Space Agriculture
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Learn how spaceflight can be harnessed to improve crop production on Earth. Microgravity stresses plants and other associated organisms creating opportunities to improve crop performance on Earth and beyond.
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Space Agriculture
- 2. WHY PLANTS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT? 1.Decoupling of phototropic and gravitropic regulation of plant development By removing gravity, the effects of light on gene activation/protein expression regulating plant morphology and biochemistry can be isolated and understood. Phenomena that can only be studied in low earth orbit Images courtesy of NASA
- 3. GENE EXPRESSION Arabidopsis reacts! First proteome-scale study in plants capable of identifying and relatively quantifying organ-specific, significant differentially expressed proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Ferl RJ, Koh J, Denison F, Paul AL. Astrobiology. 2015 Jan;15(1):32-56. doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1210. This research was supported by NASA grants NNX07AH270 and NNX09AL96G .
- 4. WHY PLANTS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT? 2. Induction of unique stress response A unique environment to study plant responses – creates a dramatic effect on water and gas environment in the root and shoot environments. • Anoxia in roots - far more along root than can be achieved on Earth • Volatile effects on development - dispersion from structures and organs (e.g. intercellular spaces, stomato, seed pods) are diffusion limited creating localized environments difficult to study on Earth • Plant/microbe interactions - reveal targets in plant, microbe or both, for further development • Induce changes in bioactivity of several microbial systems, and long term exposure may induce epigenetic changes STS-51, 54, 68: Musgrave et al
- 5. PLANT MUTUALISMS IN MICROGRAVITY M. truncatula germinated in microgravity and inoculated with S.meliloti ABS7 cultured in microgravity at 18 days after inoculation. In the wild-type (cv. A17) only ½ the roots formed nodules, compared to ~70% of control plants. In the Super nodulating line, SUNN, only 25% of the roots formed nodules. Nodules (# plants) Percent nodules(%) Treatment Sm Yes no yes no M. truncatula cv A17 (Enod::gus) FL( µg) ABS7 15 17 46 54 FL (µg) 1021 16 16 50 50 GC (1g) ABS7 23 9 72 28 GC(1g) 1021 21 11 65 35 M. truncatula cv SUNN (super nodulatingstrain) FL( µg) ABS7 8 24 25 75 FL (µg) 1021 9 23 28 72 GC(1g) ABS7 17 15 54 46 GC(1g) 1021 16 16 50 50 In Simulated Microgravity Medicago truncatula - P. Indica increased number of roots (102%), total root length (88%) over controls at 1 g. Root number was increased by 51% and root length by 48% over controls under simulated ug. Hayes, Stutte, McKeon-Bennett, and Murray. 2014. Grav. Space Res. 2:21-33
- 6. AGRICULTURE BIOTECH ON-ORBIT Advanced Plant Habitat VEGGIE KSC Fixation Tube Microscope and Photographic Imaging SyNRGETYPE I & II
- 7. COMMERCIAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT International Flavors and Fragrances (IFF), Inc commercialized the unique space rose note, which is now a fragrance ingredient in a perfume developed by Shiseido Cosmetics (America), Ltd. Images courtesy of NASA Spin-offs Magazine
- 8. SHIGEHARU SHIMAMURA’S MIRAI FARM IN JAPAN GROWS 10,000 HEADS OF LETTUCE PER DAY AND SELLS THEM IN LOCAL SUPERMARKETS. IMAGE CREDIT: GE LIGHTING
Editor's Notes
- Decouple phototropic and gravitropic regulation of plant development By removing gravity, the effects of light on gene activation/protein expression regulating plant morphology and biochemistry can be isolated and understood. With the expansion of LED lighting as supplemental lighting, this is one area where ISS research can produce a unique ‘target-rich’ dataset to development. This may be through secondary products that activate/deactivate those genes or using biomolecular techniques to silence/amplify a response. ISS provides the platform to test the result products for that work.
- (A) Typical pollen grains taken from plants flown in the STS-54 mission. The pollen grains are in a collapsed condition and are presumably sterile. Flowers on these plants, shown in C, were also abnormal, with their pistils, the large, central structure, and anthers, pointed out by arrows, collapsed at an early stage. In the subsequent experiments on STS-51 and STS-68, they supplemented the medium with additional sucrose and raised the carbon dioxide level in the growth chamber to 8000 ppm. These countermeasures resulted in morphologically normal pollen production, (B), and normal flowers, (D), on STS-51. However pollination failed in these plants and no seeds developed. As shown in (E), on STS-68 better air exchange was provided for the plants, and normal pollen grains were observed on the stigma of their flowers. The plants flown on this mission developed numerous normal appearing seed pods (siliques), indicating that successful pollination and fertilization occurred.
- Discovery mission STS-95 to identify the smell of the flower in space. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth also became the oldest person to fly in space during this mission, where he performed headspace analysis to capture the scent of the space rose. The overall aroma was pleasant but much reduced compared to the smell of the rose grown on Earth. Analyzing the components of the rose volatiles showed that while the smell was decreased overall, the production of the main rose-smell constituents, phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, and methyl geranate actually increased in space. This ultra-rosey space rose smell was resynthesized based on the headspace trace, and is a primary note in the Shiseido fragrance Zen [PDF].
- Plant factories using technology developed for closed environments allow production of food in Urban Centers, and productivities and 100 fold greater than achievable in field.