The document discusses the concept of the bottom line, which refers to the net income or profit/loss figure reported on a company's income statement. It provides several key points about the bottom line: - The bottom line reflects a company's true business progress and profitability over a reporting period. It can be improved by increasing revenue or decreasing costs and expenses. - Net income gets added to retained earnings and can be used to pay dividends, buy back shares, or reinvest in the business. Investors and analysts closely monitor changes in the bottom line. - There are various methods companies can use to improve the bottom line, such as increasing revenue, controlling expenses, improving operational efficiency, and effective financial

1. CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY
Accounting and Profit
Dayana Mastura Baharudin
Accounting & Profit
Dayana Mastura Baharudin

2. The Bottom Line
The bottom line, also called as Net Income, is the total profit
or loss of the business for a particular reporting period.
It refers to the location of the net income figure in the income
statement of the business
(i.e.) as it is presented at the bottom of the income
statement.

3. The Bottom Line….explained
The Net Income is one of the critical
factors which reflect the true business
progress and position. It indicates the
increase or decrease in the company’s
wealth and profitability. It can be
improved by increasing the revenue
(Top-line) or by decreasing the cost and
expenses via various strategies and
improving efficiency in operations.
The bottom line gets added to
the retained earnings. The use of it can
be for paying a dividend to
shareholders, buyback of
shares, investing further into the
business.
Investors in the business/ company,
analysts, find the bottom line is a
critical element in the income
statement and monitors the movement
of the same from period to period. It
indicates the financial power of the
company.

4. The Bottom Line – further explained….
The net income indicates the efficient operations and management of the cost and expenses in the
company. Shareholders monitor the Net Income closely as a dividend payment happens only when
there is a positive bottom line. It also impacts the share price in the market.
Increasing the top-line directly contributes to the bottom line. Top-line can be increased by increasing
production, expanding business lines, increasing the price of the products, reducing the return of
goods, increase other income like receipt of interest, investment income, rental earnings, etc.
The Net Income can be increased even by reducing the cost and expenses. E.g., efficient production
and operation functions, effective pricing in the procurement of raw materials, reducing other
expenses via effective operations and strategies.

7. Methods to Improve the Bottom Line
Increasing the Top-line
(Revenue) and, at the same
time, managing the cost
and expenses at minimal. It
will have a significant
impact on bottom-line
growth.
Controlling marketing costs
and other fixed operational
expenses;
Have a proper strategy and
be keep up the customer-
focus.
The monitoring of Return
on investment on all the
expenditures;
Benchmarking the profits to
other companies in the
same industry;
Identifying and
implementing best
practices;
The various cost-cutting
initiatives need
implementation.
Continuously
monitor Direct cost. An
efficient Supply chain team
needs to be in place.

8. Methods to
improve the
Bottom Line
contd….
• Continuously monitor Product pricing. It should be
competitive and fix it according to market conditions.
• Try to reduce the interest expenses by obtaining credit at
effective interest rates.
• Explore new business opportunities and to expand the lines of
business.
• The focus needs to be on marketing the products as it will
have a direct impact on the top line and the bottom line.
• Improving production techniques and operational efficiency;
• Cash flow maximization needs to focus. Continuously monitor
client receivables, and collect them on time. It will improve
the working capital position, and the debts and credits can
be reduced, which in turn reduces the interest cost.
• Implement the automation process wherever possible to
reduce the manpower cost.
• Revenue and Expenses need to be budgeted and planned, and
the same has to be in control.

9. Advantages –
Bottom Line
Net income tracks business performance.
It acts as a basis for financial planning and
forecasting for the future.
It is useful for shareholders and analysts to
understand financial performance.
Loans and credits can be obtained only when
the bottom line is strong.
The analysis of variance from the budgets and
forecasts;
Benchmarking and performance of competitors
can be analyzed.

10. Disadvantages
– Bottom Line
The bottom line doesn’t give the
complete picture of the business
performance as it is not cash profits.
Many other elements need consideration
in analyzing the business position.
Non-cash expenditures can sometimes
misrepresent the results.
The derivation of net income is by
considering many assumptions.

14. Social Accounting

15. Social Accounting - Objectives

16. Social Accounting - Scope

17. Social Accounting - Features

18. Social Accounting - Benefits

19. Social Accounting Approaches

20. Environmental Accounting - Definition

23. Quadruple Bottom-Line

25. Quintuple Bottom Line