Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter. Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster causing widespread destruction and loss to human life. So we have to take data from the historical hazardous and effect , magnitude of earthquake vibration generated from epicenter.

1. Earthquake Case study:Earthquake Case study:
Bhuj Earthquake 26Bhuj Earthquake 26thth
January 2001January 2001
DEEPANJAI SAHU
ASST. PROF. (Civil Depar.)

2. Earthquake?Earthquake?
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out
a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of
origin or epicenter.
Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards
which often turn into disaster causing widespread destruction
and loss to human life.
Earthquake risk
Seismic risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability x location

3. Causes of EarthquakeCauses of Earthquake
Earthquakes are caused by sudden release of energy in
rocks. Plates in the form of rocks are moving very slowly
and earthquake occur when moving plates grind and
scrape against each other. The point at which an
earthquake originates is the focus or hypocenter and the
point on the earth’s surface; directly above this is
epicenter.The study of earthquake is called seismology.

4. Performance ofPerformance of Multi-storeyMulti-storey R.C. FramedR.C. Framed
Buildings during Bhuj Earthquake, 2001Buildings during Bhuj Earthquake, 2001
Several of the multistorey buildings were totally
collapsed killing the inmates. In Ahmedabad about 75
buildings totally collapsed out of almost 250, 000
buildings.

5. Damage to R.C. Frame BuildingsDamage to R.C. Frame Buildings::
The damage is mostly due to failure of infill, or
failure of columns or beams. Spalling of concrete in
columns.The column damaged by cracking or
buckling due to excessive bending combined with
axial load.The buckling of columns is significant
when the columns are slender and the spacing of
the stirrup in the column is large.

6. Causes of damage/ failure of r.c. frameCauses of damage/ failure of r.c. frame
buildings:buildings:
Poor quality of construction. Inadequate detailing
or laying of reinforcement in various
components particularly at joints and in
columns/beams for ductility. Inadequate
diaphragm action of roofs/floors. Inadequate
treatment of infill masonry walls. Inadequate
strength to resist torsional forces due to
eccentricity.

7. Damage assessmentDamage assessment
 There were more than 20,000 deaths and 167,000 people injured
 Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and altogether, 21 districts
were affected
 Around 300,000 families and at least 3 million children aged 14
and under were affected.
 Around 600,000 people were left homeless.
 In the city of Bhuj, more than 3,000 inhabitants of the city lost
their lives; the main hospital was crushed and close to 90% of the
buildings was destroyed.
 There was significant damage to infrastructure with facilities such
as hospitals, schools, electric power and water systems, bridges
and roads damaged or destroyed.

9. DateDate PlacePlace mm ScaleScale
Set.2 , 1993Set.2 , 1993 LaturLatur
(maharashtra(maharashtra
))
6.36.3 Large areas of MaharashtraLarge areas of Maharashtra
rocked. 10,000 people lost livesrocked. 10,000 people lost lives
May 22, 1997May 22, 1997 JabalpurJabalpur
(Maharashtra(Maharashtra
))
6.06.0 40 person killed and over 10040 person killed and over 100
injuredinjured
March 29, 1999March 29, 1999 NandprayagNandprayag 6.86.8 widespread destruction in chamoliwidespread destruction in chamoli
, rudraprayag and other areas., rudraprayag and other areas.
Massive loss of human lifeMassive loss of human life
Jan. 26 2001Jan. 26 2001 Bhuj (gujrat)Bhuj (gujrat) 7.87.8 Tremors left by India and itsTremors left by India and its
neighboring countries. Over 1neighboring countries. Over 1
lakh people killed. Huge loss tolakh people killed. Huge loss to
property and infrastructureproperty and infrastructure
Oct. 8, 2005Oct. 8, 2005 MuzzaffarabaMuzzaffaraba
d in Pakistand in Pakistan
occupiedoccupied
KashmirKashmir
7.47.4 Heavy damage to life andHeavy damage to life and
property.property.
Death toll about one lakh inDeath toll about one lakh in
Pakistan and nearly 2000 in IndiaPakistan and nearly 2000 in India

10. Picture of search and rescue phase of Latur earthquake 1993

11. Helpless man being trapped under debris

12. Post – disaster picture from Kashmir earthquake 2005

13. 40 to 50 high-rise buildings crumbled.

14. A homeless family waits for a ride amid ruined houses and a funeral pyre in the village
near Bhuj.

15. 5 year old girl recovers at a hospital in Bhuj on
Monday after Friday's massive earthquake

16. Thank you!!!Thank you!!!