is pulled to the rear it will be struck somewhere
on an opposing edge by a part as seen below called
the ejector.
40. impressed action marks.
Impressed marks are created on cartridge cases
when it impacts the tool (again, the firearm) with
adequate velocity or pressure to leave an impressed
or indented mark.
Impressed action marks, with a few exceptions,
are produced when a cartridge case is fired in a
firearm.
Ejector marks can be striated in nature but a lot of
the time they are impressed action marks.
42. Firing Pin Impressions
Firing pin impressions are indentations created when
the firing pin of a firearm strikes the primer of center
fire cartridge case or the rim of a rim fire cartridge
case. If the nose of the firing pin has manufacturing
imperfections or damage, these potentially unique
characteristics can be impressed into the metal of the
primer or rim of the cartridge case.
43.
44.
45. Breech Marks
By far the most common impressed action marks
on cartridge cases are breech marks. Most fired
cartridge cases are identified as having been fired
by a specific firearm through the identification of
breech marks.
Very high pressures are generated within a firearm
when a cartridge is discharged. These pressures
force the bullet from the cartridge case and down
the barrel at very high velocities. When a firearm
is discharged, the shooter will feel the firearm jump
rearward. This rearward movement of the firearm
is called recoil.
46.
47. To match bullets and cartridges to a gun, test bullets
must be fired through a suspect firearm for
comparison.
48. Test bullets are the bullets which are fired
from the suspected firearm for the purpose
of comparison with the crime bullet.
49. Variety of materials like rags, saw, soap, paraffin,
ice, water and cotton have been used in which test
firing is done to obtain test bullet. However the
most suitable material is water.
The submitted firearm is fired in container filled
with water. Lid on tank is closed and lock and
muzzle of firearm is placed at open tube at end of
tank and fired. Friction of water slows down the
bullet they end up on the bottom of the tank about
halfway down its length.
50. Firstly, visual examination is carried out with
ordinary light ,thrown at different angles .Then ,
Stereoscopy
Comparison microscope
Borescope
Comparison camera
Striagraph
Periphery camera
Photographic comparison
51.
52. The comparison microscope consist of two
compound microscope mounted side by side
and connected by optical bridge. There are
two stages on the lower part of the microscope
that the bullets to be compared are mounted
on.
Microscope used for firearm identification
have magnifications 5X, 10X, 20X, 30X, and 40X.
53. The resulting image will show the bullets
mounted to the stages, side-by-side, with a
thin dividing line down the middle.
The images below show rifling impressions
on a 32 caliber bullet at progressively
increasing magnifications.
54. The stages that the bullets are attached to allow the
bullets being examined to be rotated on their axis
and moved up, down, to the left, and to the
right. The bullets are rotated around to see if any
microscopic similarities are present. Most positive
identifications are made on striations that occur in
land impressions and the best marks are usually
near the base of the bullets like those seen below.
55. The comparison image below shows the above
bullet fragment (right) compared to a
standard (left) fired from the submitted
firearm.
56.
57.
58. IBIS is a system that combines specially
designed imaging and correlation software
for acquiring and comparing the digital
image of bullet.
3d- Brass Trax , 3d- Bullet Trax , Data
concentrator, Correlation server and Match
point all together forms IBIS
59.
60. A key feature of BulletTRAX-3D is its capacity to acquire
and preserve digital representations of the unique
microscopic striated marks (“lines”) produced in the
bearing surfaces of fired bullets. These include the land
engraved area (LEA, or land impression) and groove
engraved area (GEA, or groove impression).
Typically the most useful details are found closest
to the base of fired bullets, as the area last in contact with
the barrel, and typically least subject to damage. Of these
the most useful are usually found in the LEA.
BulletTRAX-3D acquires this image data by integrating
the use of a number of specialized components.
61.
62. The latest three dimensional sensory
technology that allows 2D digital images to
created 3D topographic models of bullet
surface area.
63. Bullet Trax allows to capture the high quality
images of cartridge cases in both 2D and 3D
and offers greater impression detail and
multiple viewing perspectives.
It provides a number of quality control
features such as an automated acquisition
tray, automated imaging for breech face and
firing pin impressions, and automated
lighting, focus, and system calibration.
64.
65. The Correlation Server is the engine that
propels the comparison functions of IBIS
technology.
The Correlation Server receives, manages,
and compares the unique digital signatures
taken from the images of ballistic exhibits.
66. IBIS MATCHPOINT provides the ability
to compare digital images in side-by-side or
multi-viewing modes.
It also helps in making more accurate
comparison calculations. It analyzes bullet
in both two dimensions and three
dimensions.
67.
68. When comparisons are made between evidence and standard
bullet the results can read as follows:
1. The bullet was identified having being fired from firearm.
This conclusion is reached after all class characteristics agree and
a sufficient correlation between individual characteristics is found.
2. The bullet could neither be identified nor eliminated as having
been fired from firearm. All comparisons were inconclusive.
This conclusion is reached if class characteristics agree but there is
an insufficient correlation between individual characteristics.
3. The bullet was not fired from Firearm.
This conclusion is reached if class characteristics disagree.